A method of monitoring circulation of solid material in a circulating fluidized bed reactor including a reaction chamber, at least one solid material separator, and a return path between the separator and the chamber. The method includes selecting process variables of the process of circulating of solid material in the return path, and selecting performance indicators of the process of circulation of solid material amongst the selected process variables for each performance indicator of the process of circulation of material, creating a multivariate model for each performance indicator, using history data of the process variables and the performance indicators, determining a modelled value of the performance indicators, by applying current measured values of the process variables to the multivariate model, and comparing the modelled value of each performance indicator to a respective measured value and inspecting a presence of an anomaly between the modelled value and the respective measured value.
F23C 10/32 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus for controlling the level of the bed or the amount of material in the bed by controlling the rate of recirculation of particles separated from the flue gases
2.
ARRANGEMENT FOR AND A METHOD OF RECYCLING MINERAL WOOL WASTE
A method of and an arrangement for recycling mineral wool waste to mineral wool production includes at least one melting furnace for melting virgin mineral wool raw material, the melting furnace including an inlet for virgin mineral wool raw material and an outlet for molten mineral wool material, a production line connected to the outlet for molten mineral wool material for producing a mineral wool product from the molten mineral wool material. The production line includes a curing oven, a fluidized bed reactor including an exhaust gas duct, an inlet for predetermined primary fuel, an inlet for predetermined bed material, and an outlet for an ash material, the ash material including bottom ash discharged via a bottom outlet from the fluidized bed reactor or fly ash separated by a particle separator from exhaust gas in the exhaust gas duct or a mixture of the bottom ash and the fly ash.
A combustion boiler control method includes steps of (a) monitoring the current load of a combustion boiler, (b) finding a numerical value for a current computational maximum boiler momentary load for which at least one flue gas factor computed using currently monitored process data with a numerical model of the boiler fulfills an acceptance condition, and selecting the numerical value as the current computational maximum boiler momentary load, (c) indicating the current computational maximum boiler momentary load to an operator and/or, if the current load is (c1) less than the current computational maximum boiler momentary load, (c1i) indicating to the operator that the boiler load may be increased, and/or (c1ii) automatically increasing the boiler load, and/or (c2) greater than the current computational maximum boiler momentary load, (c2i) indicating to the operator that the boiler load exceeds the current computational maximum boiler momentary load, and/or (c2ii) automatically reducing the boiler load.
METHOD OF DETERMINING A LOCAL TEMPERATURE ANOMALY IN A FLUIDIZED BED OF A REACTOR, METHOD OF CALIBRATING A NUMERICAL MODEL OF A FLUIDIZED BED OF A REACTOR, METHOD OF ESTIMATING RISK OF A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR BED SINTERING, METHOD OF CONTROLLING A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR, AS WELL AS A REACTOR
A method of determining a local temperature anomaly in a fluidized bed combustion boiler system that includes at least three temperature sensors together defining a measurement grid, each sensor representing a measurement point, includes monitoring current operation data of the boiler, including measured bed temperature and at least primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure, preparing a numerical model among operation data, such as primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure. The measured bed temperatures measurement points are prepared and calibrated. Bed temperatures for the measurement points are monitored using the numerical model. This obtains computed bed temperatures under normal operation conditions, and the measured bed temperatures are compared with the computed bed temperatures for at least some of the measurement points. If an anomaly threshold is exceeded, determining that a local temperature anomaly is present.
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
G06F 30/28 - Design optimisation, verification or simulation using fluid dynamics, e.g. using Navier-Stokes equations or computational fluid dynamics [CFD]
5.
METHOD OF DETERMINING A LOCAL TEMPERATURE ANOMALY IN A FLUIDIZED BED OF A COMBUSTION BOILER, METHOD OF CALIBRATING A NUMERICAL MODEL OF A FLUIDIZED BED OF A COMBUSTION BOILER, METHOD OF ESTIMATING A RISK OF FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION BOILER BED SINTERING, METHOD OF CONTROLLING A FLUIDIZED BED BOILER, AS WELL AS A COMBUSTION BOILER
A method of determining a local temperature anomaly in a fluidized bed combustion boiler system that includes at least three temperature sensors together defining a measurement grid, each sensor representing a measurement point, includes monitoring current operation data of the boiler, including measured bed temperature and at least primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure, preparing a numerical model among operation data, such as primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure. The measured bed temperatures measurement points are prepared and calibrated. Bed temperatures for the measurement points are monitored using the numerical model. This obtains computed bed temperatures under normal operation conditions, and the measured bed temperatures are compared with the computed bed temperatures for at least some of the measurement points. If an anomaly threshold is exceeded, determining that a local temperature anomaly is present.
F23C 10/28 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus
F23C 10/04 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
F23N 1/02 - Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
F23N 5/02 - Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
G05B 19/4155 - Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme
6.
METHOD OF OPERATING A HEAT RELEASING REACTOR, A HEAT RELEASING REACTOR, AND A COMPUTATION SYSTEM FOR A HEAT RELEASING REACTOR
A method of operating a heat releasing reactor producing product gas. The method includes steps of (a) monitoring a current load of the reactor, (b) finding such a numerical value for a current computational maximum momentary load for which at least one product gas factor computed using currently monitored process data with a numerical model of the reactor fulfills an acceptance condition, and selecting the numerical value as the current computational maximum momentary load, (c) indicating the current computational maximum momentary load to the operator and/or, if the current load is (c1) less than the current computational maximum momentary load, (c1i) indicating the operator that the load may be increased, and/or (c1ii) automatically increasing the load, and/or (c2) greater than the current computational maximum momentary load, (c2i) indicating the operator that the load exceeds the current computational maximum boiler momentary load, and/or (c2ii) automatically reducing the boiler load.
A method of determining a leakage in a heat transfer fluid channel of a heat transferring reactor system includes measuring the heat transfer fluid flow rate prevailing in the channel, modelling heat transfer heat transfer fluid flow rate in the channel during operation utilizing process data in a numerical model giving the fluid flow rate of the system under substantially leak-free conditions, comparing the measured fluid flow rate and modelled fluid flow rate to obtain an error measure for heat transfer fluid flow rate included in an error measure set, monitoring the error measure set and a number of occurrences, and determining the presence of a heat transfer fluid channel leakage in case the error measures exceed a pre-defined threshold, or a number of occurrences in the error measure set exceed a predetermined threshold during a predetermined time period.
G01M 3/26 - Investigating fluid tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by measuring rate of loss or gain of fluid, e.g. by pressure-responsive devices, by flow detectors
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
G01M 3/00 - Investigating fluid tightness of structures
8.
METHOD OF DETERMINING A TUBE LEAKAGE IN A WATER-STEAM CIRCUIT OF A COMBUSTION BOILER SYSTEM, AND A COMBUSTION BOILER
A method of determining a tube leakage in a water-steam circuit of a combustion boiler system. The method includes measuring a main steam flow (QMS,M) prevailing in the water-steam circuit of the system during operation, modelling the main steam flow (QMS,C) in the water-steam circuit during operation by utilizing process data in a numerical model of the system giving the main steam (QMS,C) flow of the system under substantially tube-leak-free conditions, comparing the measured water-steam flow with the modelled water-steam flow to obtain an error measure (DMS) for main steam flow included in an error measure set, monitoring the error measure set and number of occurrences in the error measure set during operation, and determining the presence of a water-steam circuit tube leakage when error measures (ΔMS) exceed a pre-defined threshold, or a number of occurrences in the error measure set exceed a predetermined threshold during a predetermined time period.
B01D 53/12 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with moving adsorbents with dispersed adsorbents according to the "fluidised technique"
B01D 53/83 - Solid phase processes with moving reactants
10.
METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS AND A REACTOR
Invention relates to a method for production of synthesis gas, the method comprising following steps: - providing raw gas that contains carbon compounds and sticky components to a reactor (1) for processing of the raw gas by partial oxidation wherein oxygen and steam is added to the raw gas stream, - oxygen and steam reacts with portion of said raw gas to rise the temperature to enable melt of ash and crack of hydrocarbon compounds of the sticky components, - thickness of the protective slag/dust layer is being intermittently determined and maintained such that when the slag/dust layer thickness has accumulated to a predetermined value, the slag/dust layer is dropped to the bottom of the reactor (1) by rapping at least one of the inner panel walls (31) at a time. The invention relates also to a corresponding reactor (1).
C10K 1/04 - Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by cooling to condense non-gaseous materials
C10K 3/00 - Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
A circulating fluidized bed boiler includes a vertically extending furnace, a separator unit, and an exhaust gas channel connected to the separator unit via a cross over duct. The exhaust gas channel includes a first vertically extending pass, a horizontally extending pass, and a second vertically extending pass. The first vertically extending pass, the horizontally extending pass, and the second vertically extending pass are arranged successively in the gas flow direction such that the horizontally extending pass is configured to connect the first vertically extending pass and the second vertically extending pass with each other. The horizontally extending pass is arranged below the separator unit, which is arranged between the first vertically extending pass and the second vertically extending pass.
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
F22B 1/00 - Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
12.
METHOD OF AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MONITORING A PROCESS OF CIRCULATION OF SOLID MATERIAL IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR
Invention relates to a method of monitoring a process of circulation of solid ma-terial in a circulating fluidized bed reactor (10) comprising at least the following steps: selecting process variables of the process of circulating of solid material in the return path (15) of solid material, and selecting performance indicators of the process of circulation of solid material amongst the selected process varia-bles for each performance indicator of the process of circulation of solid material; creating a multivariate model for each performance indicator, using history data of the process variables and the performance indicators of the process of circu-lation of solid material; determining a modelled value of the performance indica-tors, by applying current measured values of the process variables to the multi-variate model; and comparing the modelled value of each performance indicator to a respective measured value of each performance indicator and inspect pres-ence of an anomaly between the modelled value and the measured value. The method provides an effect by means of which possible problems in circulation of solid material can be effectively foreseen so that remedial actions can be taken early enough to maintain the process operational. Invention relates also to a con-trol system (48) for monitoring a process of circulation of solid material in a cir-culating fluidized bed reactor (10).
F23C 10/32 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus for controlling the level of the bed or the amount of material in the bed by controlling the rate of recirculation of particles separated from the flue gases
13.
METHOD OF PREVENTING BLOCKAGE OF CIRCULATING BED MATERIAL IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR ARRANGEMENT
A method of preventing blockage of circulating bed material in a circulating fluidized bed reactor includes collecting a continuously flowing bed of solid particles in a gas lock in a return leg of a reactor, measuring gas lock bed pressure values within the bed of the particles, generating a gas lock bed height indication signal on the basis of measured gas lock bed pressure values. A definition stage includes defining and storing to a control system a range of normal gas lock bed height indication signals, formed in normal circulation flow conditions, as a function of the reactor load, and defining and storing to the digital control system a reactor load dependent alarm criterion. The method includes comparing a current gas lock bed height indication signal with the reactor load dependent alarm criterion, and decreasing the reactor load if the current indication signal fulfils the reactor load dependent alarm criterion.
F23C 10/32 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus for controlling the level of the bed or the amount of material in the bed by controlling the rate of recirculation of particles separated from the flue gases
F23N 5/24 - Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements
F23C 10/24 - Devices for removal of material from the bed
A reactor system and control method. The method includes feeding solid fuel and oxygen containing gas to a first fluidized bed reactor to form a fluidized bed of particles and combusting a first portion of the fuel in the bed with the oxygen containing gas to generate hot bed particles and a first stream of hot flue gas, conveying the first stream to the flue gas channel, transferring hot bed particles including a second portion of the solid fuel at a predetermined hot particles transfer rate from the first reactor to a second fluidized bed reactor, feeding fluidizing gas to the second reactor to form a second fluidized bed, and transferring bed particles from the second reactor to the first. The method includes first and second operation modes. In the first, the fluidizing gas is oxygen containing gas and, in the second, the gas includes steam, CO2, or inert gas.
Invention relates to a fluidized bed reactor (1) for continuous generation of ther-mochemical heat energy by utilizing one of reaction: 1) solid particles of alkaline earth metal or one of metals from a group consisting of lithium (Li), boron (B), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), in elemental form + oxidizer in gaseous or vapor form such as steam, air or oxygen, or 2) solid particles of alkaline earth metal or one of metals from a group consisting of lithium (Li), boron (B), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), in oxidized form + hydrating compound in gaseous or vapor form in order to obtain hydroxide, the reactor (1) comprising: - a reactor chamber (10), - an inlet (2) arranged to the first end of the reactor chamber (10) for feeding solid particles into the reactor (1), - inside the reactor chamber (10) it is arranged an array of fluidizing stages (3), wherein each one of the fluidizing stages (3) comprises a number of nozzles (32) for fluidizing the solid particles with reactive fluidizer to initiate and proceed with the reaction, - fluidizing stages (3) are provided with one or more heat exchangers (4) for se-lectively recovering the heat released from the reaction, - an outlet (5) is arranged at the opposite end to the first end of the reactor cham-ber (10) for exit of reaction material. The invention relates also corresponding method and system.
B01J 4/00 - Feed devicesFeed or outlet control devices
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
B01J 15/00 - Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet materialApparatus specially adapted therefor
B01J 16/00 - Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet materialApparatus specially adapted therefor
B01J 8/20 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with liquid as a fluidising medium
16.
Arrangement for a method of supporting a side wall of a vertical flue gas pass in a thermal power steam generator
An arrangement for and a method of horizontally supporting a side wall of a top-supported flue gas pass. The side wall includes evaporative water tubes at a first temperature, and the flue gas pass includes a superheating tube at a temperature higher than the first temperature and having rigid, horizontal tube legs extending across the flue gas pass between the side wall and a second side wall of the flue gas pass and being supported from above by a hanger, which is in operation at a temperature higher than the first temperature. Rigidity of the side wall is increased by horizontally supporting the side wall by the horizontal tube legs including end sections attached to the side walls by attaching means allowing relative movements of the end sections with respect to the side wall to which the end section is attached, only in a direction of their relative thermal movement.
To improve control of a heat releasing reactor, a method is suggested, comprising the steps of: a) monitoring the current load (Qh) of the heat release reactor; b) finding such a numerical value (Qh, candidate) for a current computational maximum momentary load (Qh, max) for which at least one product gas factor (dfi) computed using currently monitored process data with a numerical model of the reactor fulfills an acceptance condition, and selecting the numerical value (Qh, candidate) as the current computational maximum momentary load (Qh,max); c) indicating the current computational maximum momentary load (Qh,max) to the operator and/or, if the current load (Qh) is c1) smaller than the current computational maximum momentary load (Qh,max): c1i) indicating the operator that the load (Qh) may be increased, and/or c1ii) automatically increasing the load (Qh), and/or c2) larger than the current computational maximum momentary load (Qh,max): c2i) indicating the operator that the load (Qh) exceeds the current computational maximum 5 momentary load, and/or c2ii) automatically reducing the load (Qh).
To improve boiler control, a combustion boiler control method is suggested, comprising the steps of: a) monitoring the current load (Qh) of a combustion boiler; b) finding such a numerical value (Qh, candidate) for a current computational maximum boiler momentary load (Qh, max) for which at least one flue gas factor (dfi) computed using currently monitored process data with a numerical model of the boiler fulfills an acceptance condition, and selecting the numerical value (Qh, candidate) as the current computational maximum boiler momentary load (Qh,max); c) indicating the current computational maximum boiler momentary load (Qh,max) to the operator and/or, if the current load (Qh) is c1) smaller than the current computational maximum boiler momentary load (Qh,max): c1i) indicating the boiler operator that the boiler load (Qh) may be increased, and/or c1ii) automatically increasing the boiler load (Qh), and/or c2) larger than the current computational maximum boiler momentary load (Qh,max): c2i) indicating the boiler operator that the boiler load (Qh) exceeds the current computational maximum boiler momentary load, and/or c2ii) automatically reducing the boiler load (Qh).
F22B 35/18 - Applications of computers to steam-boiler control
19.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING A LOCAL TEMPERATURE ANOMALY IN A FLUIDIZED BED OF A COMBUSTION BOILER, METHOD FOR CALIBRATING A NUMERICAL MODEL OF A FLUIDIZED BED OF A COMBUSTION BOILER, METHOD FOR ESTIMATING RISK OF FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION BOILER BED SINTERING, METHOD OF CONTROLLING A FLUIDIZED BED BOILER, AS WELL AS A COMBUSTION BOILER
Method for determining a local temperature anomaly in a fluidized bed of a combustion boiler, method for calibrating a numerical model of a fluidized bed of a combustion boiler, method for estimating risk of fluidized bed combustion boiler bed sintering, method of controlling a fluidized bed boiler, as well as a combustion boiler To improve the control of a fluidized bed boiler system (10), certain methods related to the condition monitoring of fluidized bed are suggested. In the method of controlling a fluidized bed boiler system (10), for example, local bed temperature anomalies and/or a bed sintering index is/are monitored; upon detecting a local bed temperature anomaly and/or bed sintering index exceeding a predefined criterion, automatically adjusting combustion boiler system (10) operation and/or indicating the boiler operator that a local bed temperature anomaly and/or a bed sintering condition is detected.
F23C 10/04 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
F23C 10/28 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus
F23N 5/02 - Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
F23N 5/24 - Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements
20.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING A TUBE LEAKAGE IN A WATER-STEAM CIRCUIT OF A COMBUSTION BOILER SYSTEM, AND A COMBUSTION BOILER
MS,MMS,CMS,CMS,C) flow of the combustion boiler system (10) under substantially tube-leak-free conditions; - comparing said measured water-steam flow and modelled water-steam flow with each other to obtain an error measure (ΔMS) for main steam flow that is included in an error measure set; and - monitoring the error measure set and characteristics of error measure set exceeding a predetermined threshold during a predetermined time period during operation to determining the presence of a water-steam circuit tube leakage.
F22B 37/42 - Applications, arrangements or dispositions of alarm or automatic safety devices
21.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING A LOCAL TEMPERATURE ANOMALY IN A FLUIDIZED BED OF A REACTOR, METHOD FOR CALIBRATING A NUMERICAL MODEL OF A FLUIDIZED BED OF A REACTOR, METHOD FOR ESTIMATING RISK OF FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR BED SINTERING, METHOD OF CONTROLLING A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR, AS WELL AS A REACTOR
To improve the control of a fluidized bed reactor system (10), certain methods related to the condition monitoring of fluidized bed are suggested. In the method of controlling a fluidized bed reactor system (10), for example, local bed temperature anomalies and/or a bed sintering index is/are monitored; upon detecting a local bed temperature anomaly and/or bed sintering index exceeding a predefined criterion, automatically adjusting reactor system (10) operation and/or indicating the operator that a local bed temperature anomaly and/or a bed sintering condition is detected.
F23C 10/04 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
F23C 10/28 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus
F23N 5/02 - Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
F23N 5/24 - Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements
22.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING A LEAKAGE IN A HEAT TRANSFER FLUID CHANNEL OF A HEAT TRANSFERRING REACTOR SYSTEM, AND A HEAT TRANSFERRING REACTOR
MS,CMS,CMS,C) flow of the combustion heat transferring reactor system (10) under substantially tube-leak-free conditions; - comparing said measured heat transfer heat transfer fluid flow and modelled heat transfer heat transfer fluid flow with each other to obtain an error measure (∆MS) for main heat transfer heat transfer fluid flow that is included in an error measure set; and - monitoring the error measure set and characteristics of error measure set exceeding a predetermined threshold during a predetermined time period during operation to determining the presence of a heat transfer heat transfer fluid circuit tube leakage.
A method of operating and an arrangement for a steam boiler system including a furnace and along a following flue gas channel a number of superheaters, a number of economizers, and at least one air preheater located in the flue gas channel downstream of the economizers, a fabric filter baghouse located in the flue gas channel downstream of the air preheater, and downstream of the fabric filter baghouse is located a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system including an SCR reactor, a high pressure steam coil heater upstream of the SCR reactor and a gas-gas heat exchanger connected upstream and downstream of the SCR reactor to transfer heat from flue gas after the SCR reactor to the flue gas upstream of the high pressure steam coil heater.
A method of and an arrangement for recycling mineral wool waste to mineral wool production includes at least one melting furnace for melting virgin mineral wool raw material, the melting furnace including an inlet for virgin mineral wool raw material and an outlet for molten mineral wool material, a production line connected to the outlet for molten mineral wool material for producing a mineral wool product from the molten mineral wool material. The production line includes a curing oven, a fluidized bed reactor including an exhaust gas duct, an inlet for predetermined primary fuel, an inlet for predetermined bed material, and an outlet for an ash material, the ash material including bottom ash discharged via a bottom outlet from the fluidized bed reactor or fly ash separated by a particle separator from exhaust gas in the exhaust gas duct or a mixture of the bottom ash and the fly ash.
Invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed boiler (10) comprising a vertically extending furnace (12), a separator unit (14) and an exhaust gas channel (18) connected to the separator unit (14) via a cross over duct (24), which exhaust gas channel comprises a first vertically extending pass (18.1) and a horizontally extending pass (18.2) and a second vertically extending pass (18.3).The first vertically extending pass (18.1) and the horizontally extending pass (18.2) and the second vertically extending pass (18.3) are arranged successively in the gas flow direction such that the horizontally extending pass (18.2) is configured to connect the first vertically extending pass (18.1) and the second vertically extending pass (18.3) with each other, and the horizontally extending pass (18.2) is arranged below the separator unit (14) which arranged between the first vertically extending pass (18.1) and the second vertically extending pass (18.3).
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
26.
Combustor air bar grid for use within a fluidized bed reactor, and a fluidized bed reactor
A combustor air bar grid for use within a fluidized bed reactor includes at least two main air collector bars in fluid communication with a source of fluidizing gas, a plurality of primary air bars that are transversal to the main air collector bars and arranged on the at least two main air collector bars such that the main air collector bars support them, and in fluid communication to at least two of the main air collector bars. The main air collector bars and the primary air bars define ash removal openings in the air bar grid and a plurality of fluidized nozzles are arranged to each of the primary air bars for fluidizing the bed reactor. A fluidized bed reactor includes such a combustor air bar grid.
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
A method of preventing blockage of circulating bed material in a circulating fluidized bed reactor arrangement (10), the method comprising steps of: collecting a continuously flowing bed (52, 54) of the solid particles in a gas lock in the return leg of the reactor, measuring gas lock bed pressure values within the continuously flowing bed of the solid particles, forming a gas lock bed height indication signal on the basis of measured gas lock bed pressure values, and a definition stage of the method comprises defining and storing to a digital control system a range of normal gas lock bed height indication signals, formed in normal solid particles circulation flow conditions, as a function of the reactor load, and defining and storing to the digital control system a reactor load dependent alarm criterion, the fulfillment of which comprises that a current gas lock bed height indication signal is outside the range of normal gas lock bed height indication signals for the prevailing reactor load, and a stage of using the method comprises comparing a current gas lock bed height indication signal with the reactor load dependent alarm criterion, and decreasing the reactor load in case the current gas lock bed height indication signal fulfils the reactor load dependent alarm criterion, for preventing blockage of the gas lock.
F23C 10/30 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus for controlling the level of the bed or the amount of material in the bed
F23C 10/32 - Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus for controlling the level of the bed or the amount of material in the bed by controlling the rate of recirculation of particles separated from the flue gases
An arrangement for and a method of horizontally supporting a side wall (40, 40', 64) of a top-supported flue gas pass (24, 24', 24'', 24'''), wherein the side wall comprises evaporative water tubes in a first temperature, and the flue gas pass comprises a superheating tube (48, 48') in a temperature higher than the first temperature and having rigid, horizontal tube legs (50) extending across the flue gas pass between the side wall (40, 40', 64) and a second side wall (42) of the flue gas pass and being supported from above by a hanger (56, 56') which is in operation in a temperature higher than the first temperature, wherein rigidity of the side wall is increased by horizontally supporting the side wall (40, 40', 64) by the horizontal tube legs (50) comprising end sections (52, 54) attached to the side walls by attaching means (60, 60', 68) allowing relative movements of the end sections with respect to the side wall the end section is attached to only in direction of their relative thermal movement.
A reactor system (10, 10', 10'') and a method of controlling a reactor system comprising first and second fluidized bed reactors (12, 14), a flue gas channel (30) in gas flow connection with the first fluidized bed reactor (12) and a product gas channel (54) in gas flow connection with the second fluidized bed reactor (14), the method comprising the steps of feeding solid fuel and oxygen containing gas to the first fluidized bed reactor so as to form therein a fluidized bed of particles and combusting a first portion of the solid fuel in the fluidized bed of particles with the oxygen containing gas so as to generate hot bed particles and a first stream of hot flue gas, conveying the first stream of hot flue gas to the flue gas channel, transferring hot bed particles including a second portion of the solid fuel at a predetermined hot particles transfer rate from the first fluidized bed reactor to the second fluidized bed reactor, feeding fluidizing gas to the second fluidized bed reactor so as to form therein a second fluidized bed of particles, and transferring bed particles from the second fluidized bed reactor to the first fluidized bed reactor; wherein the method comprises first and second operation modes, in which first operation mode the fluidizing gas is oxygen containing gas and the method comprises the steps of combusting a portion of the second portion of the solid fuel in the second fluidized bed of particles so as to generate a second stream of hot flue gas, and conveying the second stream of hot flue gas to the flue gas channel, and in the second operation mode the fluidizing gas comprises steam, CO2 or non-oxygen containing inert gas and the method comprises the steps of pyrolyzing or gasifying a portion of the second portion of the solid fuel in the second fluidized bed of particles so as to generate product gas, and conveying the product gas to the product gas.
F23B 30/00 - Combustion apparatus with driven means for agitating the burning fuelCombustion apparatus with driven means for advancing the burning fuel through the combustion chamber
F23G 5/30 - Methods or apparatus, e.g. incinerators, specially adapted for combustion of waste or low-grade fuels with combustion in a fluidised bed
F23B 10/00 - Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers
F23C 6/02 - Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers in parallel arrangement
F23C 10/00 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles
30.
Arrangement for and a method of controlling flow of solid particles and a fluidized bed reactor
An arrangement for controlling a flow of solid particles includes a vertical inlet pipe for directing solid particles downwards and having a bottom at a level L0, a first outlet chute and a second outlet chute in particle flow connection with the vertical inlet pipe and a fluidizing device for directing controlled first and second sub flows to the first and second outlet chutes. The arrangement includes a branch in particle flow connection with an opening on a side wall of the vertical inlet pipe for directing the first sub flow of solid particles to the first outlet chute and a horizontally extending intermediate pipe for directing the second sub flow of solid particles to the second outlet chute. The intermediate pipe includes at least one nozzle feeding fluidizing gas to the intermediate pipe and has a first end in particle flow connection with the bottom of the inlet pipe.
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
B01J 4/00 - Feed devicesFeed or outlet control devices
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
F22B 31/00 - Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatusArrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
F23C 10/26 - Devices for removal of material from the bed combined with devices for partial reintroduction of material into the bed, e.g. after separation of agglomerated parts
31.
ARRANGEMENT AND METHOD FOR OPERATING A STEAM BOILER SYSTEM
Invention relates to a method of operating and an arrangement for a steam boiler system (1) comprising a furnace (2) and along a following flue gas channel (24) a number of superheaters (4, 5a, 5b), a number of economizers (6, 7a, 7b) and at least one air preheater (9) located in the flue gas channel (24) downstream of the economizers (6, 7a, 7b), a fabric filter baghouse (13) located in the flue gas channel (24) downstream of the air preheater (9, 9a, 9b), and downstream of the fabric filter baghouse (13) is located a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system (14) comprising an SCR reactor (141), a high pressure steam coil heater (143) upstream of the SCR reactor (141) and a gas-gas heat exchanger (142) connected upstream and downstream of the SCR reactor (141) to transfer heat from flue gas after the SCR reactor (141) to the flue gas upstream of the high pressure steam coil heater (143). The arrangement further comprises: - at least one heat exchanger (15) located in the flue gas channel (24) after the SCR system (14), the heat exchanger (15) is configured to transfer heat, when in use, from the flue gas downstream of the SCR system (14) to a fluid medium in a fluid circuit (150); - the fluid circuit (150) comprises at least one pump (20) configured to lead the fluid medium to preliminary air heaters (16, 17) configured to heat inlet air before entering to the flue gas air preheater (9, 9a, 9b).
A spring hammer (10) for rapping a surface, the spring hammer comprising an anvil with an impact surface, which anvil can fastened to the surface to be rapped, a movable piston having a first end which is in operation moved towards the impact surface of the anvil, a guiding structure for guiding the piston to move in a defined direction with respect the anvil, and means for launching the piston to move the piston towards the impact surface of the anvil, wherein the piston is a solid block in which the first end of the piston is machined to an integrated flexible spring geometry.
B65D 88/66 - Large containers characterised by means facilitating filling or emptying preventing bridge formation using vibrating or knocking devices
B08B 7/02 - Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by distortion, beating, or vibration of the surface to be cleaned
B25D 17/00 - Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
B03C 3/76 - Cleaning the electrodes by using a mechanical vibrator, e.g. rapping gear
33.
AN ARRANGEMENT FOR AND A METHOD OF RECYCLING MINERAL WOOL WASTE
A method of and an arrangement for recycling mineral wool waste to mineral wool production comprising at least one melting furnace (12, 12', 12'', 12''') for melting virgin mineral wool raw material, the melting furnace comprising an inlet (14) for virgin mineral wool raw material and an outlet (16) for molten mineral wool material, a production line (22) connected to the outlet (16) for molten mineral wool material for producing a mineral wool product from the molten mineral wool material, wherein the production line comprises a curing oven (28), a fluidized bed reactor (32, 76), the fluidized bed reactor comprising an exhaust gas duct (34), an inlet for predetermined primary fuel (38), an inlet for predetermined bed material (40) and an outlet for an ash material (66), the ash material comprising bottom ash discharged via a bottom outlet (42) from the fluidized bed reactor (32, 76) or fly ash separated by a particle separator (44) from exhaust gas in the exhaust gas duct (34) or a mixture of the bottom ash and the fly ash, together with particles of bed material removed from the fluidized bed reactor, wherein the fluidized bed reactor comprises an inlet (48) for mineral wool waste, whereby the ash material comprises fine mineral wool material powdered from the mineral wool waste in the fluidized bed reactor (32, 76), and the melting furnace (12, 12', 12'', 12''') has a further inlet (50) for the ash material so as to use the ash material as a further mineral wool raw material.
A boiler construction includes a boiler pressure body having a bottom and a roof at a height H from the bottom and at least four planar watertube walls forming a polygonal horizontal cross section with at least four corner sections, and a rigid support steel structure, the boiler pressure body being supported to the rigid support steel structure at a height between the bottom and roof. A vertical corner column is attached exteriorly to at least four of the at least four corner sections at a height region between the bottom and roof, and the supporting of the boiler pressure body is provided by supporting each of the vertical corner columns to the rigid support steel structure at a height from 0.1 H to 0.9 H from the bottom so as to balance vertical loads of the boiler pressure body.
A boiler system includes a support construction and a furnace supported to the support construction at a vertically middle section of the furnace, the furnace being enclosed by water tube walls having two side walls and two end walls, a roof and a bottom, the side walls having a total height (H) from the bottom to the roof. Each of the two side walls has a vertical upper portion that extends from the roof to a level of thirty to seventy percent of the height (H), a lower portion that extends from the bottom to a level of thirty to seventy percent of the height (H) and has a vertical upper portion, and an in downward direction outwards bent intermediate portion at a level between the upper portion of the side wall and the vertical upper portion of the lower portion of the side wall. The support construction includes horizontal wall supporting beams that are arranged parallel to the side walls at a level below the roof of the furnace and directly above the vertical upper portions of the lower portions of the two side walls, and the furnace is supported to the support construction by having the intermediate portions of the side walls connected to adjacent horizontal wall supporting beams so as to balance vertical loads of the furnace.
A fluidized bed boiler plant and a method of preheating combustion gas in a fluidized bed boiler plant. The boiler plant includes a furnace and a combustion gas channel, and a water-steam cycle including an evaporator section, a superheater section including a last superheater and a steam turbine, and a superheating path for conveying steam from the evaporator section via the superheater section to the steam turbine, and a first combustion gas preheater. The fluidized bed boiler plant includes a second combustion gas preheater, a steam extraction line attached in flow connection with the second combustion gas preheater and with the superheating path in a location upstream of the last superheater for conveying steam from the superheating path to the second combustion gas preheater.
F01K 13/02 - Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
F01K 7/22 - Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of enginePlants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processesControl means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processesUse of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type the turbines having inter-stage steam heating
F01K 17/06 - Returning energy of steam, in exchanged form, to process, e.g. use of exhaust steam for drying solid fuel of plant
F01K 23/06 - Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
F23C 10/04 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
37.
A COMBUSTOR AIR BAR GRID FOR USE WITHIN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR, AND A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR
A combustor air bar grid (1) for use within a fluidized bed 5 reactor (12) comprises- at least two main air collector bars (2) in fluid communication with a source of fluidizing gas; - a plurality of primary air bars (3) that are transversal to said main air collector bars (2) and arranged on said 0 at least two main air collector bars (2) such that the main air collector bars (2) support them, and in fluid communication to at least two of said main air collector bars (2), the main air collector bars (2) and the primary air bars (3) defining ash removal openings in the air bar 5 grid (1); and- a plurality of fluidizing nozzles (4) arranged to each of the primary air bars (3) for fluidizing the bed reactor (12).The patent application also contains an independent claim for a 0 fluidized bed reactor.
F23C 10/20 - Inlets for fluidisation air, e.g. gridsBottoms
F23C 10/04 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
F23C 10/24 - Devices for removal of material from the bed
38.
Fluidizing gas nozzle head and a fluidized bed reactor with multiple fluidizing gas nozzle heads
A fluidizing gas nozzle head suitable to be connected to a fluidizing gas feeding device of a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidizing gas nozzle head includes an inlet channel having a longitudinal axis, an inlet end, and a second end, the inlet end of the inlet channel being adapted to connect the inlet channel in vertical gas flow connection with the fluidizing gas feeding device, four outlet channels, each of the four outlet channels extending from a first end to an outlet end, and a gas distribution space having a bottom face and a ceiling opposite to the bottom face. The second end of the inlet channel and the first ends of the four outlet channels are connected to direct gas flow connection with the gas distribution space. Each of the first ends of the four outlet channels has a central point, which central points define a rectangle with two long sides and two short sides having an aspect ratio of at least 2:1.
F23C 10/20 - Inlets for fluidisation air, e.g. gridsBottoms
B05B 1/14 - Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with multiple outlet openingsNozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with strainers in or outside the outlet opening
B01J 4/00 - Feed devicesFeed or outlet control devices
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
A method of and an arrangement (40) for controlling a flow of solid particles, the arrangement comprising a vertical inlet pipe (16') for directing the flow of solid particles downwards therein and having a bottom (50) at a level L0, a first outlet chute (26') and a second outlet chute (34') in particle flow connection with the vertical inlet pipe and fluidizing means (60, 62, 64, 68, 76) for directing controlled first and second sub flows formed from the flow of solid particles to the first and second outlet chutes, respectively, wherein the arrangement (40) comprises a branch (42, 42', 42'') in particle flow connection with an opening (72) on a side wall of the vertical inlet pipe (16') for directing the first sub flow of solid particles to the first outlet chute (26'), wherein the opening (72) has a lower edge at a level L1 that is higher than L0, and a horizontally extending intermediate pipe (46) for directing the second sub flow of solid particles to the second outlet chute (34'), the horizontally extending intermediate pipe comprising at least one nozzle (60, 62, 64) for feeding fluidizing gas to the horizontally extending intermediate pipe and having a first end (48) in particle flow connection with the bottom (50) of the vertical inlet pipe (16') at the level L0 and a second end (52) in particle flow connection with a bottom end (54) of a vertically extending riser pipe (56), an upper end (70) of the vertically extending riser pipe (56) being in particle flow connection with the second outlet chute (34') at a level L2 that is higher than L1.
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
B01J 4/00 - Feed devicesFeed or outlet control devices
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
B01J 8/38 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation
F22B 31/00 - Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatusArrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
F23C 10/26 - Devices for removal of material from the bed combined with devices for partial reintroduction of material into the bed, e.g. after separation of agglomerated parts
40.
Bottom-supported boiler having a boiler pressure body and a four vertical column support construction
A bottom-supported boiler that includes a boiler pressure body having a rectangular horizontal cross section formed by joining four planar water tube walls pairwise together so as to form four corners with water tube walls being formed with fins welded between the water tubes, and a support construction including four vertical columns vertically supported to the ground. The vertical columns are arranged outside of the boiler pressure body so that adjacent to each of the corner corners is arranged one of the four vertical columns. Each of the vertical columns is directly connected with a rigid joint to a respective corner so that vertical loads of the boiler pressure body are balanced by the four vertical columns, and so that the water tube walls are supported from their sides by the four vertical columns so that the weight of the boiler pressure body is transferred through the vertical columns, and such that each of the four vertical columns is directly attached to a respective corner.
A boiler system (10), comprising a support construction (42) and a furnace (12) supported to the support construction at a vertically middle section of the furnace, the furnace being enclosed by water tube walls comprising two side walls (18) and two end walls (20), a roof (16) and a bottom (14), the side walls having a total height (H) from the bottom to the roof, wherein each of the two side walls comprises a vertical upper portion (30) that extends from the roof to a level of 30-70 % of the height (H), a lower portion (32) that extends from the bottom to a level of 30-70 % of the height (H) and has a vertical upper portion (36), and an in downward direction outwards bent intermediate portion (38) at a level between the upper portion of the side wall and the vertical upper portion of the lower portion of the side wall, wherein the support construction (42) comprises horizontal wall supporting beams (48) that are arranged parallel to the side walls (18) at a level below the roof (16) of the furnace and directly above the vertical upper portions (36) of the lower portions (32) of the two side walls (18), and the furnace (12) is supported to the support construction (42) by having the intermediate portions (38) of the side walls connected to adjacent horizontal wall supporting beams (48) so as to balance vertical loads of the furnace.
A boiler construction (10) comprising a boiler pressure body (12) having a bottom (14) and a roof (16) at a height H from the bottom and at least four planar watertube walls (18) forming a polygonal horizontal cross section with at least four corner sections (20), and a rigid support steel structure (34), the boiler pressure body being supported to the rigid support steel structure at a height between the bottom and roof, wherein a vertical corner column (40) is attached exteriorly to at least four of the at least four corner sections (20) at a height region between the bottom and roof, and the supporting of the boiler pressure body (12) is provided by supporting each of the vertical corner columns (40) to the rigid support steel structure (34) at a height from 0.1 H to 0.9 H from the bottom so as to balance vertical loads of the boiler pressure body.
A fluidized bed boiler plant (10) and a method of preheating combustion gas fluidized bed boiler plant, the boiler plant comprising a furnace (12) and a combustion gas channel (24, 24b), and a water-steam cycle comprising an evaporator section (26), a superheater section comprising a last superheater (30') and a steam turbine (34), and a superheating path for conveying steam from the evaporator section (26) via the superheater section to the steam turbine, and a first combustion gas preheater (38, 38b), wherein the fluidized bed boiler plant comprises a second combustion gas preheater (40, 40b), a steam extraction line (46, 46b) attached in flow connection with the second combustion gas preheater and with the superheating path in a location upstream of the last superheater (30') for conveying steam from the superheating path to the second combustion gas preheater (40, 40b), wherein the method for preheating combustion gas comprises conveying steam from the superheating path from a location upstream of the last superheater via the steam extraction line (46, 46b) to the second combustion gas preheater (40, 40b), and transferring heat from the steam to the combustion gas in the second combustion gas preheater.
F23L 15/00 - Heating of air supplied for combustion
F01K 7/00 - Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of enginePlants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processesControl means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processesUse of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
F01K 13/00 - General layout or general methods of operation, of complete steam engine plants
F23C 10/00 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles
44.
TUBULAR WATERWALL STRUCTURE IN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTION CHAMBER AND A FLUIDIZED BED REACTION CHAMBER
A tubular waterwall structure in a fluidized bed reaction chamber, and a fluidized bed reaction chamber with such a tubular waterwall structure, the tubular waterwalls comprising horizontally adjacent first and second wall portions forming a corner structure and being constituted by vertical tubes and fins centrally attached to the tubes and having a first width, wherein the first wall portion has an outermost tube next to the corner, an upper portion defining an upper vertical plane in an upper level range and a lower portion defining a lower vertical plane in a lower level range, the lower vertical plane being shifted outwards from the upper vertical plane, wherein the lower portion has a refractory lining; the second wall portion is vertical and has an outermost tube next to the corner, wherein the outermost tube of the second wall portion is in the lower level region connected to the outermost tube of the first wall portion by a planar lower beveled corner fin having a refractory lining and a width that is greater than the first width.
F22B 31/00 - Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatusArrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
A tubular waterwall structure in a fluidized bed reaction chamber includes horizontally adjacent first and second portions forming a corner structure and constituted by vertical tubes and fins centrally attached to the tubes and having a first width. The first wall portion has an outermost tube next to the corner, an upper portion defining an upper vertical plane in an upper level range and a lower portion defining a lower (outwards) vertical plane in a lower level range. The lower portion has a refractory lining. The second wall portion is vertical and has an outermost tube next to the corner. The outermost tube of the second wall portion is in the lower level region connected to the outermost tube of the first wall portion by a planar lower beveled corner fin having a refractory lining and a width that is larger than the first width.
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
46.
A FLUIDIZING GAS NOZZLE HEAD AND A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR WITH MULTIPLE FLUIDIZING GAS NOZZLE HEADS
A fluidizing gas nozzle head (24) suitable to be connected to a fluidizing gas feeding device of a fluidized bed reactor, the fluidizing gas nozzle head comprising an inlet channel (26) having a longitudinal axis, an inlet end (32) and a second end (36), the inlet end of the inlet channel being adapted to connect the inlet channel in vertical gas flow connection with the fluidizing gas feeding device, four outlet channels (46), each of the four outlet channels extending from a first end (44) to an outlet end (54), and a gas distribution space (42) having a bottom face (40) and a ceiling (48) opposite to the bottom face, wherein the second end of the inlet channel and the first ends of the four outlet channels are connected to direct gas flow connection with the gas distribution space, wherein each of the first ends of the four outlet channels has a central point, which central points define a rectangle with two long sides and two short sides having an aspect ratio of at least 2:1.
A watertube panel portion for a fluidized bed reactor and a corresponding method. The watertube panel portion includes multiple parallel metal tubes having a tube length L1, an outer surface, an original outer diameter OD1, and an original wall thickness WT1, and a circumferentially extending recess formed in a central portion of each of the tubes, between first and second end portions. The recess has a constant depth D that is less than the wall thickness WT1. The recess encircles the outer surface of the central portion of the metal tube. A circumferentially extending metal coating has a constant thickness of at most the depth D of the recess to blanket the recess of each of the multiple metal tubes. A fin is continuously welded between each pair of adjacent tubes.
F22B 31/00 - Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatusArrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
F16L 57/00 - Protection of pipes or objects of similar shape against external or internal damage or wear
F23C 10/02 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed
48.
Watertube panel portion and a method of manufacturing a watertube panel portion in a fluidized bed reactor
A watertube panel portion for a fluidized bed reactor and a corresponding method. The watertube panel portion includes multiple parallel metal tubes having a tube length L1, an outer surface, an original outer diameter OD1, and an original wall thickness WT1, and a circumferentially extending recess formed in a central portion of each of the tubes, between first and second end portions. The recess has a constant depth D that is less than the wall thickness WT1. The recess encircles the outer surface of the central portion of the metal tube. A circumferentially extending metal coating has a constant thickness of at most the depth D of the recess to blanket the recess of each of the multiple metal tubes. A fin is continuously welded between each pair of adjacent tubes.
F22B 31/00 - Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatusArrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
B23P 15/26 - Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass heat exchangers
F23C 10/02 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed
49.
Method of reducing sulfur dioxide content in flue gas emanating from a circulating fluidized bed boiler plant
A method of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions of a circulating fluidized bed boiler plant. A first stream of sulfur-containing carbonaceous fuel is fed at a first feeding rate to a furnace of the boiler. A second stream of calcium carbonate containing absorbent having a predetermined d50 particle size is fed at a second feeding rate to the furnace. Oxygen containing gas is fed to the furnace for fluidizing a bed of particles forming in the furnace. Fuel is combusted with the oxygen and the sulfur in the fuel is oxidized to sulfur dioxide. The calcium carbonate is calcined to calcium oxide in the furnace. A portion of the calcium oxide is used to sulfate a first portion of the sulfur dioxide to calcium sulfate in the furnace.
B01D 53/83 - Solid phase processes with moving reactants
B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
50.
Circulating fluidized bed boiler and a method of assembling a circulating fluidized bed boiler
A circulating fluidized bed boiler includes a rectangular furnace, which is horizontally enclosed by sidewalls, for combusting fuel and combustion gas and generating a stream of flue gas and particles. The sidewalls include first and second short sidewalls and first and second long sidewalls. Multiple particle separators are arranged on the side of each of the first and second long sidewalls for separating particles from the stream of flue gas and particles discharged from the furnace. Each of the particle separators includes a vertical gas outlet tube for discharging cleaned flue gas from the particle separator. A back pass arranged on the side of the second short sidewall of the furnace is horizontally enclosed by back pass walls. A horizontally extending cross over duct system is directly connected to the vertical gas outlet tubes of the particle separators for conducting the cleaned flue gas to the back pass.
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
F23J 11/00 - Devices for conducting smoke or fumes, e.g. flues
An arrangement for feeding ammonia containing fluid into an exhaust gas passage of a combustion plant includes a first fluid line connectable in flow connection with a source of an ammonia containing fluid. A second fluid line is in flow connection with a source of a dilution fluid. A control unit controls multiple valve members of a valve unit, each of the valve members having a first inlet in flow connection with the first fluid line, a second inlet in flow connection with the second fluid line and an outlet in flow connection with an outlet channel connected to the exhaust gas passage. The valve members are connected in parallel so that the outlet of each of the valve members is in flow connection with a common outlet channel.
F01N 3/00 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
F01N 3/10 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
52.
Assembly and a method of installing an assembly of a particle separator module and a heat exchange chamber module, and a circulating fluidized bed boiler with such an assembly
A particle separator module and a heat exchange chamber module connectable to a circulating fluidized bed boiler. The particle separator module includes 2N vertically aligned steam tubes, N being an integer greater than one. Each of the vertically aligned steam tubes is attached to a boiler upper portion and extends downwards to a predetermined level. Each of the 2N vertically aligned steam tubes is attached to one of N first beams. Each of the N first beams is suspended to hang in a horizontal position at the predetermined level by two adjacent steam tubes of the 2N vertically aligned steam tubes. N second beams are attached in a horizontal position to the top surface of the heat exchange chamber module, which is arranged to be suspended from the particle separator module by having each of the N second beams suspended by two adjacent beams of the N first beams.
F22B 37/24 - Supporting, suspending or setting arrangements, e.g. heat shielding
F22B 31/00 - Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatusArrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
B23P 15/26 - Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass heat exchangers
A bottom-supported boiler (10) comprising a boiler pressure body (22) having a rectangular horizontal cross section formed by joining four planar water tube walls (24) pairwise together so as to form four corner sections (26), and a support construction (14, 14'), wherein the support construction comprises four vertical columns (30, 30') vertically supported to the ground (12), the vertical columns being arranged outside the boiler pressure body so that adjacent to each of the corner sections is arranged one of the four vertical columns, wherein each of the vertical columns is attached to the respective corner section.
A circulating fluidized bed boiler (10), comprising a rectangular furnace (12), which is horizontally enclosed by sidewalls, comprising first and second short sidewalls (14, 14') and first and second long sidewalls (16, 16') multiple particle separators (18, 18') arranged on the side of each of the first and second long sidewalls (16, 16'), wherein each of the particle separators comprises a vertical gas outlet tube (28, 28') for discharging cleaned flue gas from the particle separator; a back pass (20) arranged on the side of the second short sidewall (14') of the furnace, the back pass being horizontally enclosed by back pass walls comprising a first back pass wall (32) facing the second short sidewall (14') of the furnace; and a horizontally extending cross over duct system (22) directly connected to the vertical gas outlet tubes (28, 28') of the particle separators for conducting the cleaned flue gas to the back pass (20), wherein the cross over duct system (22) provides a straight gas flow path that is inclined to the side-walls (14, 14', 16, 16') of the furnace (12) from each of the vertical gas outlet tubes (28, 28') of the of particle separators (18, 18') to openings (30) in the first back pass wall (32).
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
F23J 11/00 - Devices for conducting smoke or fumes, e.g. flues
55.
METHOD OF REDUCING SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT IN FLUE GAS EMANATING FROM A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED BOILER PLANT
A method of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions of a circulating fluidized bed boiler plant (10), comprising the steps of: feeding sulfur containing carbonaceous fuel to a furnace (12) of the boiler; feeding calcium carbonate containing absorbent having a predetermined d50 particle size to the furnace; feeding oxygen containing gas to the furnace and combusting the fuel with the oxygen, whereby the sulfur is oxidized to sulfur dioxide; calcining the calcium carbonate to calcium oxide in the furnace and utilizing a portion of the calcium oxide to sulfate a first portion of the sulfur dioxide to calcium sulfate in the furnace; discharging flue gases, containing a second portion of the sulfur dioxide, and particles, including calcium oxide particles, entrained with the flue gases from the furnace; separating a first portion of the entrained particles from the flue gases in a particle separator (14) having a cut-off size, and returning the separated particles to the furnace (12); conveying a second portion of the entrained particles with the flue gases from the furnace (12) to a semi-dry sulfur-reduction stage (38) arranged downstream of the furnace, and reducing the sulfur dioxide content of the flue gases in the semi-dry sulfur-reduction stage (38), wherein the predetermined d50 particle size of the calcium carbonate containing absorbent is smaller than 50 % of the cut-off size of the particle separator.
A fluidized bed boiler with a support construction for a particle separator. The fluidized bed boiler includes a bottom-supported furnace in which at least one particle separator with a support construction is in gas flow connection with an upper portion of the furnace and includes a furnace side portion, an outer portion opposite to the furnace side portion, and a conical lower portion. At least two bottom-supported downcomer pipes are in fluid connection with a steam drum and adjacent to the outer portion of the particle separator. The support construction includes a frame-like supporting member surrounding at least a portion of the conical lower portion, and an outboard portion of the supporting member is attached to the at least two downcomer pipes to support the at last one particle separator.
F22B 31/00 - Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatusArrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
F22B 37/24 - Supporting, suspending or setting arrangements, e.g. heat shielding
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
F22B 37/20 - Supporting arrangements, e.g. for securing water-tube sets
