Abstract

Disclosed is method for removing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide from a sour gas stream. The method comprises subjecting the gas stream to simultaneous contact with an absorption liquid, such as an aqueous amine solution, and with a catalyst suitable for hydrolyzing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide. To this end, the invention also provides a reactor system wherein both an absorption liquid and a catalyst are present. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst present on or in an absorption column, either coated on the trays of a column with trays, or contained in the packing of a packed column.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01D 53/48 - Sulfur compounds
• B01J 23/06 - Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group of zinc, cadmium or mercury
• B01J 23/22 - Vanadium
• B01J 23/26 - Chromium
• B01J 23/28 - Molybdenum
• B01J 23/34 - Manganese
• B01J 23/46 - Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
• B01J 23/745 - Iron
• B01J 23/755 - Nickel
• B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
• B01J 19/24 - Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
• C07C 7/148 - Purification, separation or stabilisation of hydrocarbonsUse of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound
• C10L 3/10 - Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas

Abstract

22222, using a catalyst in accordance with any one of the composition claims.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 37/08 - Heat treatment
• B01J 37/20 - Sulfiding
• B01J 21/04 - Alumina
• B01J 23/755 - Nickel
• B01J 23/83 - Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups with rare earths or actinides
• B01J 37/00 - Processes, in general, for preparing catalystsProcesses, in general, for activation of catalysts
• B01J 37/02 - Impregnation, coating or precipitation
• B01D 53/86 - Catalytic processes
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of methanol from a hydrocarbon feed. Particularly, the process is suitable for a hydrocarbon feed that has not been subjected to the removal of carbon dioxide. The process of the invention comprises the steps of (a) providing a hydrocarbon feed; (b) subjecting the hydrocarbon feed to Catalytic Partial Oxidation (CPO) so as to obtain a synthesis gas mixture; and (c) subjecting the synthesis gas mixture to methanol-forming conditions together with an additional feed of hydrogen (H2), so as to obtain methanol; wherein the hydrocarbon feed is a CO2 - containing hydrocarbon feed and wherein the Catalytic Partial Oxidation is conducted in the presence of a molar excess of H2O, and wherein the additional hydrogen feed is obtained by recovering blowdown gas obtained from the reactor in which the methanol formation takes place and subjecting the recovered gas to pressure swing absorption so as to extract hydrogen therefrom, and wherein gas remaining after hydrogen extraction is recycled as a feed to the Catalytic Partial Oxidation. The process of the invention is particularly suitable for the production of methanol in off-shore circumstances, such as by Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO).

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C07C 29/151 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
• C07C 31/04 - Methanol

Abstract

2, using a catalyst in accordance with any one of the preceding claims.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 37/20 - Sulfiding
• B01J 37/02 - Impregnation, coating or precipitation
• B01J 37/08 - Heat treatment
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides
• B01J 27/051 - Molybdenum

Abstract

Disclosed is a method and plant for the catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes, such as propane. The plant is a plant of hybrid architecture wherein one or more membrane-assisted reactor configurations according to open architecture are combined with one or more membrane-containing reactors of closed architecture. Hydrogen remaining in the reaction mixture after separation in the membrane separation unit of a first open architecture configuration, is fed to a first membrane-reactor of the closed architecture type. Also disclosed are methods of modifying plants so as to create the hybrid architecture plant.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07C 5/333 - Catalytic processes
• C07C 7/144 - Purification, separation or stabilisation of hydrocarbonsUse of additives using membranes, e.g. selective permeation
• C07C 11/06 - Propene
• C07C 11/04 - Ethene
• C07C 11/08 - Alkenes with four carbon atoms
• C07C 15/46 - StyreneRing-alkylated styrenes

Abstract

2 in the feedstock is higher than 2:1, preferably in the range of 3:1-5:1.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides
• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 3/06 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
• B01D 53/86 - Catalytic processes
• B01J 19/24 - Stationary reactors without moving elements inside

Abstract

Disclosed is a thermal energy storage system for storing collected solar thermal energy. The system comprises a solar thermal energy collection facility in the form of a field of parabolic troughs, which is in thermal communication with a molten salt circuit. The molten salt circuit is in fluid communication with a molten salt storage facility comprising at least three storage tanks that are each in fluid communication with the molten salt circuit. The multiple tanks set-up allows using cheaper materials, and a more efficient storage of thermal energy.

IPC Classes  ?

• F03G 6/06 - Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy with solar energy concentrating means
• F24J 2/34 - having heat storage mass

Abstract

2S and the dissociation thereof.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides
• B01D 53/86 - Catalytic processes
• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes

Abstract

In the present invention a method for treating algae is disclosed, which method comprises the steps of (a) providing an ionic liquid, which is a conjugate of an organic base with pKa at least 6 and an acid, (b) providing algae, (c) subjecting algae to cell lysis with the ionic liquid, whereby at least two phases are formed, including a hydrophobic phase and a hydrophilic phase, and (d) separating the hydrophobic phase containing lipids.

IPC Classes  ?

• C11B 1/02 - Pretreatment
• C12N 1/06 - Lysis of microorganisms
• C12N 1/12 - Unicellular algaeCulture media therefor
• C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
• C12P 7/64 - FatsFatty oilsEster-type waxesHigher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl groupOxidised oils or fats

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for increasing the capacity of a urea production complex, the method comprising a step of adding to an existing urea production complex a CO2 production unit, which unit employs a CO2 production method comprising: i) subjecting a hydrocarbon feed to short contact time catalytic partial oxidation (SCT- CPO) to produce a first gas mixture comprising H2, CO and CO2, ii) subjecting said first gas mixture to a water gas shift reaction yielding a second gas mixture, iii) separating CO2 from said second gas mixture yielding a purified CO2 stream and a hydrogen containing stream and subsequently iv) reacting said purified CO2 stream with ammonia from the ammonia production unit to produce urea. The invention also provides a urea production complex realized by the application of this method and a urea production method.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide

Abstract

Disclosed is method for removing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide from a sour gas stream. The method comprises subjecting the gas stream to simultaneous contact with an absorption liquid, such as an aqueous amine solution, and with a catalyst suitable for hydrolyzing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide. To this end, the invention also provides a reactor system wherein both an absorption liquid and a catalyst are present. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst present on or in an absorption column, either coated on the trays of a column with trays, or contained in the packing of a packed column.

IPC Classes  ?

• C10L 3/10 - Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
• B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
• C07C 7/148 - Purification, separation or stabilisation of hydrocarbonsUse of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound
• B01D 53/48 - Sulfur compounds
• B01J 23/06 - Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group of zinc, cadmium or mercury
• B01J 23/22 - Vanadium
• B01J 23/26 - Chromium
• B01J 23/28 - Molybdenum
• B01J 23/34 - Manganese
• B01J 23/46 - Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
• B01J 23/745 - Iron
• B01J 23/755 - Nickel
• B01J 19/24 - Stationary reactors without moving elements inside

Abstract

2. In this method, preferably, an additional amount of oxygen is added as compared to the amount used for H2S catalytic oxidative cracking. Also, preferably, the contact time of the gas stream with the catalyst is increased. The catalyst preferably is provided as a single bed, and then preferably comprises iron and molybdenum supported by a carrier comprising aluminum. The preferred carrier is alumina. The iron and molybdenum preferably are in the form of sulfides.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• B01J 27/051 - Molybdenum
• B01J 21/04 - Alumina

Abstract

2, using a catalyst in accordance with any one of the preceding claims.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 27/051 - Molybdenum
• B01J 35/08 - Spheres
• B01J 37/08 - Heat treatment
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• B01J 37/20 - Sulfiding
• B01J 37/02 - Impregnation, coating or precipitation
• B01J 23/881 - Molybdenum and iron
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of hydrogen in a reactor system comprising a steam reforming reaction zone comprising a reforming catalyst and a membrane separation zone comprising a hydrogen-selective membrane. The process involves a reaction system of so-called open architecture, wherein the reforming zone and the membrane separation zone operate independently of each other. The invention provides the heat for the reforming reaction through heat exchange from liquid molten salts, preferably heated by solar energy.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• B01J 8/06 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactorsChemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the solid particles being arranged in tubes
• B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• B01J 19/02 - Apparatus characterised by being constructed of material selected for its chemically-resistant properties
• B01J 7/00 - Apparatus for generating gases
• C01B 3/50 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of ammonia comprising a step wherein synthesis gas is formed in two different ways, viz. by catalytic partial oxidation (31) and by steam reforming, and wherein the combined streams of synthesis gas are subjected to a water gas shift reaction (50). Also disclosed is a process of producing urea, wherein ammonia is formed (90) in a process involving said combined streams and wherein carbon dioxide (110) formed in the same process is reacted with said ammonia so as to form urea.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01C 1/04 - Preparation of ammonia by synthesis
• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C07C 273/10 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds combined with the synthesis of ammonia
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C01B 3/26 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons using catalysts

Abstract

Disclosed is a thermal energy storage system for storing collected solar thermal energy. The system comprises a solar thermal energy collection facility in the form of a field of parabolic troughs, which is in thermal communication with a molten salt circuit. The molten salt circuit is in fluid communication with a molten salt storage facility comprising at least three storage tanks that are each in fluid communication with the molten salt circuit. The multiple tanks set-up allows using cheaper materials, and a more efficient storage of thermal energy.

IPC Classes  ?

• F03G 6/06 - Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy with solar energy concentrating means

Abstract

Disclosed is a storage tank for molten salts, preferably of the thermocline type. The tank is provided with an insulation on the inside, which is provided by molten salts captured and retained in an appropriate metal structure. The metal structure has openings allowing molten salts to flow into it, and may consist of metal supports that hold elements which allow retaining molten salts, such as a structured packing, metal boxes, or gutter wall.

IPC Classes  ?

• F28D 20/00 - Heat storage plants or apparatus in generalRegenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups or

Abstract

Disclosed is method for removing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide from a sour gas stream. The method comprises subjecting the gas stream to simultaneous contact with an absorption liquid, such as an aqueous amine solution, and with a catalyst suitable for hydrolyzing carbonyl sulphide and/or carbon disulphide. To this end, the invention also provides a reactor system wherein both an absorption liquid and a catalyst are present. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst present on or in an absorption column, either coated on the trays of a column with trays, or contained in the packing of a packed column.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
• B01D 53/48 - Sulfur compounds

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of ammonia comprising a step wherein synthesis gas is formed by catalytic partial oxidation. Also disclosed is a process of producing urea, wherein ammonia is formed in a process involving a step of catalytic partial oxidation, and carbon dioxide formed in the same process is reacted with said ammonia so as to form urea.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01C 1/04 - Preparation of ammonia by synthesis
• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia

Abstract

2S and the dissociation thereof.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides
• B01D 53/86 - Catalytic processes
• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen

Abstract

Disclosed is a catalyst suitable for the catalytic oxidative cracking of a H2S-containing gas stream, particularly in the event that the stream also contains methane and/or ammonia. The catalyst comprises iron and molybdenum supported by a carrier comprising aluminium. The carrier preferably is alumina. The iron and molybdenum preferably are in the form of sulphides. Also disclosed is a method for the production of hydrogen from a H2S-containing gas stream, comprising subjecting the gas stream to catalytic oxidative cracking so as to form H2 and S2, using a catalyst in accordance with any one of the preceding claims.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 23/881 - Molybdenum and iron
• B01J 37/20 - Sulfiding
• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for the production of hydrogen from a H2S-containing gas stream also containing ammonia, comprising subjecting both gas stream to catalytic oxidative cracking of both the H2S and the NH3, so as to form H2, S2 and N2. In this method, preferably, an additional amount of oxygen is added as compared to the amount used for H2S catalytic oxidative cracking. Also, preferably, the contact time of the gas stream with the catalyst is increased. The catalyst preferably is provided as a single bed, and then preferably comprises iron and molybdenum supported by a carrier comprising aluminum. The preferred carrier is alumina. The iron and molybdenum preferably are in the form of sulfides.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for the removal of CO2 from acid gas by cryogenic distillation performed in two steps. The feed mixture is first distilled at high pressure (at least 45 bar) in a first distillation column. The top product or a part thereof is then, after heating, subjected to a second distillation step at a lower pressure (lower than 45 bar). The top product of the second distillation step is methane of high purity (more than 99 mol.%). The bottom product of the second distillation step is recycled back to the first distillation column. The method according to the invention allows complete separation of methane also at higher level of acidic components, is economical and does not result in solid CO2 build-up, which is a common problem in cryogenic distillation.

IPC Classes  ?

• F25J 3/02 - Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
• C10L 3/10 - Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes so as to form the corresponding olefins. The reaction mixture is subjected to membrane separation of hydrogen, in a separate unit. Preferably a plurality of alternating reaction and separation units is used. The process of the invention serves the purpose of reducing coke formation on the catalyst, and also of achieving a higher alkane conversion without a similar increase in coke formation. The process can also be used for the production of hydrogen.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07C 5/32 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with formation of free hydrogen
• B01D 53/22 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by diffusion
• C07C 5/333 - Catalytic processes

Abstract

Method for modifying a solar thermal power plant (2) operating on conventional oil based technology into a hybrid solar thermal power plant (1), wherein the method comprises: • providing an oil based solar thermal power plant (2) comprising a solar collection system with at least one radiation absorber tube containing a heat transfer oil to be heated by means of the solar collection system, • providing an molten salts solar thermal power plant, (4) wherein the molten salts solar thermal power plant comprises a solar collection system to heat a molten salts mixture • coupling of the respective plants such that the hybrid solar thermal power plant is configured to heat medium temperature steam that is generated by the oil based solar power plant by means of the molten salts mixture thereby producing high temperature steam and subsequently supplying it to a steam turbine (40) to generate electricity.

IPC Classes  ?

• F22B 1/00 - Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
• F01K 3/24 - Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters with heating by separately-fired heaters
• F01K 7/22 - Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of enginePlants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processesControl means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processesUse of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type the turbines having inter-stage steam heating
• F22B 1/02 - Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
• F01K 3/00 - Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein

Abstract

A back-up boiler system for a solar thermal power plant (201) for transferring solar energy into electricity, said back-up boiler system comprising a combustion chamber (70) and a convection section (80) in fluid connection with said combustion chamber (70), wherein in the convection section (80) at least a first heat exchanger (92) is provided for heating a molten salts mixture of the solar thermal power plant and a second heat exchanger (90) for pre-heating boiler feed water of the solar thermal power plant, wherein the back-up boiler system (25) is configured to allow selection between only providing heat to the first heat exchanger (92), only providing heat to the second heat exchanger (90) and providing heat to both heat exchangers (90, 92), preferably dependent on availability of solar radiation and/or dependent on demand of power generation. The invention also relates to a solar thermal power plant (201) for transferring solar energy into electricity and a method for operating a solar thermal power plant.

IPC Classes  ?

• F01K 3/24 - Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters with heating by separately-fired heaters
• F22B 1/00 - Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
• F22B 1/02 - Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of hydrogen in a reactor system comprising a steam reforming reaction zone comprising a reforming catalyst and a membrane separation zone comprising a hydrogen-selective membrane. The process involves a reaction system of so-called open architecture, wherein the reforming zone and the membrane separation zone operate independently of each other. The invention provides the heat for the reforming reaction through heat exchange from liquid molten salts, preferably heated by solar energy.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
• B01J 8/06 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactorsChemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the solid particles being arranged in tubes
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of ammonia comprising a step wherein synthesis gas is formed in two different ways, viz. by catalytic partial oxidation (31) and by steam reforming, and wherein the combined streams of synthesis gas are subjected to a water gas shift reaction (50). Also disclosed is a process of producing urea, wherein ammonia is formed (90) in a process involving said combined streams and wherein carbon dioxide (110) formed in the same process is reacted with said ammonia so as to form urea.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C01C 1/04 - Preparation of ammonia by synthesis
• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia
• C07C 273/10 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds combined with the synthesis of ammonia

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of ammonia comprising a step wherein synthesis gas is formed in two different ways, viz. by catalytic partial oxidation (31) and by steam reforming, and wherein the combined streams of synthesis gas are subjected to a water gas shift reaction (50). Also disclosed is a process of producing urea, wherein ammonia is formed (90) in a process involving said combined streams and wherein carbon dioxide (110) formed in the same process is reacted with said ammonia so as to form urea.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C01C 1/04 - Preparation of ammonia by synthesis
• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia
• C07C 273/10 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds combined with the synthesis of ammonia

Abstract

Method for producing synthesis gas for methanol production The present invention relates to a method for producing synthesis gas from a hydrocarbon containing feed, which synthesis gas is particularly suitable for subsequent use in methanol production. In this method, a hydrocarbon containing feed, particularly natural gas (100), is subjected to catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) (2), followed by the water gas shift (WGS) (4) reaction of a part of the reformed feed. At least part of the shifted feed is then subjected to hydrogen purification, preferably by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) (5) to obtain pure hydrogen (108), which hydrogen is subsequently combined with the remaining parts of the feeds to yield synthesis gas particularly suitable for methanol synthesis. The recombined stream preferably has an R ratio, being the molar ratio (H2-C02)/(CO+C02), in the range 1.9-2.2 and preferably about 2. The invention further relates to a method for producing methanol from a hydrocarbon containing feed, wherein first synthesis gas is obtained according to the method of the invention, which synthesis gas is further used to produce methanol.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 29/151 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases

Abstract

Method for producing synthesis gas for methanol production. The present invention relates to a method for producing synthesis gas from a hydrocarbon containing feed, which synthesis gas is particularly suitable for subsequent use in methanol production. In this method, a hydrocarbon containing feed, particularly natural gas, is subjected to catalytic partial oxidation (CPO), followed by the water gas shift (WGS) reaction of a part of the reformed feed. At least part of the shifted feed is then subjected to hydrogen purification, preferably by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) to obtain pure hydrogen, which hydrogen is subsequently combined with the remaining parts of the feeds to yield synthesis gas particularly suitable for methanol synthesis. The recombined stream preferably has an R ratio, being the molar ratio (H2-CO2)/(CO+CO2), in the range 1.9-2.2 and preferably about 2. The invention further relates to a method for producing methanol from a hydrocarbon containing feed, wherein first synthesis gas is obtained according to the method of the invention, which synthesis gas is further used to produce methanol.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 29/151 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases

Abstract

There is provided a method for producing synthesis gas from a hydrocarbon containing feed, which synthesis gas is particularly suitable for subsequent use in methanol production. In this method, a feed is divided into two streams, wherein one stream is subjected to catalytic partial oxidation and the other stream is subjected to steam reforming followed by a water-gas shift reaction. The two streams are then recombined and can be used further in methanol synthesis. The recombined stream preferably has an R ratio, being a molar ratio (H2-CO2)/(CO+CO2), in the range of 1.9 - 2.2 and preferably about 2. There is further provided a method for producing methanol from a hydrocarbon containing feed, wherein first synthesis gas is obtained according to the method of the invention, which synthesis gas is further used to produce methanol. Also, there is provided a method of adapting an existing methanol plant to the methanol production process of the invention.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 29/151 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases

Abstract

Method for producing synthesis gas for methanol production The present invention relates to a method for producing synthesis gas from a hydrocarbon containing feed, which synthesis gas is particularly suitable for subsequent use in methanol production. In this method, a feed (100) is divided into two streams, wherein one stream is subjected to catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) (2) and the other stream is subjected to steam reforming (5) followed by a water gas shift reaction (51). The two streams are then recombined and can be used further in methanol synthesis (6). The recombined stream preferably has an R ratio, being a molar ratio (H2-C02)/(CO+C02), in the range of 1.9 - 2.2 and preferably about 2. The invention further relates to a method for producing methanol from a hydrocarbon containing feed, wherein first synthesis gas is obtained according to the method of the invention, which synthesis gas is further used to produce methanol. Also, the invention relates to a method of adapting an existing methanol plant to the methanol production process of the invention.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 29/151 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for producing a hydrogen containing gas mixture comprising the following steps: (i) providing a preheated mixture comprising a fossil fuel, preferably methane, and steam, (ii) conducting an adiabatic reaction between the fossil fuel and the steam, in the presence of a catalyst, wherein a first reaction product mixture is formed comprising methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and (iii) conducting an oxygen-assisted reforming reaction in the presence of a catalyst between said first reaction product mixture and an oxygen comprising stream, wherein the oxygen comprising stream comprises at least 40 vol% oxygen, forming a second reaction product mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The invention also relates to a system suitable for hydrogen production from a hydrocarbon feed according to the present invention.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C01B 3/50 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
• C01B 3/56 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solidsRegeneration of used solids

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for producing a hydrogen containing gas mixture comprising the following steps: (i) providing a preheated mixture comprising a fossil fuel, preferably methane, and steam, (ii) conducting an adiabatic reaction between the fossil fuel and the steam, in the presence of a catalyst, wherein a first reaction product mixture is formed comprising methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and (iii) conducting an oxygen-assisted reforming reaction in the presence of a catalyst between said first reaction product mixture and an oxygen comprising stream, wherein the oxygen comprising stream comprises at least 40 vol% oxygen, forming a second reaction product mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The invention also relates to a system suitable for hydrogen production from a hydrocarbon feed according to the present invention.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C01B 3/50 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
• C01B 3/56 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solidsRegeneration of used solids

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the direct alkylation of aromatic compounds with alkanes. To this end a judicious catalyst combination is provided. The composition comprises palladium as a catalytically active metal, and zinc as a promoter, or a metal such as tin having a comparable promoting action. The metals are contained in a zeolite support, or a similar support of a metal organic framework type or a silico alumino phosphate type.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07C 2/76 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
• C07C 15/02 - Monocyclic hydrocarbons
• C07C 15/27 - Polycyclic condensed hydrocarbons containing three rings
• C07D 213/06 - Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the direct alkylation of aromatic compounds with alkanes. To this end a judicious catalyst combination is provided. The composition comprises palladium as a catalytically active metal, and zinc as a promoter, or a metal such as tin having a comparable promoting action. The metals are contained in a zeolite support, or a similar support of a metal organic framework type or a silico alumino phosphate type.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07C 2/76 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
• C07C 15/02 - Monocyclic hydrocarbons
• C07C 15/27 - Polycyclic condensed hydrocarbons containing three rings
• C07D 213/06 - Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom

Abstract

Disclosed is a reactor system for the production of polyester pre-condensate. The system comprises at least two reaction zones, operating at substantially different pressure. Reactants fed into the first zone are allowed to initially react and are then allowed to enter a second zone by means of pressure flow. In the second zone, a system of concentric spacers is present so as to ensure a sufficient path length of the reaction mixture to form a pre-condensate, as well as in internal heat exchanger. The pre-condensate is allowed to flow to a next (polymerization) stage by means of gravity flow on account of a standpipe present in the second reaction zone. Said standpipe has an inlet above the internal heating system in the second reaction zone.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 19/00 - Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in generalTheir relevant apparatus
• B01J 19/24 - Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
• C08G 63/78 - Preparation processes

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of ammonia comprising a step wherein synthesis gas is formed by catalytic partial oxidation. Also disclosed is a process of producing urea, wherein ammonia is formed in a process involving a step of catalytic partial oxidation, and carbon dioxide formed in the same process is reacted with said ammonia so as to form urea.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of a syngas mixture by catalytic partial oxidation. The syngas mixture is suitable as an intermediate in the production of hydrogen. According to the invention, the syngas is cooled, prior to a water gas shift reaction, with liquid water. This has the advantage of avoiding the problem of metal dusting, and it presents a gas mixture comprising water vapor that is particularly suitable for a water gas shift reaction in the production of hydrogen.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of a syngas mixture by catalytic partial oxidation. The syngas mixture is suitable as an intermediate in the production of hydrogen. According to the invention, the syngas is cooled, prior to a water gas shift reaction, with liquid water. This has the advantage of avoiding the problem of metal dusting, and it presents a gas mixture comprising water vapor that is particularly suitable for a water gas shift reaction in the production of hydrogen.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the production of ammonia comprising a step wherein synthesis gas is formed by catalytic partial oxidation. Also disclosed is a process of producing urea, wherein ammonia is formed in a process involving a step of catalytic partial oxidation, and carbon dioxide formed in the same process is reacted with said ammonia so as to form urea.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C07C 273/04 - Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of urea, its salts, complexes or addition compounds from carbon dioxide and ammonia

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for hydrogen production and to a method of hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide production from syngas. The method comprises the steps of: (i) providing a gas stream comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, (ii) separating at least part of hydrogen from the stream yielding a hydrogen-depleted stream, (iii) subjecting the hydrogen- depleted stream to a water-gas shift reaction, and (iv) separating hydrogen from the stream resulting from step (iii). The method according to the invention improves the conversion of carbon monoxide in the water gas shift reaction and allows to increase the hydrogen production by 10-15% and to increase the overall energy efficiency of the system by 5-7%. The invention further relates to a plant for hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide production suitable for the method of the invention.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C01B 3/50 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
• C01B 3/16 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide using catalysts

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for hydrogen production and to a method of hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide production from syngas. The method comprises the steps of: (i) providing a gas stream comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, (ii) separating at least part of hydrogen from the stream yielding a hydrogen-depleted stream, (iii) subjecting the hydrogen- depleted stream to a water-gas shift reaction, and (iv) separating hydrogen from the stream resulting from step (iii). The method according to the invention improves the conversion of carbon monoxide in the water gas shift reaction and allows to increase the hydrogen production by 10-15% and to increase the overall energy efficiency of the system by 5-7%. The invention further relates to a plant for hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide production suitable for the method of the invention.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/16 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide using catalysts
• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/48 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
• C01B 3/50 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with zero emissions. The method comprises the thermal oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2 and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The ratio H2S/O2 in the feedstock is higher than 2:1, preferably in the range of 3:1-5: 1.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with zero emissions. The method comprises the thermal oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2 and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The ratio H2S/O2 in the feedstock is higher than 2:1, preferably in the range of 3:1-5: 1.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with reduced, and preferably zero, emissions. The method comprises the catalytic oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The process is conducted in a reaction chamber comprising a bifunctional catalyst material, so as to favor both the partial oxidation of H2S and the dissociation thereof.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with reduced, and preferably zero, emissions. The method comprises the catalytic oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The process is conducted in a reaction chamber comprising a bifunctional catalyst material, so as to favor both the partial oxidation of H2S and the dissociation thereof.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes so as to form the corresponding olefins. The reaction mixture is subjected to membrane separation of hydrogen, in a separate unit. Preferably a plurality of alternating reaction and separation units is used. The process of the invention serves the purpose of reducing coke formation on the catalyst, and also of achieving a higher alkane conversion without a similar increase in coke formation. The process can also be used for the production of hydrogen.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07C 5/333 - Catalytic processes
• C07C 7/144 - Purification, separation or stabilisation of hydrocarbonsUse of additives using membranes, e.g. selective permeation
• C07C 11/02 - Alkenes
• C07C 11/06 - Propene
• B01D 53/22 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by diffusion

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes so as to form the corresponding olefins. The reaction mixture is subjected to membrane separation of hydrogen, in a separate unit. Preferably a plurality of alternating reaction and separation units is used. The process of the invention serves the purpose of reducing coke formation on the catalyst, and also of achieving a higher alkane conversion without a similar increase in coke formation. The process can also be used for the production of hydrogen.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01D 53/22 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by diffusion
• C07C 5/333 - Catalytic processes
• C07C 7/144 - Purification, separation or stabilisation of hydrocarbonsUse of additives using membranes, e.g. selective permeation
• C07C 11/02 - Alkenes
• C07C 11/06 - Propene

Abstract

Disclosed is a concrete tank for very large LNG tanks. The invention utilizes membrane technology in concrete structures that deviate from the standard cylindrical constructions. Typical concrete housings of the invention are a parallelepipedic structure, or an annular structure comprising two concentric walls. Both structures can be covered by a gabled or an arched roof, and avoid the size limitations imposed on cylindrical structures as a result of the size limitations inherent to concrete domes. The invention proposes also several ways to improve the available working height of LNG within such concrete structures of a given height.

IPC Classes  ?

• F17C 3/02 - Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation

Abstract

The invention relates to the production of hydrogen by steam reforming comprising the steps of (i) providing a fossil fuel, preferably methane, and steam, (ii) conducting a steam reforming reaction between the fossil fuel and the steam under heating, wherein a reaction mixture is formed comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide, (iii) separating hydrogen from the reaction mixture by membrane separation, wherein a permeate is formed comprising hydrogen and a retentate comprising carbon dioxide, (iv) purifying carbon dioxide from the retentate, and (v) using said carbon dioxide as a heat exchange medium to supply heat at least for the steam reforming reaction (ii). The method of the invention can also be used for the production of pressurised carbon dioxide characterised by a high purity. Further, the invention relates to a system for hydrogen production and to the use of pressurised carbon dioxide as heat exchange medium.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• C01B 3/50 - Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
• C01B 31/20 - Carbon dioxide

Abstract

Batch reactor comprising a reaction vessel that is longitudinally shaped and has a side wall that encloses a reaction space of the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel is arranged for holding in the reaction space a reaction mixture that comprises polyamide and/or a liquid monomer composition. The reaction further has a bottom wall that further encloses the reaction space. The side wall extends in a longitudinal direction of the reaction vessel that is, in use, directed upwards. The batch reactor has an outer heat exchanger for exchanging heat with the reaction space for enabling a polymerization reaction. The outer heat exchanger covers at least a part of the side wall. The batch reactor comprises an inner heat exchanger that is provided in the reaction space. The inner heat exchanger is, at least partly, surrounded by the outer heat exchanger. The batch reactor comprises an agitator for transporting the reaction mixture.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 19/18 - Stationary reactors having moving elements inside
• B01J 19/20 - Stationary reactors having moving elements inside in the form of helices, e.g. screw reactors

Abstract

Disclosed is a process for the preparation of polyamide 66 from an aqueous solution of hexamethylene diamine adipic acid salt (AH salt), wherein a solution of AH salt is first concentrated. The concentration is done in at least two steps, by at least two concentrators in series. The staged concentration is combined with subsequent polymerization in a plurality of reactors placed in parallel and operated in a batch mode. The process allows considerable energy- saving, by applying the steam from one concentrator as a heating medium in another concentrator.

IPC Classes  ?

• C08G 69/26 - Polyamides derived from amino carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
• C08G 69/28 - Preparatory processes
• B01D 1/26 - Multiple-effect evaporating