Methods for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer, based on the presence of Tumor Macrophage Hybrid Cells (TMHCs), a unique group of cell types that include fusions and/or clusters of different cells found in the blood of subjects having solid tumors, are provided.
Methods of using detection of beta adrenergic receptor expression by circulating tumor associated macrophage (TAM) cells in the screening, monitoring, treatment and diagnosis of cancer in subjects are disclosed. The methods are based on assaying one or more of circulating cancer such as TAM cells, including cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), isolated from a subject having cancer for beta adrenergic receptor expression.
A61K 31/138 - Aryloxyalkylamines, e.g. propranolol, tamoxifen, phenoxybenzamine
A61P 35/04 - Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
G01N 33/554 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being a biological cell or cell fragment, e.g. bacteria, yeast cells
A61P 9/00 - Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
A61P 29/00 - Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agentsNon-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
3.
METHODS FOR PREDICTING AND/OR MONITORING CANCER TREATMENT RESPONSE USING CHANGES IN CIRCULATING CANCER ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELLS (CAMLS)
Means for predicting treatment response in a subject having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based comparing the number and size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CMLS) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) found in biological samples at baseline and after induction of therapy, such as blood, from the subject.
G01N 33/50 - Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urineTesting involving biospecific ligand binding methodsImmunological testing
A61B 5/00 - Measuring for diagnostic purposes Identification of persons
G01N 33/574 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for cancer
G16H 10/40 - ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for data related to laboratory analysis, e.g. patient specimen analysis
4.
METHODS FOR PREDICTING MULTI-ORGAN METASTATIC DISEASE AND OVERALL AND PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL IN SUBJECTS HAVING HYPER-ENGORGED CIRCULATING CANCER ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELLS (CAMLS)
Means for predicting (i) multiple organ metastasis and/or multifocal metastatic disease and (ii) overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the number and size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) found in a biological sample, such as blood, from the subject.
High-resolution, X-ray phase contrast microscopy, a key technique with promising potential in biomedical imaging and diagnostics, is based on narrow-slit high-aspect-ratio gold gratings. We present the development, fabrication details, and experimental testing of the freestanding 10-μm-thick gold membrane masks with an array of 0.9-1.5 □m void slit apertures for a novel low-energy X-ray microscope. The overall mask size is 4 mm×4 mm, with a grating pitch of 7.5 □m, 6.0-6.6-□m-wide gold bars are supported by 3-□m-wide crosslinks at 400 □m intervals. The fabrication process is based on gold electroplating into a silicon mold coated with various thin films to form a voltage barrier, plating base, and sacrificial layer, followed by the mold removal to obtain the freestanding gold membrane with void slit apertures. We discuss key aspects for the materials and processes, including gold structures homogeneity, residual stresses, and prevention of collapsing of the grid elements. We further demonstrate the possibility to obtain high-resolution, high contrast 2D images of biological samples using an incoherent, rotating anode X-ray tube.
Methods for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer, based on the presence of certain structures associated with circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), including micronuclei (MN), extracellular vesicles (EVs), enlarged polynuclearization (EPN), internalized intact cells and large internal cellular debris, are provided.
B01D 43/00 - Separating particles from liquids, or liquids from solids, otherwise than by sedimentation or filtration
G01N 33/543 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
C12M 1/12 - Apparatus for enzymology or microbiology with sterilisation, filtration, or dialysis means
C12M 1/34 - Measuring or testing with condition measuring or sensing means, e.g. colony counters
C12Q 1/00 - Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganismsCompositions thereforProcesses of preparing such compositions
7.
METHODS FOR PREDICTING AND/OR MONITORING CANCER TREATMENT RESPONSE USING CHANGES IN CIRCULATING CANCER ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELLS (CAMLS)
Means for predicting treatment response in a subject having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based comparing the number and size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) found in biological samples at baseline and after induction of therapy, such as blood, from the subject.
Means for predicting (i) multiple organ metastasis and/or multifocal metastatic disease and (ii) overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the number and size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) found in a biological sample, such as blood, from the subject.
Methods of using detection of PD-L1 expression by circulating cancer cells in the screening, monitoring, treatment and diagnosis of cancer in subjects are disclosed. The methods are based on assaying one or more of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), epithelial to mesenchymal transition CTCs (EMTCTCs), cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), and cancer associated vascular endothelial cells (CAVEs) isolated from a subject having cancer for PD-L1 expression.
G01N 33/574 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for cancer
A61K 39/395 - AntibodiesImmunoglobulinsImmune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
A61K 45/06 - Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
C07K 16/28 - Immunoglobulins, e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
10.
CCR5-BASED METHODS FOR PREDICTING OVERALL AND PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL IN SUBJECTS HAVING CANCER
Means for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the number of CCR5 pools in circulating cells, such as circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) found in a biological sample, such as blood, from the subject. CCR5 expression can also be used for companion or complementary diagnostics.
A microfilter having a hydrophilic surface and suited for size-based capture and analysis of cells, such as circulating cancer cells, from whole blood and other human fluids is disclosed. The filter material is photo-definable, allowing the formation of precision pores by UV lithography. Exemplary embodiments provide a device that combines a microfilter with 3D nanotopography in culture scaffolds that mimic the 3D in vivo environment to better facilitate growth of captured cells.
B01L 3/00 - Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glasswareDroppers
B01D 39/16 - Other self-supporting filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
B01D 29/00 - Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups Filtering elements therefor
A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of solid tumors, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with metastasis of malignant solid tumors in a patient. Presented here is evidence that CTCs exhibit cell cycle phase variability and that there is a strong correlation between the number of CTCs in a mitotic cell cycle phase and the prospects for long term survival of the subject from which the cells were obtained. Also presented herein are methods of determining the mitotic cell cycle phase of CTCs from a patient having cancer and using the information in grading malignant solid tumors and predicting the likelihood of survival of the patient.
A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors and viral infection is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of carcinomas, sarcomas, and viruses, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.
G01N 33/574 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for cancer
C12Q 1/6886 - Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
Means for monitoring treatment response and disease progression in subjects are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the change of number and/or size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) found in a biological ample, such as blood, from the subject.
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
44 - Medical, veterinary, hygienic and cosmetic services; agriculture, horticulture and forestry services
Goods & Services
Providing laboratory research services in the field of gene expression, namely,cancer biology; biological research andanalysis Medical analysis services for diagnostic and treatment purposes provided by medical laboratories; Medical analysis services for the diagnosis of cancer; medical analysis services, namely, testing cell culture assays for others
17.
CCR5-BASED METHODS FOR PREDICTING OVERALL AND PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL IN SUBJECTS HAVING CANCER
Means for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the number of CCR5 pools in circulating cells, such as circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) found in a biological sample, such as blood, from the subject. CCR5 expression can also be used for companion or complementary diagnostics.
The characterization of nucleic acids obtained from cancer-associated cells circulating in the blood of a subject, and the use of such characterizations in cancer screening, diagnostics, treatment, and recurrence, are disclosed.
G01N 33/574 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for cancer
G01N 33/50 - Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urineTesting involving biospecific ligand binding methodsImmunological testing
19.
METHODS FOR PREDICTING OVERALL AND PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL IN SUBJECTS HAVING CANCER USING CIRCULATING CANCER ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELLS (CAMLS)
Means for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the number arid size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) found in a biological sample, such as blood, from the subject.
A microfilter having a hydrophilic surface and suited for size-based capture and analysis of cells, such as circulating cancer cells, from whole blood and other human fluids is disclosed. The filter material is photo-definable, allowing the formation of precision pores by UV lithography. Exemplary embodiments provide a device that combines a microfilter with 3D nanotopography in culture scaffolds that mimic the 3D in vivo environment to better facilitate growth of captured cells.
B01L 3/00 - Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glasswareDroppers
B01D 39/16 - Other self-supporting filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
B01D 29/00 - Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups Filtering elements therefor
A microfilter comprising a polymer layer formed from photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures each extending through the polymer layer. A microfilter comprising two or more polymer layers formed from photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures or open areas each extending through the polymer layer. Methods of forming apertures in one or more layers of photo-definable dry film are also disclosed. Filter holder designs and methods appropriate to hold microfilters to collect the rare cells and to perform of assays in the filter holder are provided. Microfiltration chip designs and methods appropriate to collect the rare cells and to perform assays in the microfluidic chips are provided. The invention also describes the use of the microfilter, filter holder and microfilter chips to collect rare cells from body fluids and perform assays, and these rare cells can be used for medical and biological research applications.
B01D 29/00 - Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups Filtering elements therefor
Means for monitoring treatment response and disease progression in subjects are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the change of number and/or size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) found in a biological sample, such as blood, from the subject.
A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of solid tumors, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.
Methods of using detection of PD-L1 expression by circulating cancer cells in the screening, monitoring, treatment and diagnosis of cancer in subjects are disclosed. The methods are based on assaying one or more of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), epithelial to mesenchymal transition CTCs (EMTCTCs), cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), and cancer associated vascular endothelial cells (CAVEs) isolated from a subject having cancer for PD-L1 expression.
G01N 33/574 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for cancer
A61K 39/395 - AntibodiesImmunoglobulinsImmune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
C07K 16/28 - Immunoglobulins, e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
25.
METHODS OF USING GIANT CELL NUCLEIC ACID CHARACTERIZATION IN CANCER SCREENING, DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND RECURRENCE
The characterization of nucleic acids obtained from cancer-associated cells circulating in the blood of a subject, and the use of such characterizations in cancer screening, diagnostics, treatment, and recurrence, are disclosed.
A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors and viral infection is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of carcinomas, sarcomas, and viruses, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.
G01N 33/574 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for cancer
C12Q 1/6886 - Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
G01N 33/569 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
27.
METHODS FOR PREDICTING OVERALL AND PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL IN SUBJECTS HAVING CANCER USING CIRCULATING CANCER ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELLS (CAMLS)
Means for predicting overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of subjects having cancer are disclosed, where the predictions are based on the number and size of circulating cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) found in a biological sample, such as blood, from the subject.
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with metastasis of malignant solid tumors in a patient. Presented here is evidence that CTCs exhibit cell cycle phase variability and that there is a strong correlation between the number of CTCs in a mitotic cell cycle phase and the prospects for long term survival of the subject from which the cells were obtained. Also presented herein are methods of determining the mitotic cell cycle phase of CTCs from a patient having cancer and using the information in grading malignant solid tumors and predicting the likelihood of survival of the patient.
Methods of using detection of PD-L1 expression by circulating cancer cells in the screening, monitoring, treatment and diagnosis of cancer in subjects are disclosed. The methods are based on assaying one or more of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), epithelial to mesenchymal transition CTCs (EMTCTCs), cancer associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs), and cancer associated vascular endothelial cells (CAVEs) isolated from a subject having cancer for PD-L1 expression.
C07K 16/28 - Immunoglobulins, e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
C12N 5/00 - Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell linesTissuesCultivation or maintenance thereofCulture media therefor
G01N 33/574 - ImmunoassayBiospecific binding assayMaterials therefor for cancer
30.
MULTI-PHENOTYPIC SUBTYPING OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES USING SEQUENTIAL FLUORESCENT QUENCHING AND RESTAINING
A simple and accurate method for characterizing biomarkers in a biological sample using multiple rounds of fluorescent staining is described. The method involves the steps of quenching underrivatizing, amine stripping aid restaining (QUAS-R.) of cells, tissue or any biological sample.
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with metastasis of malignant solid tumors in a patient. Presented here is evidence that CTCs exhibit cell cycle phase variability and that there is a strong correlation between the number of CTCs in a mitotic cell cycle phase and the prospects for long term survival of the subject from which the cells were obtained. Also presented herein are methods of determining the mitotic cell cycle phase of CTCs from a patient having cancer and using the information in grading malignant solid tumors and predicting the likelihood of survival of the patient.
A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors and viral infection is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of carcinomas, sarcomas, and viruses, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.
A preservative reagent for urine is disclosed that increases the stability of cells, such as tumor cells, in urine for a period of several weeks. The preservative reagent comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethanol, paraformaldehyde (PFA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and optionally pH stabilizing reagents.
A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of carcinomas, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.
A microfilter comprising a polymer layer formed from epoxy-based photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures each extending through the polymer layer. A microfilter comprising two or more polymer layers formed from epoxy-based photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures or open areas each extending through the polymer layer. A method of forming a microfilter is also disclosed. The method includes providing a first layer of epoxy-based photo-definable dry film disposed on a substrate, exposing the first layer to energy through a mask to form a pattern, defined by the mask, in the first layer of dry film, forming, from the exposed first layer of dry film, a polymer layer having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, the plurality of apertures having a distribution defined by the pattern, and removing the polymer layer from the substrate. Unique filter holder designs and methods appropriate to hold microfilters to collect the rare cells and allow performing assays in the filter holder are provided. The invention also describes the use of the microfilter and filter holder to collect rare cells from body fluids and perform assays. Rare cells collected on the microfilter in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be used for medical and biological research applications.
B01D 39/16 - Other self-supporting filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
G01N 33/50 - Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urineTesting involving biospecific ligand binding methodsImmunological testing
B01D 29/00 - Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups Filtering elements therefor
A preservative reagent for urine is disclosed that increases the stability of cells, such as tumor cells, in urine for a period of several weeks. The preservative reagent comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethanol, paraformaldehyde (PFA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and optionally pH stabilizing reagents.
A new sensitive cell biomarker of solid tumors is identified in blood. This biomarker can be used to determine presence of carcinomas, rapid determination of treatment response, early detection of cancer, early detection of cancer recurrence, and may be used to determine therapy.
A micro filter comprising a polymer layer formed from epoxy-based photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures each extending through the polymer layer. A micro filter comprising two or more polymer layers formed from epoxy-based photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures or open areas each extending through the polymer layer. A method of forming a micro filter is also disclosed. The method includes providing a first layer of epoxy-based photodefinable dry film disposed on a substrate, exposing the first layer to energy through a mask to form a pattern, defined by the mask, in the first layer of dry film, forming, from the exposed first layer of dry film, a polymer layer having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, the plurality of apertures having a distribution defined by the pattern, and removing the polymer layer from the substrate.
B01D 29/00 - Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups Filtering elements therefor
Detection of ZAP-70 expression provides important information about disease progression and overall survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The invention provides methods for diagnosing CLL in a subject, as well as methods for clearly distinguishing CLL patients with aggressive form of the disease. A consistent number of B cells from patient blood is isolated and lysed to release all of the intracellular ZAP-70 protein. The released ZAP-70 protein is subsequently extracted by immunomagnetic separation followed by detection with fluorescence immunosandwich assay. The ZAP-70 fluorescence signal is measured with SignalyteTM-II spectrofluorometer. The VeriZAPTM assay is a simple, reliable, and reproducible method for quantitative detection of ZAP-70 in patient leukemic cells, and can be used as a prognostic test to distinguish indolent versus aggressive CLL patients.
Micro- and nanofilters with precision pore sizes and pore layout have applications in many fields including capturing circulating tumor cells and fetal cells in blood, water treatment, pathogen detection in water, etc. Methods to fabricate micro- and nanofilters not using track etching or reactive ion etching are provided, allowing easy fabrication of single layer or stack of films simultaneously, and/or stack of films on rolls. Microfilter can be made using one or more layers of material. Invention enables mass production of microfilters with lithographic quality at low cost. Isolation, enumeration and characterization of circulating tumor cells using microfilters provides (i) guides to cancer treatment selection and personalize dosage, (ii) low cost monitoring for treatment response, disease progression and recurrence, (iii) assessment of pharmacodynamic effects, (iv) information on mechanisms of resistance to therapy, and (v) cancer staging. Microfabrication methods are also applicable to fabrication of any free standing patterned polymeric films.
A microfilter comprising a polymer layer formed from epoxy-based photo-definable dry film, and a plurality of apertures each extending through the polymer layer. A method of forming a microfilter is also disclosed. The method includes providing a first layer of epoxy-based photo-definable dry film disposed on a substrate, exposing the first layer to energy through a mask to form a pattern, defined by the mask, in the first layer of dry film, forming, from the exposed first layer of dry film, a polymer layer having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, the plurality of apertures having a distribution defined by the pattern, and removing the polymer layer from the substrate.
A luminometer is provided comprising a waveguide sample holder and one or more detectors. The waveguide sample holder may include a hollow region to hold the sample. The waveguide sample holder can be made of material that guides emission light to a bottom end of the waveguide sample holder. One or more detectors may be provided which detect the emission light coming out of the bottom of the waveguide sample holder. A fluorometer/photometer is also provided that comprises a waveguide sample holder, one or more excitation light sources, and one or more optical detectors. The waveguide sample holder has a hollow region to hold the sample. The excitation light is introduced at an angle or perpendicular to one surface of the waveguide sample holder. The waveguide sample holder is made of material that can guide emission light to the bottom end of the waveguide sample holder. There are one or more detectors that detect the emission light coming out of the bottom of the waveguide sample holder.
Micro- and nanofilters have a wide range of applications in many fields, including medical diagnostics, drug delivery, medical implants, and hemodialysis. Some issues that limit commercial application of current nanofilters in medicine are low pore density, non-uniform pore size, and the use of materials that are not biocompatible. A method is described to fabricate high porosity polymer and diamond micro- and nanofilters producing smooth, uniform and straight pores of high aspect ratio. Pore size, density, and shape can be predetermined with a high degree of precision by masks and controlled etch. The method combines energetic neutral atom beam lithography and a mask. This technology allows etching polymeric materials in a clean, well-controlled, and charge-free environment, making it very suitable for fabricating nanofilters and other components for biomedical applications.
The present invention relates to immunogenic compositions comprising a recombinant Neisseria gonorrhoeae OpcA and methods of eliciting an immune response in a mammal by administering a formulation comprising N. gonorrhoeae OpcA or a portion or fragment of N. gonorrhoeae OpcA. The invention also provides for methods and kits for diagnosing N. gonorrhoeae infection using said recombinant N. gonorrhoeae OpcA.
C07K 14/22 - Peptides having more than 20 amino acidsGastrinsSomatostatinsMelanotropinsDerivatives thereof from bacteria from Neisseriaceae (F), e.g. Acinetobacter
C12N 15/31 - Genes encoding microbial proteins, e.g. enterotoxins
A method of detecting fluorescence/absorbance/luminescence from 24-well, 48-well, 96-well, 384-well and 1536-well microplates and other sample containers. The sample is pumped into a waveguide. The waveguide efficiently gathers and guides the emission light to the end of the waveguide. The emission light exits the ends of the waveguide and is focused into a detector. To minimize background caused by the excitation light used for fluorescence, the excitation illuminates the waveguides at 90 degrees. To facilitate reuse, the waveguide assembly can be configured to be washed by an appropriate wash solution.
A luminometer is provided comprising a flow through waveguide and one or more detectors. The flow through waveguide has at least two openings and the sample is free to enter from one opening and exit from the other. The flow through waveguide can be made of material that guides emission light to a bottom end of the flow through waveguide. One or more detectors may be provided which detect the emission light coming out of the bottom of the flow through waveguide.
A luminometer is provided comprising a flow through waveguide and one or more detectors. The flow through waveguide has at least two openings and the sample is free to enter from one opening and exit from the other. The flow through waveguide can be made of material that guides emission light to a bottom end of the flow through waveguide. One or more detectors may be provided which detect the emission light coming out of the bottom of the flow through waveguide. A fluorometer/photometer is also provided that comprises a flow through waveguide, one or more excitation light sources, and one or more optical detectors. The flow through waveguide has a hollow region to hold the sample. The excitation light is introduced at an angle or perpendicular to one surface of the flow through waveguide. The flow through waveguide is made of material that can guide absorption and/or emission light to the bottom end of the flow through waveguide. There are one or more detectors that detect the emission light coming out of the bottom of the flow through waveguide.
Methods to fabricate high aspect ratio powder composite microstructures is provided by filling a molding composition containing a powdered material and a binder into a patterned mold, and releasing the cured composite microstructures from the mold. An alternate method is by filling a mix of powdered dense metals and low-melt alloys into a patterned mold, and releasing the melted and solidified composite microstructures from the mold. The mold is derived from lithographically defined parent mold. One example of the application is in the field of x-ray anti-scatter grids and nuclear collimators.
