Semisynthetic methods of preparing neosaxitoxin of a purity and quantity sufficient to enable its use as an active pharmaceutical ingredient are disclosed. The scalable methods comprise the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of either toxin C3 and toxin C4 (C3,4) or gonyautoxin 1 and gonyautoxin 4 (GTX1,4) using dithiol in a buffered reaction solvent at a pH of about 7.5. The purification of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) from extracts of cultures of the dinoflagellates Alexandrium pacificum and Gymnodinium catenatum is disclosed.
Animal feed additives comprising the dried biomass of Asparagopsis containing enhanced levels of bromoform are described. Methods of culturing Asparagopsis and processing the harvested biomass that are particularly suited to the preparation of the animal feed additive are also described.
A23K 10/30 - Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hayAnimal feeding-stuffs from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
A01D 44/00 - Harvesting of underwater plants, e.g. harvesting of seaweed
A semisynthetic method of preparing neosaxitoxin from cultures of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is described. The scalable method includes the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of toxin C3 and toxin C4 and mild acid hydrolysis of the resulting gonyautoxin 6 (GTX6) to provide the neosaxitoxin.
C12P 17/18 - Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms containing at least two hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, e.g. rifamycin
4.
ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVE AND METHODS FOR ITS PREPARATION
Asparagopsis Asparagopsis Asparagopsis and proces sing the harvested biomas s that are particularly suited to the preparation of the animal feed additive are also des cribed.
A23K 10/30 - Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hayAnimal feeding-stuffs from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
A23K 50/10 - Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
5.
APPARATUS, ASSEMBLY AND METHOD FOR USE IN HIGH ENERGY MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
An apparatus, a receiver and retainer assembly, and their use in open ocean aquaculture are described. The apparatus incorporates multiple interchangeable rotatably mounted cultivation racks. The apparatus is used with a single mooring line. Interlocking float bodies are mounted on an axle through which the mooring line passes. When submerged the interlocking float bodies provide the apparatus with buoyancy. The apparatus is held at a desired depth by the receiver and retainer assembly releasably engaging the mooring line. When released the buoyant apparatus rises to the surface. At the surface the interlocking float bodies cause the apparatus to be oriented so that the rotatably mounted cultivation racks can easily be accessed.
Gymnodinium catenatum are described. The scalable method includes the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of gonyautoxin 1 (GTX1) and gonyautoxin 4 (GTX4) using dithiol in a buffered reaction solvent at a pH of about 7.5.
Gymnodinium catenatumGymnodinium catenatum is described. The scalable method includes the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of toxin C3 and toxin C4 and mild acid hydrolysis of the resulting gonyautoxin 6 (GTX6) to provide the neosaxitoxin.
C12P 17/18 - Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms containing at least two hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, e.g. rifamycin
B01J 39/07 - Processes using organic exchangers in the weakly acidic form
8.
Preparative scale conversion of gonyautoxins to neosaxitoxin
A method of preparing neosaxitoxin in quantities of a purity sufficient to allow the compound to be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is described. The method includes the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of gonyautoxin 1 (GTX1) and gonyautoxin 4 (GTX4).
A method of preparing neosaxitoxin in quantities of a purity sufficient to allow the compound to be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is described. The method includes the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of gonyautoxin 1 (GTX1) and gonyautoxin 4 (GTX4).
A semisynthetic method of preparing neosaxitoxin in quantities of a purity sufficient to allow the compound to be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is described. The scalable method includes the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of gonyautoxin 1 (GTX1) and gonyautoxin 4 (GTX4) isolated from an extract of a culture of Alexandrium pacificum grown to high cell densities in aerated vertical columns of amended sea water.
C12P 17/18 - Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms containing at least two hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, e.g. rifamycin
C12N 1/12 - Unicellular algaeCulture media therefor
11.
PREPARATIVE SCALE CONVERSION OF GONYAUTOXINS TO NEOSAXITOXIN
A method of preparing neosaxitoxin in quantities of a purity sufficient to allow the compound to be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is described. The method includes the reductive desulfonation of an unresolved mixture of gonyautoxin 1 (GTX1) and gonyautoxin 4 (GTX4), by using a dithiol (such as DTT or DTBA) in a solution where the pH is in the range 7.4 to 7.6. The reaction product is purified using a silica-based weak cation exchange sorbent to separate the neosaxitoxin from the dithiol.
The invention relates to novel bioactive polycyclic ether compounds comprising a spiro-linked five-membered cyclic imine. In particular, the invention relates to a compound designated portimine, its congeners and the use of these compounds in anticancer therapy. In a second aspect the invention provides a pharmaceutical preparation comprising as active ingredient a congener of the first aspect of the invention. Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is indicated for use in the treatment of subjects with neoplasia. More preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is indicated for use in the treatment of subjects with lymphoid malignancies. Preferably, the lymphoid malignancies are selected from the group consisting of: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).
C07D 491/22 - Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups , , or in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
Congener of portimine of the structure:
2; W and X may form a bond, an epoxide, or are independently selected from H, halogen, OH and O-acyl. Y and Z form a bond, an epoxide, or are independently selected from H, halogen (X), OH and O-acyl; and R1 and R2 are not H, M is not O, or W and X or Y and Z do not form a bond.
C07D 491/22 - Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups , , or in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
A61K 31/395 - Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
A61K 31/357 - Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
A61K 31/4353 - Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
A method of farming burrowing clams, in particular clams of the genus Panopea, by the use of an open mouthed, nestable, self-tapping growing container is disclosed. The growing containers is screwed into the sediment in an intertidal zone and seedlings of burrowing clams planted in the sediment filled growing containers.
A01K 63/00 - Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquariaTerraria
A01K 97/20 - Keepnets or other containers for keeping captured fish
A23K 50/00 - Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
B65D 21/02 - Containers specially shaped, or provided with fittings or attachments, to facilitate nesting, stacking, or joining together
B65D 85/50 - Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for living organisms, articles or materials sensitive to changes of environment or atmospheric conditions, e.g. land animals, birds, fish, water plants, non-aquatic plants, flower bulbs, cut flowers or foliage
15.
A RELEASABLY SUBMERSIBLE FLOAT ASSEMBLY AND ITS USE IN AQUACULTURE
A releasably submersible float assembly comprising a float body and a retainer is disclosed. In one application the assembly is for use in conjunction with a mooring line to releasably submerse support lines for growing ropes used in aquaculture.
patents
