Abstract

A non-pneumatic tire comprising a pair of annular inner rim beads disposed parallel to each other and defining a cylinder, wherein the rim beads define the opposing ends of the cylinder, wherein the cylinder has an axis of rotation coincident with an axis of rotation of the tire wherein outer and inner are relative to the axis of rotation of the tire, where inner is closer to the axis of rotation and outer is further away from the axis of rotation; an annular outer layer oriented concentric with the circumference of the cylinder and comprising an outermost tread surface, the tread surface comprising tread rubber and tire carcass; a plurality of spaced apart support units, each support unit including: top and bottom members; a plurality of flexible curved support members extending between the top member and bottom member.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 7/14 - Non-inflatable or solid tyres characterised by means for increasing resiliency using springs
• B60C 7/24 - Non-inflatable or solid tyres characterised by means for securing tyres on rim or wheel body

Abstract

A non-pneumatic tire comprising a pair of annular inner rim beads disposed parallel to each other and defining a cylinder, wherein the rim beads define the opposing ends of the cylinder, wherein the cylinder has an axis of rotation coincident with an axis of rotation of the tire wherein outer and inner are relative to the axis of rotation of the tire, where inner is closer to the axis of rotation and outer is further away from the axis of rotation; an annular outer layer oriented concentric with the circumference of the cylinder and comprising an outermost tread surface, the tread surface comprising tread rubber and tire carcass; a plurality of spaced apart support units, each support unit including: top and bottom members; a plurality of flexible curved support members extending between the top member and bottom member.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 7/10 - Non-inflatable or solid tyres characterised by means for increasing resiliency

Abstract

A tire with intrinsic splice-free cellular noise damper comprising a supporting tire carcass having one or more layers of ply, an outer circumferential tread, and a radially inner layer, a pair of beads, sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of a tread portion to join the respective beads, an intrinsic cellular noise damper as the innermost layer attached to innerliner, wherein said noise damper has a density less than 1.3 g/cm3.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/00 - Tyre parts or constructions not otherwise provided for
• B60C 1/00 - Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
• B29D 30/06 - Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof

Abstract

A tire (20) with intrinsic splice-free cellular noise damper (204) comprises a supporting tire carcass having one or more layers of ply (202), an outer circumferential tread (201), a radially innerliner layer (203), a pair of beads, sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of a tread portion to join the respective beads, and the intrinsic cellular noise damper (204) as the innermost layer attached to the innerliner layer (203), and said noise damper (204) has a density less than 1.3 g/cm 3.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/00 - Tyre parts or constructions not otherwise provided for
• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements
• B60C 5/14 - Inflatable pneumatic tyres or inner tubes without separate inflatable inserts, e.g. tubeless tyres with transverse section open to the rim with impervious liner or coating on the inner wall of the tyre

Abstract

A tire with in-situ generated intrinsic puncture sealant layers (102,103) and intrinsic noise damper (204) comprises a supporting tire carcass having one or more layers of ply, an outer circumferential tread (201), and a radially innerliner layer (203), a pair of beads, sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of a tread portion (201) to join the respective beads, a sealant (102,103) comprising at least one layer of sealant, disposed radially inwardly from said radially innerliner layer (203) of said tire carcass, an intrinsic cellular noise damper (204) as the innermost layer adjacent to the sealant (102,103). Said noise damper (204) has a density less than 1.3 g/cm 3, and said sealant (102,103) provides self-sealing properties to the tire.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements
• B60C 19/00 - Tyre parts or constructions not otherwise provided for
• B60C 5/14 - Inflatable pneumatic tyres or inner tubes without separate inflatable inserts, e.g. tubeless tyres with transverse section open to the rim with impervious liner or coating on the inner wall of the tyre

Abstract

3; and wherein said sealant provides self-sealing properties to the tire.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements
• B60C 19/00 - Tyre parts or constructions not otherwise provided for

Abstract

A tire with in-situ generated two or more intrinsic puncture sealant layers based on ionic butyl with two or more different viscosities comprising a supporting tire carcass having one or more layers of ply, an outer circumferential tread, and a radially inner layer, a pair of beads, sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of a tread portion to join the respective beads, a sealant comprising an outer layer of sealant and an inner layer of sealant, disposed radially inwardly from the radially inner layer of the tire carcass, wherein the outer layer of sealant and the inner layer of sealant have different viscosities, wherein the sealant provides self-sealing properties to the tire, and wherein the inner layer of sealant is cross-linked to the outer layer of sealant with no barrier separating the inner and outer layers of sealant.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements

Abstract

The invention relates to a tire comprising a circumferential tread having an outer tread surface and an inner innerliner surface; at least two spaced-apart beads; sidewall portions extending between the tread and the beads; and a belt-like foam noise damper having first and second terminal ends, wherein the noise damper lines the innerliner surface; wherein the noise damper is secured to the innerliner surface via an adhesive situated between the noise damper and the innerliner, wherein the terminal ends of the noise damper are cut at an angle of less than 90 degrees, overlap each other, and the overlapped second terminal end of the foam is joined to the first terminal end by the adhesive present underneath the second terminal end, and wherein the adhesive has weight in the range of 30 to 800 grams per square meter of foam surface.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 5/14 - Inflatable pneumatic tyres or inner tubes without separate inflatable inserts, e.g. tubeless tyres with transverse section open to the rim with impervious liner or coating on the inner wall of the tyre
• B60C 19/00 - Tyre parts or constructions not otherwise provided for
• B29D 30/00 - Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
• B29C 65/00 - Joining of preformed partsApparatus therefor
• B29C 65/48 - Joining of preformed partsApparatus therefor using adhesives
• B29L 30/00 - Pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof

Abstract

The present invention is directed to a tire with in-situ generated built-in puncture sealant comprising a supporting tire carcass comprised of one or more layers of ply, an outer circumferential tread, and a radially inner layer, a pair of beads, sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of the tread portion to join the respective beads, a sealant comprising the chain cessation product of a butyl ionomer-based rubber sealant precursor composition catalyzed by peroxide disposed inwardly from said radially inner layer, and wherein said sealant provides self-sealing properties to the tire.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements
• B29C 73/16 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents

Goods & Services

Automobile tires; Non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid chains and studs, none of the aforementioned goods in relation to bicycles.

Goods & Services

Automobile tires; Non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid chains and studs, none of the aforementioned goods in relation to bicycles.

Goods & Services

(1) Tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; solid tires for vehicle wheels; anti-skid studs for tires; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely non-skid chains and studs

Goods & Services

(1) Tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; solid tires for vehicle wheels; anti-skid studs for tires; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely non-skid chains and studs

Goods & Services

tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; solid tires for vehicle wheels; anti-skid studs for tires; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid chains and studs

Goods & Services

tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; solid tires for vehicle wheels; anti-skid studs for tires; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid chains and studs

Abstract

A tire and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The tire (12) comprises a circumferential tread having an outer tread surface and an inner innerliner surface (22); at least two spaced-apart beads; sidewall portions extending between the tread and the beads; and a belt-like foam noise damper (10) having first and second terminal ends (14, 16), wherein the noise damper (10) lines said innerliner surface (22); wherein the noise damper (10) is adhesively secured to the innerliner surface (22), and wherein the terminal ends of the noise damper are cut at an angle of less than 90 degrees, overlap each other, and the overlapped second terminal end of the foam is joined to the first terminal end by the adhesive present underneath the second terminal end.

IPC Classes  ?

• B29D 30/08 - Building tyres

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; mousse filler within tyre; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tyres.

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; mousse filler within tyre; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tyres.

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; mousse filler within tyre; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tyres.

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; mousse filler within tyre; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tyres.

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; mousse filler within tyre; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tyres.

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; mousse filler within tyre; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non- skid devices for vehicle tyres.

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tires; tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; tires, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tire; studs for vehicle tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid chains

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; tire with mousse filler interior; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tyres; namely, chains and studs

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tires; tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; tires, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tires; studs for vehicle tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid chains

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tires; tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; solid tires for vehicle wheels; airplane tires; tire mousse inserts, namely, mousse filler within tires; anti-skid studs for tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheels; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid studs and chains

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tires; tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; tires, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tire; tire mousse inserts, namely, mousse filler within tire; anti-skid studs for tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, non-skid studs and chains

Goods & Services

Inner tubes for pneumatic tires; tires for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tires; treads for retreading tires; pneumatic tires; automobile tires; solid tires for vehicle wheels; airplane tire; anti-skid studs for vehicle tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; non-skid devices for vehicle tires, namely, anti-skid chains for vehicle tires

Goods & Services

(1) Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; tire mousse inserts; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; anti-skid devices, namely chains and studs, for vehicle tires

Goods & Services

(1) Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; tire mousse inserts; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; anti-skid devices, namely chains and studs, for vehicle tires

Goods & Services

(1) Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; tire mousse inserts; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; anti-skid devices, namely chains and studs, for vehicle tires

Goods & Services

(1) Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; tire mousse inserts; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; anti-skid devices, namely chains and studs, for vehicle tires

Goods & Services

(1) Inner tubes for pneumatic tyres; tyres for vehicle wheels; casings for pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; pneumatic tyres; automobile tyres; tyres, solid, for vehicle wheels; airplane tyre; tire mousse inserts; studs for tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; vehicle wheels; automobile wheel; anti-skid devices, namely chains and studs, for vehicle tires

Abstract

A tire direct-pressure shaping and electromagnetic induction heating curing method uses an inner metal mold including large and small segments, a telescoping mechanism, supporting plates attached to the segments, and induction heating coils. A cavity in the middle of the segments is filled of phase change material. The temperature of the mold rises rapidly by the thermal effect of an eddy current generated on the surface of the segments to heat the green tire. When the middle part of the segment is heated to a certain temperature, the phase change material absorbs and stores the excess heat. Therefore, the temperature of the middle part of the segment differs from one of two ends of the segment. Once the tire is cured, the inner mold in the expanded condition and the outer mold support very high pressure for the green tire together.

IPC Classes  ?

• B29D 30/00 - Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
• B29D 30/06 - Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof
• B29C 35/08 - Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising by wave energy or particle radiation
• B29C 33/02 - Moulds or coresDetails thereof or accessories therefor with incorporated heating or cooling means

Abstract

A tire direct-pressure shaping and electromagnetic induction heating curing method and apparatus uses an inner metal mold including large and small segments, a telescoping mechanism, supporting plates attached to the segments, and induction heating coils. A cavity in the middle of the segments is filled of phase change material. The temperature of the mold rises rapidly by the thermal effect of an eddy current generated on the surface of the segments to heat the green tire. When the middle part of the segment is heated to a certain temperature, the phase change material absorbs and stores the excess heat. Therefore, the temperature of the middle part of the segment differs from one of two ends of the segment. Once the tire is cured, the inner mold in the expanded condition and the outer mold support very high pressure for the green tire together.

IPC Classes  ?

• B29D 30/00 - Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
• B29D 30/06 - Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof
• B29C 33/02 - Moulds or coresDetails thereof or accessories therefor with incorporated heating or cooling means
• B29C 35/08 - Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising by wave energy or particle radiation

Abstract

A tire with a built-in puncture sealant comprises a supporting tire carcass comprised of one or more layers of ply, an outer circumferential tread (120), and a radially inner layer, a pair of beads (113), sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of the tread (120) portion to join the respective beads (113), a sealant comprising an outer layer of sealant (102) and an inner layer of sealant (101), disposed inwardly from said tire carcass inner layer, wherein the outer layer of sealant (102) and the inner layer of sealant (101) have different viscosities, and wherein said sealant provides self-sealing properties to the tire.

IPC Classes  ?

• B29C 73/22 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents the article containing elements including a sealing composition, e.g. powder being liberated when the article is damaged
• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements

Abstract

A tire with a built-in puncture sealant comprising a supporting tire carcass comprised of one or more layers of ply, an outer circumferential tread, and a radially inner layer, a pair of beads, sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of the tread portion to join the respective beads, a sealant comprising an outer layer of sealant and an inner layer of sealant, disposed inwardly from said tire carcass inner layer, wherein the outer layer of sealant and the inner layer of sealant have different viscosities, and wherein said sealant provides self-sealing properties to the tire.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements
• B29D 30/06 - Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof
• B29C 73/16 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents
• B60C 5/14 - Inflatable pneumatic tyres or inner tubes without separate inflatable inserts, e.g. tubeless tyres with transverse section open to the rim with impervious liner or coating on the inner wall of the tyre
• B29C 73/22 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents the article containing elements including a sealing composition, e.g. powder being liberated when the article is damaged
• B29C 73/20 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents the article material itself being self-sealing, e.g. by compression the article material only consisting in part of a deformable sealing material

Abstract

A tire with a built-in puncture sealant comprising a supporting tire carcass comprised of one or more layers of ply, an outer circumferential tread, and a radially inner layer, a pair of beads, sidewalls extending radially inward from the axial outer edges of the tread portion to join the respective beads, a sealant comprising a butyl ionomer containing degradation product, disposed inwardly from said tire carcass inner layer, wherein said sealant provides self-sealing properties to the tire.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60C 19/12 - Puncture preventing arrangements
• B29D 30/06 - Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof
• B29C 73/16 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents
• B29C 73/20 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents the article material itself being self-sealing, e.g. by compression the article material only consisting in part of a deformable sealing material
• C09D 123/22 - Copolymers of isobuteneButyl rubber
• C09D 123/26 - Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bondCoating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
• C09J 123/22 - Copolymers of isobuteneButyl rubber
• B29C 73/22 - Auto-repairing or self-sealing arrangements or agents the article containing elements including a sealing composition, e.g. powder being liberated when the article is damaged
• C09J 123/26 - Adhesives based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bondAdhesives based on derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment

Abstract

Disclosed are a method for vertical compression forming, electromagnetic induction heating and vulcanizing a tyre and a special inner mould therefor. The inner mould consists of a wide drum tile (10), a narrow drum tile (1), an expansion and shrinkage mechanism, and drum tile rib plates (12, 20) fixedly connected to the drum tiles, and can realize radial expansion and shrinkage under the drive of a central mechanism piston rod (17), wherein the middle part of the drum tile surface is provided with a mould cavity with a certain depth, a phase-change material (22) is contained in the mould cavity, and electromagnetic coils (26, 29) are installed on the inner mould. When working, the inner mould is in an expansion state and cooperates with an outer mould (31) to apply a high-strength vulcanizing pressure to a tyre blank (33); and meanwhile, the electromagnetic coils (26, 29) under the action of a high-frequency current generate a high-frequency alternating magnetic field, the surface of the drum tile of the inner mould generates an eddy current by cutting a magnetic force line, and the thermal effect of the eddy current enables the temperature of the drum tile to rapidly rise, thereby heating the tyre blank (33). When the middle part of the drum tile is heated to a desired temperature, the phase-change materials (22) contained therein absorb and store the excess heat such that the temperature is no longer changed while the temperature of the upper side and the lower side of the drum tile continues to rise. In this way, the temperature of the middle part of the drum tile is different from that of the two sides thereof, to adapt to the heat required when vulcanizing different positions of the tyre.

IPC Classes  ?

• B29C 35/02 - Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising
• B29C 33/02 - Moulds or coresDetails thereof or accessories therefor with incorporated heating or cooling means

Goods & Services

Vehicle wheel tires [tyres]; inner tubes for pneumatic tires [tyres] of automobiles; casings for pneumatic tires [tyres]; tires for bicycles and cycles; automobile tires [tyres]; inner tubes for bicycles and cycles; pneumatic tires [tyres]; rims for vehicle wheels; vehicle wheels; bicycle rims.

Goods & Services

(1) Tires. (2) Bicycle tires; pneumatic tires; used vehicles tires; car tires; aircraft tires, vehicle tires.

Goods & Services

Tyres.

Goods & Services

(1) Tires. (2) Bicycle tires; pneumatic tires; used vehicles tires; car tires; aircraft tires, vehicle tires.

Goods & Services

Tyres.

Goods & Services

(1) Tires, excluding tires for bicycles.

Goods & Services

Tires for vehicle wheels; inner tubes for pneumatic tires; treads for vehicles (tractor type); tires for bicycle and tricycle; tires; pneumatic tires (tyres); adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; tires for airplanes; automobile tires; solid tires for vehicle wheels.

Goods & Services

Tyres; inner tubes for automobile tyres; tyres for automobiles; pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; tyres for aircraft; tyres for bicycles; tyres for three-wheeled vehicles; cable transport apparatus and installations; vehicles for children; launches.

Goods & Services

(1) Tires.

Goods & Services

Tires

Goods & Services

Tyres.

Goods & Services

Tyres; inner tubes for automobile tyres; tyres for automobiles; pneumatic tyres; treads for retreading tyres; tyres for aircrafts; vehicle wheels; vehicles for locomotion by land, air, water, or rail, namely train, ship, boat, airplane and automobiles; cable transport apparatus and installations.

Goods & Services

All tires included in class 12.

Goods & Services

All kinds of tyres.

Goods & Services

All types of pneumatic tyres and tyres for vehicle wheels included in this class.

Goods & Services

(1) Tires.

Goods & Services

Tyres (parts of vehicles).