42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
Goods & Services
Surgical and implantable devices for use in medical treatment, namely, for use in restoring communication, movement and use of computer devices to individuals with compromised neurological function as well as individuals with normal neurological function; medical devices, namely, implantable brain computer interface for use in restoring function and capability to individuals with compromised neurological function; medical device for interfacing between the brain and computers in individuals with neurological conditions for use in restoring communication, movement or other neurotypical functions; Computer-controlled medical systems for monitoring, measuring, analysing and recording brain activity, for diagnosing neurological conditions, for planning treatment or rehabilitation or training protocols and for stimulating brain activity; Computer-controlled rehabilitation systems for medical use, measuring, analysing and recording patient movement and training exercises, for planning patient exercises and performing patient movement; Apparatus for achieving physical fitness [for medical use]; medical diagnostic apparatus for medical purposes; Tools for veterinary diagnostics; Tools for medical diagnostics; Medical and veterinary apparatus and instruments; Diagnostic apparatus for medical purposes for use in medical laboratories; Testing instruments for medical diagnostic purposes; Sensor apparatus for medical use in diagnosis; Apparatus for the diagnosis of neurological diseases; Diagnostic apparatus for medical purposes; Detecting instruments for medical use; Diagnostic imaging apparatus for medical use. Software or Software as a Service (SaaS) , both embedded in implantable devices as well as in external components featuring software that supports an interface between the brain and computer systems to allow users to control external devices; Scientific and technological services and research, in particular in the following fields: Medicine, Physiotherapy, Orthopaedic rehabilitation, functional movement therapy and surgery; Software design and development; Providing of an internet platform and downloadable software for mobile devices (applications), in particular for the exchange of data and information in relation to the following fields: Medicine, Physiotherapy, Orthopaedic rehabilitation, functional movement therapy and surgery; Development of virtual reality software; Design of virtual reality software; Design and development of hardware, software and systems for rehabilitation, preparation and execution of operations; Design and development of the following goods: Motion capture technology; Motion analysis [scientific or technical analysis]; Design and development of hardware, software and systems for the stimulation of muscle movement and improvement of gait, locomotion and balance; Upgrading of computer software; Computer software consultancy; Computer programming; Design and development of computer software for use with medical technology; Scientific and technological design; Design and development of medical diagnostic apparatus; Scientific research for medical purposes; Design and development of medical technology; Scientific technological services; Science and technology services; Scientific research and development; Providing medical and scientific research information in the field of pharmaceuticals and clinical trials; Scientific research.
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
Goods & Services
Surgical and implantable devices consisting of brain computer interfaces for use in medical treatment, namely, for use in restoring communication, movement and use of computer devices to individuals with compromised neurological function as well as individuals with normal neurological function; medical devices, namely, implantable brain computer interface electrodes for use in restoring function and capability to individuals with compromised neurological function; medical device consisting of brain computer interfaces for interfacing between the brain and computers in individuals with neurological conditions for use in restoring communication, movement or other neurotypical functions Software or Software as a Service (SaaS) , both embedded in implantable devices as well as in external components featuring software that supports an interface between the brain and computer systems to allow users to control external devices
Surgical and implantable devices for use in medical treatment, namely, implantable brain computer interface with both cortical and deep-brain electrodes configured to provide a closed-loop device for use in diagnostics, treatment and therapy involving both cortical and deep brain structures, for use in treatment of neurological conditions utilizing medical devices with both read and stimulating capabilities
Surgical and implantable devices consisting of brain computer interfaces for use in medical treatment, namely, for use in restoring communication, movement and use of computer devices to individuals with compromised neurological function as well as individuals with normal neurological function; medical devices, namely, implantable brain computer interface electrodes for use in restoring function and capability to individuals with compromised neurological function; medical device consisting of brain computer interfaces for interfacing between the brain and computers in individuals with neurological conditions for use in restoring communication, movement or other neurotypical functions
5.
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING CORRUPT OR INACCURATE SENSORY REPRESENTATIONS
A system for monitoring neural activity of a living subject is provided. The system may comprise a correspondence module configured to be in communication with (1) a neural module and (2) one or more additional modules comprising a sensing module, another neural module, and/or a data storage module. The neural module(s) are configured to collect neural data indicative of perceptions experienced by the living subject. The sensing module may be configured to collect (1) sensor data indicative of real-world information about an environment around the living subject, and/or (2) sensor data indicative of a physical state or physiological state of the living subject. The data storage module may be configured to store prior neural data and/or prior sensor data. The correspondence module may be configured to measure a correspondence (a) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the sensor data collected by the sensing module, (b) between the neural data collected by two or more neural modules, and/or (c) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the prior data stored in data storage module. The measured correspondence can be used to determine a presence, absence, or extent of a potential cognitive or physiological disturbance of the living subject.
A61B 5/11 - Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor or mobility of a limb
A61B 5/24 - Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
A61B 5/246 - Detecting biomagnetic fields, e.g. magnetic fields produced by bioelectric currents specially adapted for magnetoencephalographic [MEG] signals using evoked responses
A61B 5/291 - Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electroencephalography [EEG]
A61B 5/377 - Electroencephalography [EEG] using evoked responses
6.
LOW-AREA, LOW-POWER NEURAL RECORDING CIRCUIT, AND METHOD OF TRAINING THE SAME
A sensor circuit that is capable of sensing of neural action potentials is disclosed. The circuit can be designed to minimize power dissipation and total silicon area so that it can be incorporated into a massively parallel sensor array and ultimately implanted in the body (e.g., into the brain) in a safe manner. The circuit can also be designed to be tunable such that it can be optimized in silico prior to fabrication and can be optimized through the use of controllable current sources after fabrication.
Described herein are methods for generating a coated device, electrode, or portion of an electrode for implanting into a subject. Such devices and electrodes are generated using methods like atomic layer deposition. In some cases, methods like etching are used to expose portions of a coated surface. The methods described herein improve overall hermeticity, biocompatibility, and biostability of implantable devices.
C23C 16/455 - Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into the reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in the reaction chamber
Described is an implantable cranial hub device having a design allowing it to reside within the profile of a human skull with minimal to no protrusion above the outer surface of the skull. The device may include a hermetically sealed package for electronics such that the device is biocompatible with a human body. Such a device provides an ability to communicate data associated with signals from a human brain.
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
10 - Medical apparatus and instruments
Goods & Services
Scientific apparatus and instruments for measuring, transforming, transferring, processing and communicating brain neural signals in the field of neuroscience; microelectronics firmware in the field of neuroscience in particular in the field of neural signal analysis; Computers and computer peripheral devices; image scanners, projectors, amplifiers, analysers, processors and transmitters; computer programs for image processing; downloadable and recorded computer software for image processing; artificial intelligence and machine learning software; downloadable and recorded artificial intelligence and machine learning software for use in medical diagnostics, medical treatments and clinical trials; data processing apparatus; data processing equipment; downloadable and recorded software, image processing apparatus and data processing apparatus for use in the medical field; downloadable and recorded software for medical diagnosis; downloadable and recorded software and computer hardware for integration into medical apparatus and instruments; dosage dispensers and dosimeters; DNA chips; optical inspection apparatus and instruments; humanoid robots with artificial intelligence; downloadable and recorded computer software, computer hardware and downloadable and recorded artificial intelligence and machine learning software for facial recognition; computer hardware; wearable activity trackers; wearable computer hardware for the purpose of medical diagnosis, monitoring and treatment; downloadable and recorded computer software, computer hardware and data processors for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment of behavioural disorders, neurological conditions, conditions affecting the central nervous system, neurodegenerative conditions, brain development disorders, mental health conditions, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, strokes, multiple sclerosis, chronic headaches, brain injury and tumours; downloadable and recorded computer software, computer hardware and data processors for the purpose of surgical planning; downloadable and recorded computer software and/or programs for use in medical training and education; Apparatus for recording, transmitting, reproducing or processing images or data; image scanners, projectors, amplifiers, processors and transmitters for the purpose of medical diagnosis and treatments; image scanners, projectors, amplifiers, processors and transmitters for use in relation to diagnosis and treatment of behavioural disorders, neurological conditions, conditions affecting the central nervous system, neurodegenerative conditions, brain development disorders, mental health conditions, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, strokes, multiple sclerosis, chronic headaches, brain injury and tumours; image scanners, projectors, amplifiers, processors and transmitters for use in the planning of surgical procedures. Medical device for brain neural signal processing; medical apparatus and instruments namely, microelectronics system for measuring, transforming, transferring, and communicating electrophysiological signals in the brain; Medical apparatus and instruments for the diagnosis and treatment of behavioural disorders, neurological conditions, conditions affecting the central nervous system, neurodegenerative conditions, brain development disorders, mental health conditions, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, strokes, multiple sclerosis, chronic headaches, brain injury and tumours; medical imaging apparatus; diagnostic imaging apparatus for medical purposes; apparatus for analysing images for medical use; analysers for the purpose of medical diagnosis and treatments; analysers for use in relation to diagnosis and treatment of behavioural disorders, neurological conditions, conditions affecting the central nervous system, neurodegenerative conditions, brain development disorders, mental health conditions, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, strokes, multiple sclerosis, chronic headaches, brain injury and tumours; analysers for use in the planning of surgical procedures; MRI scanners; CT scanner; PET (positron emission tomography) scanners; medical ultrasound apparatus; medical imaging apparatus for integration and use with computer software and wearable hardware devices; medical apparatus and instruments for integration and use with artificial intelligence and machine learning software; medical apparatus and instruments for use in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of behavioural disorders, neurological conditions, conditions affecting the central nervous system, neurodegenerative conditions, brain development disorders, mental health conditions, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, strokes, multiple sclerosis, chronic headaches, brain injury and tumours; medical apparatus and instruments for use in the planning of surgical procedures.
10.
Systems, devices, and methods for tissue layer removal
The present disclosure provides systems, devices, and methods for penetrating a biological membrane. The system may comprise a laser unit configured to generate one or more laser beams. The system may comprise a set of targeting optics configured to direct the one or more laser beams to a target region of the biological membrane. The system may comprise a raster scanner operatively coupled to the laser unit and the set of targeting optics. The system may comprise a non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising a set of instructions. The set of instructions may be configured to control at least one of the laser unit, the set of targeting optics, or the raster scanner to photodisrupt the target region of the biological membrane to a target depth while minimizing damage to one or more blood vessels in proximity to the target region.
A61B 18/20 - Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
A61B 18/00 - Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
Medical device for brain neural signal processing; medical apparatus and instruments, namely, a microelectronics system comprised of cranial hubs, cortical modules, microelectrodes, assays, transceivers, microchips, and signal processors for measuring, transforming, transferring, and communicating electrophysiological signals in the brain
12.
Systems and methods for detecting corrupt or inaccurate sensory representations
A system for monitoring neural activity of a living subject is provided. The system may comprise a correspondence module configured to be in communication with (1) a neural module and (2) one or more additional modules comprising a sensing module, another neural module, and/or a data storage module. The neural module(s) are configured to collect neural data indicative of perceptions experienced by the living subject. The sensing module may be configured to collect (1) sensor data indicative of real-world information about an environment around the living subject, and/or (2) sensor data indicative of a physical state or physiological state of the living subject. The data storage module may be configured to store prior neural data and/or prior sensor data. The correspondence module may be configured to measure a correspondence (a) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the sensor data collected by the sensing module, (b) between the neural data collected by two or more neural modules, and/or (c) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the prior data stored in data storage module. The measured correspondence can be used to determine a presence, absence, or extent of a potential cognitive or physiological disturbance of the living subject.
A61B 5/0205 - Simultaneously evaluating both cardiovascular conditions and different types of body conditions, e.g. heart and respiratory condition
A61B 5/11 - Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor or mobility of a limb
A61B 5/24 - Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
A61B 5/246 - Detecting biomagnetic fields, e.g. magnetic fields produced by bioelectric currents specially adapted for magnetoencephalographic [MEG] signals using evoked responses
A61B 5/291 - Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electroencephalography [EEG]
A61B 5/377 - Electroencephalography [EEG] using evoked responses
Surgical and medical implantable devices for use in medical treatment, namely, for use in restoring communication, movement or other neurotypical functions to paralyzed individuals or individuals with compromised neurological function; implantable brain computer interface for use in restoring neurotypical function to individuals with compromised neurological function; medical device for interfacing between the brain and computers in individuals with neurological conditions; veterinary apparatus and instruments; Surgical apparatus and instruments; Dental apparatus and instruments; Medical apparatus and instruments; Diagnostic, examination, and monitoring equipment; Diagnostic measuring apparatus for medical use; Ultrasonic medical diagnostic apparatus; Electromagnetic medical apparatus; Apparatus for monitoring vital signs; Apparatus for analysing brain wave frequencies; Apparatus for analysing images [for medical use]; Testing apparatus for medical purposes; Apparatus for carrying-out diagnostic tests for medical purposes; Sensor apparatus for medical use in diagnosis; Electronic apparatus for medical purposes; Body rehabilitation apparatus for medical purposes; Galvanic therapeutic appliances; Electrodes for medical use; Brain pacemakers; Apparatus for analysing measured physical signals; Electronic monitoring instruments for medical use; Apparatus for the diagnosis of neurological diseases; Medical apparatus and instruments relating to neurovegetative reactivity; Medical apparatus for neurographic purposes; Magnetic treatment apparatus for medical use; Electro-stimulation apparatus for use in therapeutic treatment; Implantable pacemakers; Magnets for therapeutic use; Electromagnetic wave therapeutic instruments; Apparatus for the therapeutic stimulation of the body; Shock wave apparatus for medical use.
14.
MICROELECTRODE ARRAY AND METHODS OF FABRICATING SAME
An implantable device and methods for forming the same are provided. The device may comprise: (a) a substrate comprising a plurality of feedthroughs, wherein the plurality of feedthroughs comprises a first conductive material; and (b) an array of microwires extending from the substrate. The array of microwires may be connected or bonded to the plurality of feedthroughs using a biocompatible solder or braze material or intermediate filler material. The array of microwires may comprise a second conductive material that is different from the first conductive material.
H01L 23/522 - Arrangements for conducting electric current within the device in operation from one component to another including external interconnections consisting of a multilayer structure of conductive and insulating layers inseparably formed on the semiconductor body
Surgical and medical implantable devices for use in medical treatment, namely, for use in restoring communication, movement and other neurotypical functions to paralyzed individuals and individuals with compromised neurological function; medical devices, namely, implantable brain computer interface for use in restoring neurotypical function to individuals with compromised neurological function; medical device for interfacing between the brain and computers in individuals with neurological conditions for use in restoring communication, movement or other neurotypical functions
16.
SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS FOR TISSUE LAYER REMOVAL
The present disclosure provides systems, devices, and methods for penetrating a biological membrane. The system may comprise a laser unit configured to generate one or more laser beams. The system may comprise a set of targeting optics configured to direct the one or more laser beams to a target region of the biological membrane. The system may comprise a raster scanner operatively coupled to the laser unit and the set of targeting optics. The system may comprise a non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising a set of instructions. The set of instructions may be configured to control at least one of the laser unit, the set of targeting optics, or the raster scanner to photodisrupt the target region of the biological membrane to a target depth while minimizing damage to one or more blood vessels in proximity to the target region.
A61B 18/20 - Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
A61B 18/00 - Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
A61B 18/18 - Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
B23K 26/082 - Scanning systems, i.e. devices involving movement of the laser beam relative to the laser head
H01S 3/00 - Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
17.
Systems and methods for detecting corrupt or inaccurate sensory representations
A system for monitoring neural activity of a living subject is provided. The system may comprise a correspondence module configured to be in communication with (1) a neural module and (2) one or more additional modules comprising a sensing module, another neural module, and/or a data storage module. The neural module(s) are configured to collect neural data indicative of perceptions experienced by the living subject. The sensing module may be configured to collect (1) sensor data indicative of real-world information about an environment around the living subject, and/or (2) sensor data indicative of a physical state or physiological state of the living subject. The data storage module may be configured to store prior neural data and/or prior sensor data. The correspondence module may be configured to measure a correspondence (a) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the sensor data collected by the sensing module, (b) between the neural data collected by two or more neural modules, and/or (c) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the prior data stored in data storage module. The measured correspondence can be used to determine a presence, absence, or extent of a potential cognitive or physiological disturbance of the living subject.
A61B 5/11 - Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor or mobility of a limb
A61B 5/24 - Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
A61B 5/246 - Detecting biomagnetic fields, e.g. magnetic fields produced by bioelectric currents specially adapted for magnetoencephalographic [MEG] signals using evoked responses
A61B 5/291 - Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electroencephalography [EEG]
A61B 5/377 - Electroencephalography [EEG] using evoked responses
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY (USA)
Inventor
Kong, Yifan
Angle, Matthew R.
Hanna, Mina-Elraheb
Obaid, Abdulmalik
Melosh, Nicholas
Abstract
Systems and methods for manufacturing and processing microwires for use as microelectrodes are disclosed. The disclosed techniques provide methods for creating microelectrode bundles with different organizations and patterns. Systems and methods of the present disclosure also provide methods for electrochemically modifying bundles of microelectrode ends.
H01R 43/00 - Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
A system and method for testing the quality of a conductor is disclosed. Specifically, a system of testing a conductor using voltage source generator that is capacitively-coupled through the conductor to voltage detector is disclosed. The voltage source generates a varying voltage signal which induces a voltage signal in the capacitively coupled microwire conductor. The voltage detector that is also capacitively-coupled to the conductor measures the induced voltage. Using the detected voltage signal, the voltage detector determines whether there are any conductive breaks in the conductor.
A sensor circuit that is capable of sensing of neural action potentials is disclosed. The circuit can be designed to minimize power dissipation and total silicon area so that it can be incorporated into a massively parallel sensor array and ultimately implanted in the body (e.g. into the brain) in a safe manner. The circuit can also be designed to be tunable such that it can be optimized in silico prior to fabrication, and can be optimized through the use of controllable current sources after fabrication.
Systems and methods for processing neural signals are provided. A neural data analysis system may comprise a feature extraction module configured to extract a plurality of features from neural signal waveforms obtained by an implanted neural interface probe with a plurality of channels or electrodes, and transmit the extracted features as a plurality of discrete outputs. The neural data analysis system may also comprise a feature-event coalescence module configured to receive the plurality of discrete outputs from the feature extraction module, and construct a model-based inference of bioelectric activity based on feature event statistics, prior knowledge of bioelectric signals, and/or a behavioral model of the feature extraction module. The neural data analysis system may further comprise an approximator module configured to receive a plurality of coalesced events from the feature-event coalescence module, and apply a series of transformations to the coalesced event data to generate a higher entropy neural code.
A sensor circuit that is capable of sensing of neural action potentials is disclosed. The circuit can be designed to minimize power dissipation and total silicon area so that it can be incorporated into a massively parallel sensor array and ultimately implanted in the body (e.g. into the brain) in a safe manner. The circuit can also be designed to be tunable such that it can be optimized in silico prior to fabrication, and can be optimized through the use of controllable current sources after fabrication.
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY (USA)
Inventor
Kong, Yifan
Angle, Matthew R.
Hanna, Mina-Elraheb
Obaid, Abdulmalik
Melosh, Nicholas
Abstract
Systems and methods for manufacturing and processing microwires for use as microelectrodes are disclosed. The disclosed techniques provide methods for creating microelectrode bundles with different organizations and patterns. Systems and methods of the present disclosure also provide methods for electrochemically modifying bundles of microelectrode ends.
H01B 3/00 - Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materialsSelection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
A system for monitoring neural activity of a living subject is provided. The system may comprise a correspondence module configured to be in communication with (1) a neural module and (2) one or more additional modules comprising a sensing module, another neural module, and/or a data storage module. The neural module(s) are configured to collect neural data indicative of perceptions experienced by the living subject. The sensing module may be configured to collect (1) sensor data indicative of real-world information about an environment around the living subject, and/or (2) sensor data indicative of a physical state or physiological state of the living subject. The data storage module may be configured to store prior neural data and/or prior sensor data. The correspondence module may be configured to measure a correspondence (a) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the sensor data collected by the sensing module, (b) between the neural data collected by two or more neural modules, and/or (c) between the neural data collected by the neural module(s) and the prior data stored in data storage module. The measured correspondence can be used to determine a presence, absence, or extent of a potential cognitive or physiological disturbance of the living subject.
Systems and methods for processing neural signals are provided. A neural data analysis system may comprise a feature extraction module configured to (1) extract a plurality of features from neural signal waveforms obtained by an implanted neural interface probe with a plurality of channels or electrodes, wherein the plurality of features are extracted from the neural signal waveforms without requiring prior digitization of the neural signal waveforms, and (2) to transmit the extracted features as a plurality of discrete outputs. The neural data analysis system may also comprise a feature-event coalescence module configured to: (1) receive the plurality of discrete outputs from the feature extraction module, and (2) construct a model-based inference of bioelectric activity based on feature-event statistics, prior knowledge of bioelectric signals, and/or a behavioral model of the feature-extraction module. The neural data analysis system may further comprise an approximator module configured to (1) receive a plurality of coalesced events from the feature-event coalescence module, and (2) apply a series of transformations to the coalesced event data to generate a higher entropy neural code, wherein the neural code comprises a representation of ensemble activity of a plurality of neurons recorded by the system.
A neural-interface probe is provided. The probe may comprise a chip, a wire bundle substrate, and an encapsulant material. The chip may comprise a plurality of bond pads. The wire bundle substrate may comprise a plurality of wires extending through the substrate. The plurality of wires may comprise: (1) a proximal portion connected to the plurality of bond pads to thereby couple the chip to the substrate, and (2) a flexible distal portion configured to interface with neural matter. The encapsulant material may be disposed at least between the chip and the wire bundle substrate.
B29C 45/14 - Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mouldApparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
A neural-interface probe is provided. The probe may comprise a chip, a wire bundle substrate, and an encapsulant material. The chip may comprise a plurality of bond pads. The wire bundle substrate may comprise a plurality of wires extending through the substrate. The plurality of wires may comprise: (1) a proximal portion connected to the plurality of bond pads to thereby couple the chip to the substrate, and (2) a flexible distal portion configured to interface with neural matter. The encapsulant material may be disposed at least between the chip and the wire bundle substrate.
