Systems and methods of generating hydrogen are described herein. The systems include a first reactor that receives a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon gas and produces a pyrolysis product stream comprising hydrogen gas and solid carbon. The first reactor includes a series of high-frequency solenoid coils surrounding a first reactor chamber housing a molten material. The first reactor chamber is configured to direct the feed stream through the molten material to convert at least a portion of the hydrocarbon gas to hydrogen gas and produce a hydrogen gas product stream and a carbon product stream. The systems also include a second reactor that receives the hydrogen gas product stream. The second reactor houses a heated metal structure in a second reactor chamber configured to direct the hydrogen gas product stream through the heated metal structure to convert at least a portion of the hydrogen gas product stream to hydrogen gas.
Systems and methods for pyrolysis are disclosed. The system includes a reactor having one or more reaction chambers, at least one heating component coupled to the one or more reaction chambers, and at least one electrical generator operable to power the at least one heating component. Each of the one or more reaction chambers can be configured to receive a feedstock into the reaction chamber. The feedstock can include a hydrogen compound. The reactor can be configured to convert at least a portion of the feedstock to hydrogen gas via a pyrolysis reaction. The at least one heating component can be operable to provide heat to the one or more reaction chambers to indirectly heat the feedstock to promote the pyrolysis reaction.
Systems and methods for controlling heating of a hydrocarbon medium using a signal generator and a load having frequency and time dependent impedance. A desired heating life cycle is determined. A current state is determined using a model of the medium and the load. A desired operational state is determined from the current operational state and the desired heating life cycle. The desired operational state is selected to maximize a fit between the desired operational state and the desired heating life cycle. Desired signal generator control settings are determined for the signal generator in order to achieve the desired operational state. An output signal is generated using the signal generator by applying the at least one desired signal generator control setting to the signal generator. The output signal is defined to excite the load and thereby heat the hydrocarbon medium.
A signal generator, system, and method for generating output signals. The method involves determining a desired output signal having a desired power spectral density; generating a plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal; modulating the plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal, to provide a plurality of modulated signals capable of providing the desired power spectral density; combining one or more of the plurality of modulated signals into a combined signal; transforming the combined signal to have the desired power spectral density, thereby providing at least one output signal; and applying the at least one output signal to a load having a frequency-dependent impedance to produce at least one standing electromagnetic wave along a length of the load. The at least one standing electromagnetic wave includes at least a partial standing electromagnetic wave.
E21B 47/13 - Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. of radio frequency range
H03K 5/00 - Manipulation of pulses not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass
H05B 6/06 - Control, e.g. of temperature, of power
5.
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ASYNCHRONOUS DATA COMMUNICATION IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS
Systems and methods for asynchronous data communication are disclosed. The system includes one or more peripheral devices, a processing device, and one or more communication channels. Each peripheral device includes a peripheral clock and a quantizer. The processing device is remotely located from each peripheral device and includes a processor clock that is asynchronous with at least one peripheral clock, an analog continuous time filter, and an analog-to-digital converter. The analog continuous time filter filters one or more quantized signals generated by the one or more peripheral devices to generate one or more filtered signals. The analog continuous time filter has a filter bandwidth corresponding to a signal bandwidth of one or more analog time varying signals represented by the one or more quantized signals. The analog-to-digital converter generates one or more converted signals by sampling the one or more filtered signals based on a processor clock signal.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing a producer well, which defines a longitudinal axis, between at least a first and second transmission line conductor. At a reference location along the length of the longitudinal axis, the first and second transmission line conductors are laterally spaced from the producer well by a first and second reference distance, respectively. At a second location, the first and second transmission line conductors are laterally spaced from the producer well by a third and fourth distance, respectively. At least one of the third and fourth distances are greater than the first and second reference distances, respectively. Excitation of the transmission line conductors generates an electromagnetic field having a reference shape and a reference position at the reference location and at least one of a more elongated shape and a different position at the second location.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The apparatus includes an electrical power source; at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating alternating current; at least two transmission line conductors positioned in the hydrocarbon formation; at least one waveguide for carrying the alternating current from the at least one electromagnetic wave generator to the at least two transmission line conductors; and a producer well to receive heated hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon formation. The transmission line conductors are excitable by the alternating current to propagate a travelling wave within the hydrocarbon formation. At least one of the transmission line conductors include a primary arm and at least one secondary arm extending laterally from the primary arm. The at least one secondary arm includes at least one electrically isolatable connection for electrically isolating at least a portion of the secondary arm.
Systems and methods for generating hydrogen gas are described herein. The systems include a fluidized bed reactor configured to receive a feed stream including hydrocarbons and direct the feed stream through particles within a chamber of the fluidized bed reactor to fluidize the particles. The feed stream has a velocity around or below a minimum fluidization velocity within the reactor. The reactor has a reaction temperature sufficient to initiate a pyrolytic reaction between the hydrocarbon gas of the feed stream and the particles to produce a product stream comprising hydrogen gas and solid carbon. The particles including dielectric particles. The fluidized bed reactor also includes a plurality of electrodes configured to generate a non-uniform electric field having a gradient of strength across the chamber, the gradient initiating dielectrophoresis on the dielectric particles within the chamber to promote fluidization of the dielectric particles.
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
C01B 3/24 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons
C01B 3/26 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons using catalysts
C25D 1/14 - Electroforming by electrophoresis of inorganic material
9.
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PYROLYSIS USING AN ELECTROMAGNETIC REACTOR
Systems and methods of generating hydrogen are described herein. The systems include a first reactor that receives a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon gas and produces a pyrolysis product stream comprising hydrogen gas and solid carbon. The first reactor includes a series of high-frequency solenoid coils surrounding a first reactor chamber housing a molten material. The first reactor chamber is configured to direct the feed stream through the molten material to convert at least a portion of the hydrocarbon gas to hydrogen gas and produce a hydrogen gas product stream and a carbon product stream. The systems also include a second reactor that receives the hydrogen gas product stream. The second reactor houses a heated metal structure in a second reactor chamber configured to direct the hydrogen gas product stream through the heated metal structure to convert at least a portion of the hydrogen gas product stream to hydrogen gas.
C01B 3/24 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons
B01J 19/12 - Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiationApparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
Systems and methods are provided for generating signals. The signal generator system includes a transformer unit and a plurality of converters. The transformer unit includes a primary input side and a secondary output side connectable to a load. The primary input side includes a plurality of parallel input sections and the secondary output side includes a plurality of output sections connected in series with each output section corresponding to one of the input sections. Each converter has a converter input, a converter output, and a switch module positioned between the converter input and the converter output. The switch module is operable to control a direction of current flow through the converter output. The switch module is adjustable between a plurality of switch states, and each converter is adjustable between a plurality of operational modes. The plurality of operational modes include at least one active mode and at least one inactive mode.
H02M 7/48 - Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
H02M 3/335 - Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
Methods for providing wellbores for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation positioned below a ground surface and apparatus thereof are provided. The apparatus includes two or more wellbore casings positioned within two or more wellbores. The two or more wellbores extend from a proximal end at the ground surface to a distal end at the underground hydrocarbon formation. Each of the two or more wellbore casings have a proximal portion and a distal portion. The two or more wellbores are in proximity to one another at a junction. The apparatus also includes a first electrical connection between the proximal portions of the two or more wellbore casings for grounding the two or more wellbore casings and a second electrical connection between the distal portions of the two or more wellbore casings. The second electrical connection is located at the junction and provides a short circuit that reduces current traveling on the two or more wellbore casings to the ground surface.
Systems and methods for controlling heating of a hydrocarbon medium using a signal generator and a load having frequency and time dependent impedance. A desired heating life cycle is determined. A current state is determined using a model of the medium and the load. A desired operational state is determined from the current operational state and the desired heating life cycle. The desired operational state is selected to maximize a fit between the desired operational state and the desired heating life cycle. Desired signal generator control settings are determined for the signal generator in order to achieve the desired operational state. An output signal is generated using the signal generator by applying the at least one desired signal generator control setting to the signal generator. The output signal is defined to excite the load and thereby heat the hydrocarbon medium.
Systems and methods for asynchronous data communication are disclosed. The system includes one or more peripheral devices, a processing device, and one or more communication channels. Each peripheral device includes a peripheral clock and a quantizer. The processing device is remotely located from each peripheral device and includes a processor clock that is asynchronous with at least one peripheral clock, an analog continuous time filter, and an analog-to-digital converter. The analog continuous time filter filters one or more quantized signals generated by the one or more peripheral devices to generate one or more filtered signals. The analog continuous time filter has a filter bandwidth corresponding to a signal bandwidth of one or more analog time varying signals represented by the one or more quantized signals. The analog-to-digital converter generates one or more converted signals by sampling the one or more filtered signals based on a processor clock signal.
Systems and methods for asynchronous data communication are disclosed. The system includes one or more peripheral devices, a processing device, and one or more communication channels. Each peripheral device includes a peripheral clock and a quantizer. The processing device is remotely located from each peripheral device and includes a processor clock that is asynchronous with at least one peripheral clock, an analog continuous time filter, and an analog-to-digital converter. The analog continuous time filter filters one or more quantized signals generated by the one or more peripheral devices to generate one or more filtered signals. The analog continuous time filter has a filter bandwidth corresponding to a signal bandwidth of one or more analog time varying signals represented by the one or more quantized signals. The analog-to-digital converter generates one or more converted signals by sampling the one or more filtered signals based on a processor clock signal.
Coaxial transmission lines and methods of providing thereof are disclosed. The coaxial transmission lines include an inner conductor extending between first and second ends along a longitudinal axis, an outer conductor surrounding the inner conductor along the longitudinal axis, and at least one linear actuator coupled to the inner conductor at the first end for applying a tension force to the inner conductor. The second end of the inner conductor is fixed to an electromagnetic load. The methods involve providing an inner conductor having a longitudinal axis and extending from a first end to a second end; fixing the second end of the inner conductor to an electromagnetic load; providing an outer conductor that surrounds the inner conductor; coupling at least one linear actuator to the inner conductor at the first end; and actuating the at least one linear actuator to apply a tension force to the inner conductor.
Coaxial transmission lines and methods of providing thereof are disclosed. The coaxial transmission lines include an inner conductor extending between first and second ends along a longitudinal axis, an outer conductor surrounding the inner conductor along the longitudinal axis, and at least one linear actuator coupled to the inner conductor at the first end for applying a tension force to the inner conductor. The second end of the inner conductor is fixed to an electromagnetic load. The methods involve providing an inner conductor having a longitudinal axis and extending from a first end to a second end; fixing the second end of the inner conductor to an electromagnetic load; providing an outer conductor that surrounds the inner conductor; coupling at least one linear actuator to the inner conductor at the first end; and actuating the at least one linear actuator to apply a tension force to the inner conductor.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing electrical power to at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating high frequency alternating current; using the electromagnetic wave generator to generate high frequency alternating current; using at least one pipe to define at least one of at least two transmission line conductors; coupling the transmission line conductors to the electromagnetic wave generator; and applying the high frequency alternating current to excite the transmission line conductors. The excitation of the transmission line conductors can propagate an electromagnetic wave within the hydrocarbon formation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining that a hydrocarbon formation between the transmission line conductors is at least substantially desiccated; and applying a radiofrequency electromagnetic current to excite the transmission line conductors. The radiofrequency electromagnetic current radiates to a hydrocarbon formation surrounding the transmission line conductors.
An apparatus for a coaxial transmission line is provided. The apparatus can include a dielectric member having an inner surface defining a bore along a longitudinal axis of an inner conductor of the coaxial transmission line; and a first conductive member mounted axially around the dielectric member and extending along the longitudinal axis. A cross-section of an outer surface of the first conductive member can define a first perimeter. A cross-section of an inner surface of the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line can define a second perimeter. The first perimeter can be smaller than the second perimeter and thereby provide clearance between a portion of the outer surface of the first conductive member and the inner surface of the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line when the apparatus is positioned in an annulus defined by the inner conductor and the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line.
An apparatus for a coaxial transmission line is provided. The apparatus can include a first and a second section of a conductor of the coaxial transmission line and a connector for connecting the first and the second sections in end-to-end relation. Each of the first and the second sections of the conductor have an exterior lateral surface and an interior lateral surface. For inner conductors, the connector is connected to the interior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor. For outer conductors, the connector is connected to the exterior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor. The connector allows the inner and outer diameters of the annulus between the inner and outer conductors line to be substantially uniform along the length of the coaxial transmission line.
H01Q 1/04 - Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
H01R 43/26 - Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for engaging or disengaging the two parts of a coupling device
A signal generator, system, and method for electromagnetically heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves determining a desired output signal having a desired power spectral density; generating a plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal; modulating the plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal, to provide a plurality of modulated signals capable of providing the desired power spectral density; combining one or more of the plurality of modulated signals into a combined signal; transforming the combined signal to have the desired power spectral density, thereby providing at least one output signal; and applying the at least one output signal to a load having a frequency-dependent impedance to produce at least one standing electromagnetic wave along a length of the load. The at least one standing electromagnetic wave includes at least a partial standing electromagnetic wave.
H03K 5/00 - Manipulation of pulses not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass
E21B 43/24 - Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
E21B 47/13 - Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. of radio frequency range
An apparatus and method for transporting solid and semi-solid substances. The apparatus includes at least one transport container for storing the substances. The transport container includes at least two transmission line conductors configurable to be in physical contact with the substances. The transmission line conductors are excitable to operate as a lossy transmission line for electromagnetically heating the substances prior to unloading from the transport container. The method involves loading the substances in at least one transport container, each of the at least one transport container including at least two transmission line conductors configurable to be in physical contact with the substances; transporting the at least one transport container from a first location to a second location; and exciting the at least two transmission line conductors to operate as a lossy transmission line for electromagnetically heating the substances prior to unloading from the at least one transport container.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The apparatus includes an electrical power source; at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating alternating current; at least two transmission line conductors positioned in the hydrocarbon formation; at least one waveguide for carrying the alternating current from the at least one electromagnetic wave generator to the at least two transmission line conductors; and a producer well to receive heated hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon formation. The transmission line conductors are excitable by the alternating current to propagate a travelling wave within the hydrocarbon formation. At least one of the transmission line conductors include a primary arm and at least one secondary arm extending laterally from the primary arm. The at least one secondary arm includes at least one electrically isolatable connection for electrically isolating at least a portion of the secondary arm.
Systems and methods are provided for generating signals. The signal generator system includes a transformer unit and a plurality of converters. The transformer unit includes a primary input side and a secondary output side connectable to a load. The primary input side includes a plurality of parallel input sections and the secondary output side includes a plurality of output sections connected in series with each output section corresponding to one of the input sections. Each converter has a converter input, a converter output, and a switch module positioned between the converter input and the converter output. The switch module is operable to control a direction of current flow through the converter output. The switch module is adjustable between a plurality of switch states, and each converter is adjustable between a plurality of operational modes. The plurality of operational modes include at least one active mode and at least one inactive mode.
H02M 11/00 - Power conversion systems not covered by the other groups of this subclass
E21B 47/13 - Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. of radio frequency range
H03B 1/02 - Structural details of power oscillators, e.g. for heating
Systems and methods are provided for generating signals. The signal generator system includes a transformer unit and a plurality of converters. The transformer unit includes a primary input side and a secondary output side connectable to a load. The primary input side includes a plurality of parallel input sections and the secondary output side includes a plurality of output sections connected in series with each output section corresponding to one of the input sections. Each converter has a converter input, a converter output, and a switch module positioned between the converter input and the converter output. The switch module is operable to control a direction of current flow through the converter output. The switch module is adjustable between a plurality of switch states, and each converter is adjustable between a plurality of operational modes. The plurality of operational modes include at least one active mode and at least one inactive mode.
H02M 11/00 - Power conversion systems not covered by the other groups of this subclass
E21B 47/13 - Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. of radio frequency range
H03B 1/02 - Structural details of power oscillators, e.g. for heating
Methods for providing wellbores for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation positioned below a ground surface and apparatus thereof are provided. The apparatus includes two or more wellbore casings positioned within two or more wellbores. The two or more wellbores extend from a proximal end at the ground surface to a distal end at the underground hydrocarbon formation. Each of the two or more wellbore casings have a proximal portion and a distal portion. The two or more wellbores are in proximity to one another at a junction. The apparatus also includes a first electrical connection between the proximal portions of the two or more wellbore casings for grounding the two or more wellbore casings and a second electrical connection between the distal portions of the two or more wellbore casings. The second electrical connection is located at the junction and provides a short circuit that reduces current traveling on the two or more wellbore casings to the ground surface.
Methods for providing wellbores for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation positioned below a ground surface and apparatus thereof are provided. The apparatus includes two or more wellbore casings positioned within two or more wellbores. The two or more wellbores extend from a proximal end at the ground surface to a distal end at the underground hydrocarbon formation. Each of the two or more wellbore casings have a proximal portion and a distal portion. The two or more wellbores are in proximity to one another at a junction. The apparatus also includes a first electrical connection between the proximal portions of the two or more wellbore casings for grounding the two or more wellbore casings and a second electrical connection between the distal portions of the two or more wellbore casings. The second electrical connection is located at the junction and provides a short circuit that reduces current traveling on the two or more wellbore casings to the ground surface.
Systems and methods for controlling heating of a hydrocarbon medium using a signal generator and a load having frequency and time dependent impedance. A desired heating life cycle is determined. A current state is determined using a model of the medium and the load. A desired operational state is determined from the current operational state and the desired heating life cycle. The desired operational state is selected to maximize a fit between the desired operational state and the desired heating life cycle. Desired signal generator control settings are determined for the signal generator in order to achieve the desired operational state. An output signal is generated using the signal generator by applying the at least one desired signal generator control setting to the signal generator. The output signal is defined to excite the load and thereby heat the hydrocarbon medium.
Systems and methods for controlling heating of a hydrocarbon medium using a signal generator and a load having frequency and time dependent impedance. A desired heating life cycle is determined. A current state is determined using a model of the medium and the load. A desired operational state is determined from the current operational state and the desired heating life cycle. The desired operational state is selected to maximize a fit between the desired operational state and the desired heating life cycle. Desired signal generator control settings are determined for the signal generator in order to achieve the desired operational state. An output signal is generated using the signal generator by applying the at least one desired signal generator control setting to the signal generator. The output signal is defined to excite the load and thereby heat the hydrocarbon medium.
An apparatus for a coaxial transmission line is provided. The apparatus can include a first and a second section of a conductor of the coaxial transmission line and a connector for connecting the first and the second sections in end-to-end relation. Each of the first and the second sections of the conductor have an exterior lateral surface and an interior lateral surface. For inner conductors, the connector is connected to the interior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor. For outer conductors, the connector is connected to the exterior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor. The connector allows the inner and outer diameters of the annulus between the inner and outer conductors line to be substantially uniform along the length of the coaxial transmission line.
H01R 43/26 - Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for engaging or disengaging the two parts of a coupling device
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing electrical power to at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating high frequency alternating current; using the electromagnetic wave generator to generate high frequency alternating current; using at least one pipe to define at least one of at least two transmission line conductors; coupling the transmission line conductors to the electromagnetic wave generator; and applying the high frequency alternating current to excite the transmission line conductors. The excitation of the transmission line conductors can propagate an electromagnetic wave within the hydrocarbon formation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining that a hydrocarbon formation between the transmission line conductors is at least substantially desiccated; and applying a radiofrequency electromagnetic current to excite the transmission line conductors. The radiofrequency electromagnetic current radiates to a hydrocarbon formation surrounding the transmission line conductors.
A signal generator, system, and method for electromagnetically heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves determining a desired output signal having a desired power spectral density; generating a plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal; modulating the plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal, to provide a plurality of modulated signals capable of providing the desired power spectral density; combining one or more of the plurality of modulated signals into a combined signal; transforming the combined signal to have the desired power spectral density, thereby providing at least one output signal; and applying the at least one output signal to a load having a frequency-dependent impedance to produce at least one standing electromagnetic wave along a length of the load. The at least one standing electromagnetic wave includes at least a partial standing electromagnetic wave.
A signal generator, system, and method for electromagnetically heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves determining a desired output signal having a desired power spectral density; generating a plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal; modulating the plurality of source signals, based on the desired output signal, to provide a plurality of modulated signals capable of providing the desired power spectral density; combining one or more of the plurality of modulated signals into a combined signal; transforming the combined signal to have the desired power spectral density, thereby providing at least one output signal; and applying the at least one output signal to a load having a frequency-dependent impedance to produce at least one standing electromagnetic wave along a length of the load. The at least one standing electromagnetic wave includes at least a partial standing electromagnetic wave.
An apparatus and method for transporting solid and semi-solid substances. The apparatus includes at least one transport container for storing the substances. The transport container includes at least two transmission line conductors configurable to be in physical contact with the substances. The transmission line conductors are excitable to operate as a lossy transmission line for electromagnetically heating the substances prior to unloading from the transport container. The method involves loading the substances in at least one transport container, each of the at least one transport container including at least two transmission line conductors configurable to be in physical contact with the substances; transporting the at least one transport container from a first location to a second location; and exciting the at least two transmission line conductors to operate as a lossy transmission line for electromagnetically heating the substances prior to unloading from the at least one transport container.
An apparatus and method for transporting solid and semi-solid substances. The apparatus includes at least one transport container for storing the substances. The transport container includes at least two transmission line conductors configurable to be in physical contact with the substances. The transmission line conductors are excitable to operate as a lossy transmission line for electromagnetically heating the substances prior to unloading from the transport container. The method involves loading the substances in at least one transport container, each of the at least one transport container including at least two transmission line conductors configurable to be in physical contact with the substances; transporting the at least one transport container from a first location to a second location; and exciting the at least two transmission line conductors to operate as a lossy transmission line for electromagnetically heating the substances prior to unloading from the at least one transport container.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The apparatus includes an electrical power source; at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating alternating current; at least two transmission line conductors positioned in the hydrocarbon formation; at least one waveguide for carrying the alternating current from the at least one electromagnetic wave generator to the at least two transmission line conductors; and a producer well to receive heated hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon formation. The transmission line conductors are excitable by the alternating current to propagate a travelling wave within the hydrocarbon formation. At least one of the transmission line conductors include a primary arm and at least one secondary arm extending laterally from the primary arm. The at least one secondary arm includes at least one electrically isolatable connection for electrically isolating at least a portion of the secondary arm.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The apparatus includes an electrical power source; at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating alternating current; at least two transmission line conductors positioned in the hydrocarbon formation; at least one waveguide for carrying the alternating current from the at least one electromagnetic wave generator to the at least two transmission line conductors; and a producer well to receive heated hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon formation. The transmission line conductors are excitable by the alternating current to propagate a travelling wave within the hydrocarbon formation. At least one of the transmission line conductors include a primary arm and at least one secondary arm extending laterally from the primary arm. The at least one secondary arm includes at least one electrically isolatable connection for electrically isolating at least a portion of the secondary arm.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing a producer well, which defines a longitudinal axis, between at least a first and second transmission line conductor. At a reference location along the length of the longitudinal axis, the first and second transmission line conductors are laterally spaced from the producer well by a first and second reference distance, respectively. At a second location, the first and second transmission line conductors are laterally spaced from the producer well by a third and fourth distance, respectively. At least one of the third and fourth distances are greater than the first and second reference distances, respectively. Excitation of the transmission line conductors generates an electromagnetic field having a reference shape and a reference position at the reference location and at least one of a more elongated shape and a different position at the second location.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing a producer well, which defines a longitudinal axis, between at least a first and second transmission line conductor. At a reference location along the length of the longitudinal axis, the first and second transmission line conductors are laterally spaced from the producer well by a first and second reference distance, respectively. At a second location, the first and second transmission line conductors are laterally spaced from the producer well by a third and fourth distance, respectively. At least one of the third and fourth distances are greater than the first and second reference distances, respectively. Excitation of the transmission line conductors generates an electromagnetic field having a reference shape and a reference position at the reference location and at least one of a more elongated shape and a different position at the second location.
An apparatus for a coaxial transmission line is provided. The apparatus can include a first and a second section of a conductor of the coaxial transmission line and a connector for connecting the first and the second sections in end-to-end relation. Each of the first and the second sections of the conductor have an exterior lateral surface and an interior lateral surface. For inner conductors, the connector is connected to the interior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor. For outer conductors, the connector is connected to the exterior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor.The connector allows the inner and outer diameters of the annulus between the inner and outer conductors line to be substantially uniform along the length of the coaxial transmission line.
H01R 4/56 - Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one anotherMeans for effecting or maintaining such contactElectrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation one conductor screwing into another
40.
APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR CONNECTING SECTIONS OF A COAXIAL LINE
An apparatus for a coaxial transmission line is provided. The apparatus can include a first and a second section of a conductor of the coaxial transmission line and a connector for connecting the first and the second sections in end-to-end relation. Each of the first and the second sections of the conductor have an exterior lateral surface and an interior lateral surface. For inner conductors, the connector is connected to the interior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor. For outer conductors, the connector is connected to the exterior lateral surfaces of the first and second sections of the conductor.The connector allows the inner and outer diameters of the annulus between the inner and outer conductors line to be substantially uniform along the length of the coaxial transmission line.
H01R 4/56 - Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one anotherMeans for effecting or maintaining such contactElectrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation one conductor screwing into another
41.
APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCING A COAXIAL LINE
An apparatus for a coaxial transmission line is provided. The apparatus can include a dielectric member having an inner surface defining a bore along a longitudinal axis of an inner conductor of the coaxial transmission line; and a first conductive member mounted axially around the dielectric member and extending along the longitudinal axis. A cross-section of an outer surface of the first conductive member can define a first perimeter. A cross-section of an inner surface of the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line can define a second perimeter. The first perimeter can be smaller than the second perimeter and thereby provide clearance between a portion of the outer surface of the first conductive member and the inner surface of the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line when the apparatus is positioned in an annulus defined by the inner conductor and the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line.
H01B 7/17 - Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
H01B 7/42 - Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form with arrangements for heat dissipation or conduction
H01R 4/56 - Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one anotherMeans for effecting or maintaining such contactElectrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation one conductor screwing into another
An apparatus for a coaxial transmission line is provided. The apparatus can include a dielectric member having an inner surface defining a bore along a longitudinal axis of an inner conductor of the coaxial transmission line; and a first conductive member mounted axially around the dielectric member and extending along the longitudinal axis. A cross-section of an outer surface of the first conductive member can define a first perimeter. A cross-section of an inner surface of the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line can define a second perimeter. The first perimeter can be smaller than the second perimeter and thereby provide clearance between a portion of the outer surface of the first conductive member and the inner surface of the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line when the apparatus is positioned in an annulus defined by the inner conductor and the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line.
H01B 7/17 - Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
H01B 7/42 - Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form with arrangements for heat dissipation or conduction
H01R 4/56 - Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one anotherMeans for effecting or maintaining such contactElectrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation one conductor screwing into another
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing electrical power to at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating high frequency alternating current; using the electromagnetic wave generator to generate high frequency alternating current; using at least one pipe to define at least one of at least two transmission line conductors; coupling the transmission line conductors to the electromagnetic wave generator; and applying the high frequency alternating current to excite the transmission line conductors. The excitation of the transmission line conductors can propagate an electromagnetic wave within the hydrocarbon formation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining that a hydrocarbon formation between the transmission line conductors is at least substantially desiccated; and applying a radiofrequency electromagnetic current to excite the transmission line conductors. The radiofrequency electromagnetic current radiates to a hydrocarbon formation surrounding the transmission line conductors.
Self-forming travelling wave antenna module based on single conductor transmission lines for electromagnetic heating of hydrocarbon formations and method of use
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation is presented. The apparatus is a radio frequency antenna module in a radio frequency antenna for delivering electromagnetic energy generated by a generator into the hydrocarbon formation. The antenna module comprises: a conductive member; at least one conductive sheath with a first and second end surrounding at least one portion of the conductive member; at least one electrical coupler electrically coupled to the conductive member and the at least one conductive sheath for receiving the electrical energy; and an electrically insulating seal inserted at the first and second end of each of the at least one conductive sheath between the conductive member and the conductive sheath to maintain an enclosed cavity defined by the conductive member, the conductive sheath and the electrically insulating seal.
H01Q 13/20 - Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
H01Q 1/04 - Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
SELF-FORMING TRAVELLING WAVE ANTENNA MODULE BASED ON SINGLE CONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC HEATING OF HYDROCARBON FORMATIONS AND METHOD OF USE
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation is presented. The apparatus is a radio frequency antenna module in a radio frequency antenna for delivering electromagnetic energy generated by a generator into the hydrocarbon formation. The antenna module comprises: a conductive member; at least one conductive sheath with a first and second end surrounding at least one portion of the conductive member; at least one electrical coupler electrically coupled to the conductive member and the at least one conductive sheath for receiving the electrical energy; and an electrically insulating seal inserted at the first and second end of each of the at least one conductive sheath between the conductive member and the conductive sheath to maintain an enclosed cavity defined by the conductive member, the conductive sheath and the electrically insulating seal.
An apparatus and method for the extraction of hydrocarbons from an underground reservoir using a well is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a power source operable to supply periodic electrical power at a first frequency; at least one impulse generator unit operable to convert the periodic electrical power at the first frequency into periodic electrical power at a second frequency and to couple electromagnetic energy generated by the periodic electrical power at the second frequency into the reservoir, the second frequency being at least ten times higher than that of the first frequency; and a conducting cable being operatively coupled between the power source and the at least one impulse generator unit.
E21B 47/13 - Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. of radio frequency range
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing electrical power to at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating high frequency alternating current; using the electromagnetic wave generator to generate high frequency alternating current; using at least one pipe to define at least one of at least two transmission line conductors; coupling the transmission line conductors to the electromagnetic wave generator; and applying the high frequency alternating current to excite the transmission line conductors. The excitation of the transmission line conductors can propagate an electromagnetic wave within the hydrocarbon formation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining that a hydrocarbon formation between the transmission line conductors is at least substantially desiccated; and applying a radiofrequency electromagnetic current to excite the transmission line conductors. The radiofrequency electromagnetic current radiates to a hydrocarbon formation surrounding the transmission line conductors.
An apparatus and method for electromagnetic heating of a hydrocarbon formation. The method involves providing electrical power to at least one electromagnetic wave generator for generating high frequency alternating current; using the electromagnetic wave generator to generate high frequency alternating current; using at least one pipe to define at least one of at least two transmission line conductors; coupling the transmission line conductors to the electromagnetic wave generator; and applying the high frequency alternating current to excite the transmission line conductors. The excitation of the transmission line conductors can propagate an electromagnetic wave within the hydrocarbon formation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining that a hydrocarbon formation between the transmission line conductors is at least substantially desiccated; and applying a radiofrequency electromagnetic current to excite the transmission line conductors. The radiofrequency electromagnetic current radiates to a hydrocarbon formation surrounding the transmission line conductors.
A radio frequency antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy into a reservoir filled with a target material, the antenna being operatively connected to a feed transmission line. The antenna includes a waveguide, at least one slot formed in the outer waveguide layer, and a sleeve portion enclosing at least a portion of the waveguide. The sleeve portion comprises at least first and second dielectric layers where the permittivity of the second dielectric layer is higher than the permittivity of the first dielectric layer and the first dielectric layer is positioned in closer proximity to the waveguide than the second dielectric layer. When the antenna is inserted into the reservoir, the input impedance of the antenna remains matched to the feed transmission line for a wide range of target materials.
H01Q 1/52 - Means for reducing coupling between antennas Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
B01J 19/12 - Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiationApparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
A radio frequency antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy into a reservoir filled with a target material, the antenna being operatively connected to a feed transmission line. The antenna includes a waveguide, at least one slot formed in the outer waveguide layer, and a sleeve portion enclosing at least a portion of the waveguide. The sleeve portion comprises at least first and second dielectric layers where the permittivity of the second dielectric layer is higher than the permittivity of the first dielectric layer and the first dielectric layer is positioned in closer proximity to the waveguide than the second dielectric layer. When the antenna is inserted into the reservoir, the input impedance of the antenna remains matched to the feed transmission line for a wide range of target materials.
A radio frequency antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy into a reservoir filled with a target material, the antenna being operatively connected to a feed transmission line. The antenna includes a waveguide, at least one slot formed in the outer waveguide layer, and a sleeve portion enclosing at least a portion of the waveguide. The sleeve portion comprises at least first and second dielectric layers where the permittivity of the second dielectric layer is higher than the permittivity of the first dielectric layer and the first dielectric layer is positioned in closer proximity to the waveguide than the second dielectric layer. When the antenna is inserted into the reservoir, the input impedance of the antenna remains matched to the feed transmission line for a wide range of target materials.
B01J 19/12 - Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiationApparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
E21B 36/04 - Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
E21B 43/24 - Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
An apparatus and method for enhancing the extraction of hydrocarbons from an underground reservoir using a well is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a power source operable to supply periodic electrical power at a first frequency; at least one impulse generator unit operable to convert the periodic electrical power at the first frequency into periodic electrical power at a second frequency and to couple electromagnetic energy generated by the periodic electrical power at the second frequency into the reservoir, the second frequency being at least ten times higher than that of the first frequency; and a conducting cable being operatively coupled between the power source and the at least one impulse generator unit.
E21B 47/13 - Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. of radio frequency range
An apparatus and method for enhancing the extraction of hydrocarbons from an underground reservoir using a well is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a power source operable to supply periodic electrical power at a first frequency; at least one impulse generator unit operable to convert the periodic electrical power at the first frequency into periodic electrical power at a second frequency and to couple electromagnetic energy generated by the periodic electrical power at the second frequency into the reservoir, the second frequency being at least ten times higher than that of the first frequency; and a conducting cable being operatively coupled between the power source and the at least one impulse generator unit.
E21B 47/12 - Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
54.
Apparatus and methods for enhancing petroleum extraction
An apparatus and method for the extraction of hydrocarbons from an underground reservoir using a well is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a power source operable to supply periodic electrical power at a first frequency; at least one impulse generator unit operable to convert the periodic electrical power at the first frequency into periodic electrical power at a second frequency and to couple electromagnetic energy generated by the periodic electrical power at the second frequency into the reservoir, the second frequency being at least ten times higher than that of the first frequency; and a conducting cable being operatively coupled between the power source and the at least one impulse generator unit.
patents
