The present invention provides apparatuses and processes for producing high octane fuel from synthesis gas. The process combines transalkylation and zeolite-forming/aromatization in conjunction with a single recycle loop configuration in order to effectively promote the fuel quality, particularly octane rating. The process involves adding a step for enriching octane of the fuel coming from the single recycle loop process. Preferably, the enrichment step takes place in an octane enrichment reactor containing two different catalysts, a zeolite-forming/aromatization catalyst followed by a transalkylation catalyst. The final fuel product preferably has an octane of about 92 to about 112.
B01J 8/04 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
B01J 19/24 - Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
C07C 1/06 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of organic compounds, e.g. hydrocarbons
C07C 29/153 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases characterised by the catalyst used
C07C 41/14 - Preparation of ethers by exchange of organic parts on the ether-oxygen for other organic parts, e.g. by trans-etherification
C10G 3/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/04 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
2.
MULTI-STAGE REACTOR AND SYSTEM FOR MAKING METHANOL IN A ONCE-THROUGH PROCESS AND METHODS THEREFOR
The present invention relates to a multi-stage, single reactor and system for making methanol for synthesis gas (syngas). In particular, the reactor contains a shell and tube reactor that is divided at its top and bottom heads into a plurality vertical, isolated compartments. The associated compartments and tubes form a stage of the reactor. The raw syngas is fed to the first stage, and unreacted syngas from the first stage is fed to the second stage subsequent stages. Between each stage, the product, methanol and water, is removed from the reaction mixture before sending the unreacted syngas to the subsequent stage. The reactor allows for high conversion of synthesis gas to methanol in a once-through process, without requiring recycling of unreacted synthesis gas.
B01J 8/06 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactorsChemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the solid particles being arranged in tubes
C07C 1/04 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
C07C 1/10 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with water vapour
The present invention relates a two-stage reactor for exothermal, reversible reactions. In particular, the reactor contains a first semi-isothermal stage followed by a second cooling stage. The reactor allows for high conversion of products in an exothermal, reversible reaction.
B01J 8/06 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactorsChemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the solid particles being arranged in tubes
B01J 12/00 - Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with gaseous mediaApparatus specially adapted therefor
F28D 1/053 - Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with the heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
F28D 3/02 - Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium flows in a continuous film, or trickles freely, over the conduits with tubular conduits
F28D 5/02 - Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, using the cooling effect of natural or forced evaporation in which the evaporating medium flows in a continuous film or trickles freely over the conduits
F28D 7/16 - Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
This invention relates to a new process to directly produce transportation gasoline from synthesis gas containing principally carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The process entails three sequential catalytic stages with intermediate heat exchange to provide the requisite temperature in each stage, but with no interstage separation. The recycle loop enhances the conversion of the synthesis gas to the desired products and also serves as heat sink for the highly exothermic reactions involved in each stage.
C10G 45/64 - Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour pointSelective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
C10G 3/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
This invention relates to fuel compositions for use in combustion engines, such as for motor vehicle and aircraft usage. The fuel composition contains at least 99.5% of aromatic hydrocarbons and paraffinic hydrocarbons. The composition also preferably contains no lead, no multi-ring compound (only single ring compounds are present), less than about 15 ppm sulfur, and/or less than about 5 ppm nitrogen species. The resulting fuel is a drop-in fuel that provides clean burning with little to no engine deposit, high lubricity, high stability, and low corrosion.
This invention relates to fuel compositions for use in combustion engines, such as for motor vehicle and aircraft usage. The fuel composition contains at least 99.5% of aromatic hydrocarbons and paraffinic hydrocarbons. The composition also preferably contains no lead, no multi-ring compound (only single ring compounds are present), less than about 15 ppm sulfur, and/or less than about 5 ppm nitrogen species. The resulting fuel is a drop-in fuel that provides clean burning with little to no engine deposit, high lubricity, high stability, and low corrosion.
The invention relates to systems and methods for producing synthesis gas. In particular, the systems of the present invention include two catalytic reactors in series, a wet reformer/gasifier followed by a dry reformer. The systems produce synthesis gas with very little to no methane.
C10J 3/00 - Production of gases containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, e.g. synthesis gas or town gas, from solid carbonaceous materials by partial oxidation processes involving oxygen or steam
C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
This invention describes a flanged connection or attachment joint between two coaxial, cylindrically-shaped members having different thermal coefficients of expansion, the connection/attachment being suitable for use in high temperature fluid transport. In accordance with the present invention, a device for joining or connecting a ceramic (or other non-metallic) pipe or tube section to a metallic pipe or tube section via a flanged connection is described. The apparatus permits the flanged connection of pipes where one or both of the pipe sections are made from materials that cannot accept a weld. In doing so, a standard flange disc may be attached and the sealing of the disc to the outer circumferential surface of the pipe may be achieved, thereby providing a standard flanged connection for mating with a standard metallic pipe flange.
A joint for connecting pipe sections is provided in which a portion of the joint includes a first pipe section, a first reducer fitting section, a first flange attached to the first pipe section and having holes for receiving fasteners, and a fluid conduit (such as a pipe sleeve) positioned inside at least a portion of the first pipe section and the first reducer fitting, wherein the fluid conduit forms an annular space defined by the outside surface of the fluid conduit wall and the inner walls of the first pipe section and the first reducer fitting. The annular space separates the heat-sensitive flange, a flange gasket, and the flange fasteners from high-temperature fluids flowing in the fluid conduit, thereby allowing for the use of lower rated and less expensive components than would otherwise be required in a direct heat contacting arrangement.
Synthetic fuels are produced from synthesis gas in a four-stage reactor system with a single recycle loop providing the requisite thermal capacity to moderate the high heat release of the reactions and to provide the reactants and reaction environments for the efficient operation of the process. The first stage converts a portion of the synthesis gas to methanol, the second stage converts the methanol to dimethylether, the third stage converts the methanol and dimethylether to fuel and the fourth stage converts the high melting point component, durene, and other low volatility aromatic components such as tri- and tetra-methylbenzenes to high octane branched paraffins. The four-stage catalyst used for hydrotreating is resistant to CO poisoning. The reactions i produce water as a side product that is carried through to a high pressure separator after the fourth stage. The streams from the separator are a liquid fuel stream, a water stream and a gaseous stream that contains light hydrocarbon gases and the unreacted synthesis gas. The larger part of this gas stream is recycled to the inlet of the first stage and mixed with the fresh synthesis gas stream. Alternatively, the fresh synthetic gas stream is mixed with the product of the second stage. The smaller part of the gas stream from the separator is sent to hydrocarbon recovery and to fuel gas used for providing preheat of various streams. The liquid fuel is sent for blending into fuel products, such as gasoline, jet fuel, or diesel, and the water stream can be sent, for example, to the synthesis gas producing plant for steam generation.
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