Abstract

There is provided a cryogenic link and a method of installing a cryogenic link. The cryogenic link comprises: a core and a cryostat. The cryostat comprises a flexible sleeve around the core and is configured to maintain a temperature of the core at a cryogenic temperature. The cryostat further comprises spacing means configured to maintain a spacing between the core and the flexible sleeve during expansion and contraction of the core. The flexible sleeve is suitable for fixing to an external structure at a plurality of fixed points, where each of the plurality of fixed points is separated by a distance, and a length of the cryogenic link between at least one pair of fixed points is greater than the distance between that pair of fixed points.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01B 12/16 - Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables or transmission lines characterised by cooling
• F17C 13/00 - Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus (100) for investigating an object (10) by using nuclear magnetic resonance, the apparatus (100) comprising: —a magnetically shielded chamber (20) for magnetically shielding the object (10) from external static magnetic fields when being investigated: —a spin-manipulation unit (30), which is arranged, at least in parts, in the magnetically shielded chamber (20) and configured to manipulate spins of radioactive nuclei that are present in the object (10); and —at least one particle detector (40) which is configured to detect nuclear radiation emitted from the radioactive nuclei that are present in the object (10).

IPC Classes  ?

• G01N 24/08 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects by using nuclear magnetic resonance
• G01R 33/28 - Details of apparatus provided for in groups
• G01R 33/44 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
• G01T 1/20 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
• G01T 1/202 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal

Abstract

A Raman laser conversion device for generating a single longitudinal mode, SLM, laser output is disclosed. The device comprises a Raman medium that exhibits a Stokes emission when subject to pumping by a laser pump input, the laser pump input having a pump linewidth and the Raman medium having a Raman linewidth; wherein the Raman medium is configured to define feedback interfaces of a resonator such that the Stokes emission resonates within the Raman medium; and further wherein the free spectral range, FSR, of the resonator with respect to the pump linewidth and/or the Raman linewidth or a function thereof is such that only one longitudinal mode of the Stokes emission is able to resonate within the Raman medium; whereby the laser conversion device generates a SLM laser output that is frequency shifted with respect to the laser pump input.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01S 3/08031 - Single-mode emission
• H01S 3/06 - Construction or shape of active medium
• H01S 3/094 - Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
• H01S 3/102 - Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling the active medium, e.g. by controlling the processes or apparatus for excitation
• H01S 3/30 - Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects

Abstract

The present relates to a device for providing a radiation treatment to a patient comprising:—an electron source for providing a beam of electrons, and—a linear accelerator for accelerating said beam until a predetermined energy, and—a beam delivery module for delivering the accelerated beam from said linear accelerator toward the patient to treat a target volume with a radiation dose, The device further comprises intensity modulation means configured to modulate the distribution of the radiation dose in the target volume according to a predetermined pattern. The pattern is determined to match the dimensions of a target volume of at least about 50 cm3, and/or a target volume located at least about 5 cm deep in the tissue of the patient with said radiation dose, The radiation dose distributed is up to about 20 Gy delivered during an overall treatment time less than about 50 ms.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy
• H05H 9/00 - Linear accelerators
• H05H 7/02 - Circuits or systems for supplying or feeding radio-frequency energy
• H05H 7/12 - Arrangements for varying final energy of beam

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus (100) for investigating an object (10) by using nuclear magnetic resonance, the apparatus (100) comprising: - a magnetically shielded chamber (20) for magnetically shielding the object (10) from external static magnetic fields when being investigated; - a spin-manipulation unit (30), which is arranged, at least in parts, in the magnetically shielded chamber (20) and configured to manipulate spins of radioactive nuclei that are present in the object (10); and - at least one particle detector (40) which is configured to detect nuclear radiation emitted from the radioactive nuclei that are present in the object (10).

IPC Classes  ?

• G01R 33/32 - Excitation or detection systems, e.g. using radiofrequency signals
• G01R 33/44 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
• G01R 33/28 - Details of apparatus provided for in groups
• G01R 33/30 - Sample handling arrangements, e.g. sample cells, spinning mechanisms
• G01R 33/42 - Screening
• G01R 33/46 - NMR spectroscopy

Abstract

The present relates to device for ultra-high dose rate radiation treatment to a patient, comprising: —a radiation source for providing a radiation beam, and —a linear accelerator for accelerating said radiation beam until a predetermined energy, and —a beam delivery module for delivery the accelerated radiation beam. The device is arranged for generating an accelerated radiation beam having a predetermined energy between about 50 MeV and about 250 MeV, to deliver rate radiation dose of at least 10 Gy, during an overall time less than about 200 ms in order to generate a radiation field for treating a target volume of at least about 30 cm3, with said ultra-high dose rate radiation dose and/or a target volume located at least about 5 cm deep in the tissue of the patient with said ultra-high dose rate radiation dose.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy

Abstract

A Raman laser conversion device for generating a single longitudinal mode, SLM, laser output is disclosed. The device comprises a Raman medium that exhibits a Stokes emission when subject to pumping by a laser pump input, the laser pump input having a pump linewidth and the Raman medium having a Raman linewidth; wherein the Raman medium is configured to define feedback interfaces of a resonator such that the Stokes emission resonates within the Raman medium; and further wherein the free spectral range, FSR, of the resonator with respect to the pump linewidth and/or the Raman linewidth or a function thereof is such that only one longitudinal mode of the Stokes emission is able to resonate within the Raman medium; whereby the laser conversion device generates a SLM laser output that is frequency shifted with respect to the laser pump input.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01S 3/30 - Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects
• H01S 3/06 - Construction or shape of active medium
• H01S 3/08 - Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
• H01S 3/094 - Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
• H01S 3/07 - Construction or shape of active medium consisting of a plurality of parts, e.g. segments
• H01S 3/082 - Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof comprising three or more reflectors defining a plurality of resonators, e.g. for mode selection or suppression
• H01S 3/083 - Ring lasers
• H01S 3/0947 - Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light of an organic dye laser
• H01S 3/102 - Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling the active medium, e.g. by controlling the processes or apparatus for excitation

Abstract

The present relates to a device for providing a radiation treatment to a patient comprising :- an electron source for providing a beam of electrons, and- a linear accelerator for accelerating said beam until a predetermined energy, and - a beam delivery module for delivering the accelerated beam from said linear accelerator toward the patient to treat a target volume with a radiation dose, The device further comprises intensity modulation means configured to modulate the distribution of the radiation dose in the target volume according to a predetermined pattern.The pattern is determined to match the dimensions of a target volume of at least about 50 cm3, and/or a target volume located at least about 5 cm deep in the tissue of the patient with said radiation dose,The radiation dose distributed is up to about 20 Gy delivered during an overall treatment time less than about 50 ms.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy

Abstract

The present relates to a device for providing a radiation treatment to a patient comprising :- an electron source for providing a beam of electrons, and- a linear accelerator for accelerating said beam until a predetermined energy, and - a beam delivery module for delivering the accelerated beam from said linear accelerator toward the patient to treat a target volume with a radiation dose, The device further comprises intensity modulation means configured to modulate the distribution of the radiation dose in the target volume according to a predetermined pattern.The pattern is determined to match the dimensions of a target volume of at least about 50 cm3, and/or a target volume located at least about 5 cm deep in the tissue of the patient with said radiation dose,The radiation dose distributed is up to about 20 Gy delivered during an overall treatment time less than about 50 ms.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy

Abstract

A gantry is provided for focusing beams of charged particles having differing momentum to charge ratios to a substantially common point. The gantry comprises at least one toroidal magnet having a central bore and a primary axis extending along the central bore and configured to receive beams of charged particles at different radial locations dependent on the momentum to charge ratio of the beam. The toroidal magnet comprises a plurality of discrete, substantially planar coils spaced apart and extending radially from the primary axis and configured to produce a magnetic field that is periodically symmetric about the primary axis.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy
• G21K 1/093 - Deviation, concentration, or focusing of the beam by electric or magnetic means by magnetic means
• G21K 5/04 - Irradiation devices with beam-forming means

Abstract

The present relates to device for ultra-high dose rate radiation treatment to a patient, comprising : - a radiation source for providing a radiation beam, and - a linear accelerator for accelerating said radiation beam until a predetermined energy, and - a beam delivery module for delivery the accelerated radiation beam, The device is arranged for generating an accelerated radiation beam having a predetermined energy between about 50 MeV and about 250 MeV, to deliver rate radiation dose of at least 10 Gy, during an overall time less than about 200 ms in order to generate a radiation field for treating a target volume of at least about 30 cm3, with said ultra-high dose rate radiation dose and/or a target volume located at least about 5 cm deep in the tissue of the patient with said ultra-high dose rate radiation dose.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy
• H05H 9/04 - Standing-wave linear accelerators

Abstract

An apparatus for use in charged particle therapy, including a gantry for focussing beams of charged particles having differing momentum to charge ratios to a common point. A toroidal magnet having a central bore is configured to receive beams of charged particles at different radial locations dependent on the momentum to charge ratio of the beam. The toroidal magnet has a plurality of discrete, planar coils configured to produce a magnetic field such that a first beam of charged particles is directed towards a first point on the primary axis, and a second beam of charged particles is directed towards said first point on the primary axis. The planar coils are further configured to produce a magnetic field that is periodically symmetric about the primary axis, and the toroidal magnet is stationary in use.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy
• G21K 1/093 - Deviation, concentration, or focusing of the beam by electric or magnetic means by magnetic means
• G21K 5/04 - Irradiation devices with beam-forming means

Abstract

A gantry (100) is provided for focussing beams of charged particles having differing momentum to charge ratios to a substantially common point. The gantry comprises: at least one toroidal magnet (10) having a central bore, a primary axis of the toroidal magnet extending along the central bore, the toroidal magnet configured to receive beams of charged particles at different radial locations dependent on the momentum to charge ratio of the beam; wherein the toroidal magnet comprises a plurality of discrete, substantially planar coils (1a, 1b...1p) spaced apart and extending radially from the primary axis (z axis) and configured to produce a magnetic field such that, in use, a first beam of charged particles (30) having a component of motion along the primary axis and entering the toroidal magnet at a first radial location, is directed towards a first point on the primary axis, and; a second beam of charged particles having a different momentum to charge ratio to the first beam, and having a component of motion along the primary axis and entering the toroidal magnet at a second radial location, is directed towards said first point on the primary axis, and wherein; the planar coils are configured to produce a magnetic field that is periodically symmetric about the primary axis, and; the at least one toroidal magnet is substantially stationary in use.

IPC Classes  ?

• G21K 1/093 - Deviation, concentration, or focusing of the beam by electric or magnetic means by magnetic means
• G21K 5/04 - Irradiation devices with beam-forming means
• A61N 5/10 - X-ray therapyGamma-ray therapyParticle-irradiation therapy

Abstract

An optical system (100) for producing a structured optical beam (140), the system comprising: a convex lens (110) having a spherical or cylindrical entry surface (111), the lens comprising a material having a refractive index of at least 1.8; an electromagnetic radiation source (120) configured to provide a substantially coherent beam of electromagnetic radiation (130) and a focussing element (150) arranged along the optical axis of the optical system. The electromagnetic radiation source (120) is arranged to produce an illuminating beam (130) which illuminates the convex lens (110) over a selected illumination fraction of the spherical or cylindrical entry surface (111) and with a corresponding selected focus of the illuminating beam (130) such that the beam traverses a sufficient refractive volume of the convex lens (110) to produce aberrations in the beam emerging from the convex lens (110) such that it comprises a structured optical beam (140). The system and method allows for generating a structured beam which can propagate over the large distances while maintaining a well-defined cross-section intensity distribution.

IPC Classes  ?

• G02B 27/09 - Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectioned area, not otherwise provided for
• G02B 19/00 - Condensers

Abstract

A method for manufacturing a high temperature superconducting (HTS) tape for use in a continuously transposed conducting cable is provided. The method comprises the steps of: deposition of an HTS superconducting layer onto a buffered metallic tape; performing a metallization of the tape; and forming a meander shape in the tape; wherein the metallization is performed to provide a metallization thickness that enables a structural uniformity over the tape surface; a deposition of a metallic sheath exhibiting a tight, voidless bonding to the tape surface, performed after the forming of the meander shape; and a heat treatment in an neutral atmosphere is provided after the deposition of the metallic sheath.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01B 7/30 - Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form with arrangements for reducing conductor losses when carrying AC, e.g. due to skin effect
• H01L 39/14 - Permanent superconductor devices
• H01L 39/24 - Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of devices provided for in group or of parts thereof
• H01B 12/02 - Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables or transmission lines characterised by their form
• H01F 41/04 - Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformersApparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils or magnets for manufacturing coils

Abstract

A compact radio-frequency quadrupole ‘RFQ’ accelerator for accelerating charged particles, the RFQ accelerator comprising: a bunching section configured to have a narrow radio-frequency ‘rf’ acceptance such that only a portion of a particle beam incident on the bunching section is captured, and wherein the bunching section bunches the portion of the particle beam; an accelerating section for accelerating the bunched portion of the particle beam to an output energy; and, a means for supplying radio-frequency power.

IPC Classes  ?

• H05H 7/04 - Magnet systemsEnergisation thereof
• H05H 9/04 - Standing-wave linear accelerators
• H05H 7/18 - CavitiesResonators

Abstract

A portable radiation detection device with a detector unit comprising a scintillator with an array of avalanche photodiodes allows to reliably detect incident ionizing radiation or radiation contamination in the presence of intense magnetic fields of 0.1 Tesla and above.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/208 - Circuits specially adapted for scintillation detectors, e.g. for the photo-multiplier section
• G01T 1/20 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors

Abstract

A conducting cable comprises a series of continuously transposed tapes of electrically conductive material and restraining members braided with the tapes. The restraining members are arranged to restrain the tapes in a lateral direction to resist movement between the respective tapes and restrain the position of the respective tapes.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01B 12/02 - Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables or transmission lines characterised by their form

Abstract

An avalanche particle detector assembly comprises, a cover resistive layer (7), a first readout layer (20) comprising a plurality of readout means and two or more detection layers (8) located between said resistive cover layer and said first readout layer (20). Each detection layer comprises a drift layer (9) and an amplification layer (10). The amplification layer (10) consists of only electrically resistive material and comprises a first dielectric layer (12), wherein the readout layer is capacitively coupled to the amplification layer of the or each detection layers.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/185 - Measuring radiation intensity with ionisation-chamber arrangements

Abstract

There is provided refrigeration system (1) and method for remote cooling of a thermal load having a first portion (27)and a second portion (25). The system comprises a cold source (4) having a first cooling stage (5) and a second cooling stage (6), the temperature of the first cooling stage being higher than the temperature of the second cooling stage. The system also comprises a cryogen circuit for circulation of a cryogen flow in a closed cycle, the closed cycle being thermally coupled to the cold source. The system further comprises a compressor (7) for compressing and circulating the cryogen flow in the cryogen circuit. The cryogen circuit comprises a first conduit for thermally connecting the first cooling stage of the cold source to the first portion of the thermal load so as to cool said first portion towards the temperature of the first cooling stage, and a second conduit for thermally connecting the second cooling stage of the cold source to the second portion of the thermal load so as to cool said second portion towards the temperature of the second cooling stage. The cryogen flow in the system is a sub- cooled or saturated liquid, two phase, saturated or overheated, supercritical gas helium flow.

IPC Classes  ?

• F25B 9/14 - Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
• F25B 9/02 - Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using Joule-Thompson effectCompression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using vortex effect
• F25B 9/00 - Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
• F25B 9/10 - Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point with several cooling stages
• F25B 41/04 - Disposition of valves

Abstract

An apparatus (100) for quenching at least part (110) of a superconductor in a superconducting state in reply to a quench signal to initiate a transition from the superconducting state into a normal-conducting state comprises: means (120) for providing an alternating (AC) current of a predetermined strength and/or predetermined frequency to the at least part (110) of the superconductor, wherein the means (120) for providing the AC current comprises a control terminal (130) configured to receive the quench signal. The means (120) for providing the AC current is configured to be activated in response of receiving the quench signal at the control terminal (130) so that the AC current flows through the at least part (110) of the superconductor, wherein the predetermined strength and/or the predetermined frequency is selected such that the transition from the superconducting state into a normal-conducting state is triggered.

IPC Classes  ?

• H02H 7/00 - Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
• H01F 6/02 - QuenchingProtection arrangements during quenching

Abstract

A detector configuration that combines a plurality of elongated semiconductor photo-multiplier sensor strips coupled to a scintillator crystal block with a differential readout that will enhance the time resolution. This is permitted due to a reduction of electronic noise due to reduced cross talk and noise in the ground. In addition, the dead area is minimized and thus the efficiency of the photodetector is enhanced.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/20 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
• G01T 1/202 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
• G01T 1/29 - Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beamMeasurement of spatial distribution of radiation
• G01T 1/24 - Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors

Abstract

A compact radio-frequency quadrupole 'RFQ' accelerator for accelerating charged particles, the RFQ accelerator comprising: a bunching section configured to have a narrow radio-frequency 'rf' acceptance such that only a portion of a particle beam incident on the bunching section is captured, and wherein the bunching section bunches the portion of the particle beam; an accelerating section for accelerating the bunched portion of the particle beam to an output energy; and, a means for supplying radio-frequency power.

IPC Classes  ?

• H05H 7/18 - CavitiesResonators
• H05H 9/04 - Standing-wave linear accelerators

Abstract

A portable radiation detection device with a detector unit comprising a scintillator with an array of avalanche photodiodes allows to reliably detect incident ionizing radiation or radiation contamination in the presence of intense magnetic fields of 0.1 Tesla and above.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/20 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
• G01T 1/208 - Circuits specially adapted for scintillation detectors, e.g. for the photo-multiplier section

Abstract

A composite material comprising molybdenum carbide, graphite and carbon fibers combines a very high thermal conductivity with a low coefficient of thermal extension, high service temperature, good mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity. These materials may be obtained from high-temperature sintering of variable proportions of molybdenum powders and ceramic materials such as graphite, carbon fibers, silicon, silicon carbide, or tungsten.

IPC Classes  ?

• C04B 35/52 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbon, e.g. graphite
• C04B 35/56 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbides
• C04B 35/645 - Pressure sintering
• C04B 35/65 - Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions
• C04B 35/80 - Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
• C04B 35/83 - Carbon fibres in a carbon matrix

Abstract

An electron filtering layer placed on a photocathode of a UV light detector allows to selectively filter out electrons generated from a photoconversion of long wavelengths. The filter may be tuned by selecting the material and the thickness of the electron filtering layer. By means of the filtering layer, background noise due to visible parts of the spectrum may be efficiently suppressed. Applications of the invention include a solar-blind flame and/or smoke detector.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01J 1/34 - Photo-emissive cathodes
• G01T 1/185 - Measuring radiation intensity with ionisation-chamber arrangements
• G08B 17/12 - Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
• H01J 1/78 - Photoelectric screensCharge-storage screens
• H01J 29/38 - Photoelectric screensCharge-storage screens not using charge storage, e.g. photo-emissive screen, extended cathode
• H01J 31/49 - Pick-up tubes adapted for an input of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light and having an electric output, e.g. for an input of X-rays, for an input of infrared radiation
• H01J 40/16 - Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas having photo-emissive cathode, e.g. alkaline photoelectric cell
• H01J 47/02 - Ionisation chambers

Abstract

An apparatus (100) for quenching at least part (110) of a superconductor in a superconducting state in reply to a quench signal to initiate a transition from the superconducting state into a normal-conducting state comprises: means (120) for providing an alternating (AC) current of a predetermined strength and/or predetermined frequency to the at least part (110) of the superconductor, wherein the means (120) for providing the AC current comprises a control terminal (130) configured to receive the quench signal. The means (120) for providing the AC current is configured to be activated in response of receiving the quench signal at the control terminal (130) so that the AC current flows through the at least part (110) of the superconductor, wherein the predetermined strength and/or the predetermined frequency is selected such that the transition from the superconducting state into a normal- conducting state is triggered.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01F 6/02 - QuenchingProtection arrangements during quenching

Abstract

A detector configuration that combines a plurality of elongated semiconductor photo- multiplier sensor strips coupled to a scintillator crystal block with a differential readout that will enhance the time resolution. This is permitted due to a reduction of electronic noise due to reduced cross talk and noise in the ground. In addition, the dead area is minimized and thus the efficiency of the photodetector is enhanced.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/208 - Circuits specially adapted for scintillation detectors, e.g. for the photo-multiplier section

Abstract

An apparatus for determining a dose of ionizing radiation absorbed by a dosimeter (105) comprises a holder (110) for holding said dosimeter (105); a first light source (120), a second light source (130) and a measurement unit (140a, 140b). The first light source (120) irradiates a first light (121) on said dosimeter (105) when held by said holder (110). The second light source (130) irradiates a second light (131) on said dosimeter (105) when held by said holder (110) to excite radio photo luminescence centers in said dosimeter (105). The measurement unit (140a, 140b) is configured to measure a photo luminescence light (141) from said excited radio photoluminescence centers and to measure a transmission light (142) related to said first light (121) after passing said dosimeter (105), wherein said measurement unit (140) is further configured to determine said dose based on said measured photoluminescence light (141) and on said measured transmission light (142).

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/06 - Glass dosimeters

Abstract

An electron multiplier assembly comprises a first electrode plate supported on a second electrode plate by a means of plurality of spacers. Through-holes are formed in the first electrode plate and in the second electrode plate and are carefully aligned so to form amplification channels in the gap between the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate. The amplification channels allow to convert primary electrons into an avalanche of electrons that may be detected with suitable readout means. The detector structure is wall-less in the sense that neighboring amplification channels are not separated by walls, which allows to reduce leakage currents and to provide a detector that can be used with a plurality of detector gases or even in humid ambient air.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01J 43/24 - Dynodes having potential gradient along their surfaces

Abstract

A rapid bellows compression and/or expansion tool (0) comprises a plurality of adjusting means (28) that allow to adjust an axial distance between a first engaging member (14) adapted to engage a bellows at a first portion thereof, and a second engaging member (16) adapted to engage said bellows at a second opposing portion thereof. Transfer means (34) are provided to mechanically coupling the plurality of adjusting means (28), thereby providing for a uniform and synchronous bellows compression and/or expansion.

IPC Classes  ?

• B25B 27/28 - Hand tools or bench devices, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for for assembling objects other than by press fit or detaching same positioning or withdrawing resilient bushings or the like
• B23Q 5/40 - Feeding other members supporting tools or work, e.g. saddles, tool-slides, through mechanical transmission feeding continuously by feed shaft, e.g. lead screw
• F16L 15/02 - Screw-threaded jointsForms of screw-threads for such joints allowing substantial longitudinal adjustment by the use of a long screw-threaded part

Abstract

A pump (10) for circulating a cryogenic coolant, comprising: a cylinder housing (14); a piston (16) received in said cylinder housing (14) for reciprocating in said cylinder housing (14) between a first death center position (18) and a second death center position (20), said first death center position (18) and said second death center position (20) defining a compression chamber (22) therebetween; an outlet (34) for said compression chamber (22); and an inlet (36) formed in a wall (24) of said cylinder housing (14) at a position between said first death center position (18) and said second death center position (20); wherein said inlet (36) is adapted to establish a fluid connection between said compression chamber (22) and a coolant reservoir (40; 76).

IPC Classes  ?

• F04B 15/08 - Pumps adapted to handle specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts for liquids near their boiling point, e.g. under subnormal pressure the liquids having low boiling points
• F04B 7/04 - Piston machines or pumps characterised by having positively-driven valving in which the valving is performed by pistons and cylinders coacting to open and close intake or outlet ports

Abstract

The present invention discloses a microfabricated scintillation detector, comprising a channel structure (26) for containing a liquid scintillator material therein and flowing said liquid scintillator material therethrough. The channel structure (26) comprises first and second sets (30, 36) of adjacent channel portions (32, 38) arranged in first and second layers (34, 40) and in fluid communication with each other. The second set (36) of adjacent channel portions (38) is directed at right angles with respect to the first set (30) of adjacent channel portions (32). The first and second layers (34, 40) are stacked on top of each other with a separation layer (42) in between, integrally connecting said first and second layers (34, 40). The channel structure (26) simultaneously forms a light guiding structure for guiding scintillation light (52) towards a longitudinal end of the corresponding channel portion (32, 38). The scintillation detector (24) further comprises a plurality of photo detectors (54), arranged such as to receive said scintillation light (50).

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 5/08 - Scintillation chambers
• G01T 1/20 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors

Goods & Services

Event management computer software for planning, arranging, conducting, and archiving cultural, scientific or educational events, congresses, workshops, conferences, video conferences, trade fairs and exhibitions with regard to management of invitations, registrations, schedule information, and content Entertainment information; organizing community sporting and cultural events; planning, arranging, and conducting cultural events, congresses, conferences, video conferences, trade fairs, and exhibitions for cultural, scientific, and educational purposes; planning, arranging, and conducting workshops in the field of science Design and development of computer software; updating of computer software design; design of custom software packages comprised of a set of computer programs; installation of computer software; all aforementioned services relating to software and computer programs for planning, arranging, conducting, and archiving cultural, scientific or educational events, congresses, workshops, conferences, video conferences, trade fairs, and exhibitions with regard to management of invitations, registrations, schedule information, and content; providing temporary use of on-line non-downloadable software for planning, arranging, conducting, and archiving cultural, scientific or educational events, congresses, workshops, conferences, video conferences, trade fairs, and exhibitions with regard to management of invitations, registrations, schedule information, and content; electronic storage services for archiving electronic data relating to cultural events, congresses, conferences, video conferences, trade fairs, and exhibitions for cultural, scientific, and educational purposes in the field of science

Goods & Services

Providing access to websites on the Internet; Providing access to data networks, namely, to the Internet, to Internet forums, to the global Internet network and to servers; Electronic transmission of data and documents by computer; Data transmission via the global computer network; Providing access to an Internet portal with commercial content in the fields of science, medicine, history, literature, and linguistics Electronic publications, namely, books, magazines, newsletters, newspapers, brochures, and manuals; electronic publications in the form of e-books and electronic multimedia files containing texts; all aforementioned goods relating to educational and informational topics, namely, science, medicine, history, literature, and linguistics which are downloadable from online databases or from the Internet Educational and entertainment services, namely, publishing electronic publications; providing non-downloadable electronic publications, namely, e-books in the field of science, medicine, history, literature, and linguistics via global computer network or internet; publication of books, printed material and texts; online libraries and in particular providing electronic library services relating to books, magazines, photographs and images via a computerized network; Library services provided by means of a computerized database containing information extracted from books, newspapers, magazines

Abstract

A projective compression scheme for an n-dimensional data array makes use of at least n + 1 compression maps in order to maximize the ability to resolve ambiguities. The invention also relates to hardware implementations of the projective compression scheme, and in particular to front end circuits that allow for a compressive readout.

IPC Classes  ?

• G06T 11/00 - 2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
• G06F 3/047 - Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means using sets of wires, e.g. crossed wires
• H04N 5/378 - Readout circuits, e.g. correlated double sampling [CDS] circuits, output amplifiers or A/D converters
• H01L 27/146 - Imager structures
• G01T 1/24 - Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors

Abstract

The present invention relates to a pixel detector (10), comprising a semiconductor sensor layer (12), in which charges can be generated upon interaction with particles to be detected. The semiconductor layer defines an X-Y-plane and has a thickness extending in Z-direction. The detector further comprises a read-out electronics layer (14) connected to said semiconductor layer (12), said read-out electronics layer (14) comprising an array of read-out circuits (20) for detecting signals indicative of charges generated in a corresponding volume of said semiconductor sensor layer (12). The neighbouring read-out circuits (20) are connected by a relative timing circuit configured to determine time difference information between signals detected at said neighbouring read-out circuits (20). The time difference information is indicative of a difference in the Z-components of the locations of charge generations in the corresponding neighbouring sensor volumes caused by a particle trajectory that is inclined with respect to the X-Y-plane.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/24 - Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors
• G01T 1/29 - Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beamMeasurement of spatial distribution of radiation
• H01L 27/146 - Imager structures

Abstract

In an integrated two-phase accumulator controlled loop cooling system, the pumped refrigerant is employed to cool the supply of refrigerant in the accumulator vessel. No external cooling of the accumulator vessel is required, and a standard heater in the accumulator is sufficient to regulate the boiling pressure. This allows to provide a cooling system in which sub-cooling in the pump is guaranteed by the laws of nature, and which is hence more reliable, structurally simpler, better to control and cheaper.

IPC Classes  ?

• F25B 23/00 - Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups , e.g. using selective radiation effect

Abstract

A detector-readout interface for an avalanche particle detector comprises a resistive layer formed at a bottom side of a gas chamber and a dielectric layer formed under said resistive layer and is adapted for capacitive coupling to an external readout board. This provides a modular detector configuration in which the readout card and detector core can be combined freely and interchangeably. The readout board can even be removed or replaced without switching off the detector. At the same time, the configuration provides an effective protection against sparks and discharges, and in particular obliviates the need for additional protecting circuits. The configuration may be employed in any avalanche particle detector, such as the MicroMegas or GEM detectors.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/29 - Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beamMeasurement of spatial distribution of radiation
• H01J 47/02 - Ionisation chambers

Abstract

A radio frequency load (100) for absorbing a radio frequency wave having a frequency in a predetermined frequency band and a wavelength λ comprises a waveguide (110;210) with a portion having an opening (112) for said radio frequency wave. In addition, the radio frequency load (100) comprises at least one metal rod (120) provided in said waveguide (110; 210), said at least one metal rod (120) having a length of one-half of said wavelength λ to damp said radio frequency wave.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01P 1/26 - Dissipative terminations
• H01P 1/28 - Short-circuiting plungers
• H01R 13/00 - Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups or

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a system (32) and method for positioning and fixing a number of objects (34, 36) relative to each other. The system (32) comprises a stack of lamellae (38), each lamella having a number of pockets (44, 40) for receiving said objects (34, 36). At least some of the pockets (40, 44) are dimensioned such as to loosely receive the corresponding object (34, 36) without applying a substantive clamping force to the object. The relative position of at least some of the pockets in one subset of lamellae as oriented in the stack deviate from the relative positions of the same pockets in another subset of the lamellae (38), such that the clamping force is generated between the objects (34, 36) and the stack of lamellae (38) when the objects (34, 36) are simultaneously inserted in the corresponding pockets (40, 44) of all lamellae (38) of the stack of lamellae (38).

IPC Classes  ?

• H02K 1/28 - Means for mounting or fastening rotating magnetic parts on to, or to, the rotor structures
• H02K 1/27 - Rotor cores with permanent magnets

Abstract

A method and an apparatus for measuring the dose, the dose rate and/or the composition of radiation is disclosed. In the method, a detector means is exposed to a radiation environment, the detector means comprising an array of radiation sensing detector elements. The detector means is switched in a sensitive state for the duration of a sensitive time period, and during said sensitive time period, an interaction pattern generated by individual radiation quanta interacting with one or more of the detector elements is recorded. The duration of the sensitive time period can be precisely adapted to the intensity of the radiation that has to be recorded. The interaction pattern is analyzed to distinguish individual radiation quanta received during the sensitive time period, and a radiation category is assigned to each of the distinguished radiation quanta based on its corresponding interaction pattern. A dose, a dose rate and/or a composition of radiation is then computed from the detected and categorized radiation quanta. Weight factors are attributed to each radiation category to take into account the individual degree of damage which the corresponding category can inflict in the irradiated materials.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/02 - Dosimeters

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a mounting mechanism such as a drift tube mounting mechanism for mounting a drift tube provided in a drift tube accelerator vessel 10 via an elongate holding element 14. The mounting mechanism comprises a biasing mechanism comprising one or more disc spring members 46 for axially biasing the elongate holding element 14 with respect to the vessel towards a mounting position. The mounting mechanism further comprises a screw 58 having a head portion 60 and a shaft portion, said shaft portion comprising a threaded portion 64 for screwing into the elongate holding element 14. The mounting mechanism further comprises a bushing 66 comprising a sleeve portion 68 receiving at least a part of the screw shaft and separating the one or more disc spring members 46 from said screw shaft portion. The screw head portion 60 is configured to receive the axial biasing force generated by the one or more disc spring members 46.

IPC Classes  ?

• H05H 7/22 - Details of linear accelerators, e.g. drift tubes
• F16B 5/00 - Joining sheets or plates to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
• F16B 31/04 - Screwed connections specially modified in view of tensile loadBreak-bolts for maintaining constant tensile load
• F16B 43/00 - Washers or equivalent devicesOther devices for supporting bolt-heads or nuts

Abstract

A readout board for use in a micropattern gas detector comprises a plurality of detector pads arranged into a plurality of consecutive layers that are separated by dielectric spacer material. An electron cloud hitting the front side of the readout board will induce a charge on one of the detector pads of the uppermost layer. By capacitive coupling, the signal will propagate downwards through the consecutive layers until it reaches the bottom layer, from which the charges are read out and analyzed. The position of the impact can be determined by comparing the charges that have spread to neighboring readout pads. Since only the bottommost layer of the readout pads needs to be connected to readout electronics, incident particles can be localized at high precision despite the relatively large size of the readout pads in the bottom layer. The invention is effective both in a gas electron multiplier (GEM) and in a MicroMegas detector.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/29 - Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beamMeasurement of spatial distribution of radiation
• G01T 1/185 - Measuring radiation intensity with ionisation-chamber arrangements

Abstract

The invention relates to an improved method for fabricating the amplification gap of an avalanche particle detector in which two parallel electrodes are spaced apart by dielectric spacer elements. A foil including a bulk layer made of dielectric material sandwiched by two mutually parallel metallic electrodes is provided, and holes are formed in one of the metallic layers by means of photolithography. The amplification gap is then formed in the bulk layer by means of carefully controlled etching of the bulk material through the holes formed in one of the metallic layers. The invention not only provides a simplified fabrication process, but also results in a detector with enhanced spatial and energy resolution.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01J 47/06 - Proportional counter tubes

Abstract

The readout electrode assembly of an avalanche particle detector can be effectively protected against sparks and discharges by means of a plurality of resistor pads formed in a dielectric cover layer above the readout pads. The resistor pads may either be connected directly to the readout pads, or may be coupled capacitively by means of a charge spreading pad embedded into the dielectric cover layer and spatially separated from the readout pads. The charge spreading pad allows the distribution of charges to neighboring readout pads, and may hence increase the spatial resolution of the detector device.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/185 - Measuring radiation intensity with ionisation-chamber arrangements

Abstract

The present invention discloses an apparatus comprising an enclosure (10) suitable for forming a vacuum therein and means for at least partially suppressing the multipacting effect when a RF or microwave electromagnetic field is generated in said vacuum. In the apparatus, the means for at least partially suppressing the multipacting effect comprises means (12) for passively generating a locally varying magnetic field (16) in the vicinity of at least a portion of the inner surface of said enclosure.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01J 19/57 - VesselsContainersShields associated therewith provided with coatings on the walls thereofSelection of materials for the coatings
• H01J 23/02 - ElectrodesMagnetic control meansScreens
• H01P 1/201 - Filters for transverse electromagnetic waves

Abstract

Disclosed is a target for isotope production, that comprises a porous, nanostructured material with structure elements having in at least one dimension an average size of 700 run or less, preferably 500 nm or less and most preferably 150 nm or less, said nanostructured material comprising one Of Al2O3, Y2O3 and ZrO2.

IPC Classes  ?

• H05H 6/00 - Targets for producing nuclear reactions

Abstract

A method of manufacturing a gas electron multiplier is shown. The method comprises a step of preparing a blank sheet (28) comprised of an insulating sheet (12) with first and second metal layers (14, 16) on its surface, a first metal layer hole forming step in which the first metal layer is patterned by means of photolithography, such as to form holes (18) through the first metal layer, an insulating sheet hole forming step, in which the holes (18) formed in the first metal layer (14) are extended through the insulating layer (12) by etching from the first surface side only, and a second metal layer hole forming step, in which the holes (18) are extended through the second metal layer (16). In one embodiment, the second metal layer hole forming step is performed by electrochemical etching, such that the first metal layer (14) remains unaffected during etching of the second metal layer (16). In another embodiment, in the second metal layer hole forming step, the first and second metal layers (14, 16) are etched from the outside, thereby reducing the initial thicknesses of the first and second metal layers (14, 16) and the second metal layer (16) is simultaneously etched through the holes (18) in the first metal layer (14) and the insulating sheet (12), said etching being maintained until the holes (18) extend through the second metal layer, wherein said initial average thickness of the first and second metal layers (14, 16) is between 6.5 μm and 25 μm, preferably between 7.5 μm and 12 μm.

IPC Classes  ?

• H01J 43/06 - Electrode arrangements
• G01N 27/22 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance

Abstract

The present invention relates to a pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) comprising a regenerator having a cold end (20a) and a hot end, a pulse tube (18) having a cold end (20b) and a hot end, and a reservoir (26). The hot end of the regenerator is connected or connectable with a compressor and the cold end of the regenerator (14) is in fluid communication with the cold end of the pulse tube (18). The PTC (42) comprises a reservoir-flow path (28) connecting the hot end of the pulse tube (18) and the reservoir (26) and a bypass-flow path (30) connecting the hot ends of the regenerator (14) and the pulse tube (18), wherein the reservoir-flow path (28) and the bypass-flow path (30) comprise a first and second flow restriction means (50, 54), respectively. The PTC (42) further comprises a holding structure (44) to which the hot ends of the regenerator (14) and the pulse tube (18) are mounted, wherein the bypass-flow path (30) is formed inside the bulk of the holding structure (44).

IPC Classes  ?

• F25B 9/14 - Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle

Abstract

A method and an apparatus for measuring the dose, the dose rate and/or the composition of radiation is disclosed. In the method, a detector means (10) is exposed to a radiation environment, the detector means (10) comprising an array of radiation sensing detector elements. The detector means (10) is switched in a sensitive state for the duration of a sensitive time period, and during said sensitive time period, an interaction pattern generated by individual radiation quanta interacting with one or more of the detector elements is recorded. The duration of the sensitive time period can be precisely adapted to the intensity of the radiation that has to be recorded. The interaction pattern is analyzed to distinguish individual radiation quanta received during the sensitive time period, and a radiation category is assigned to each of the distinguished radiation quanta based on its corresponding interaction pattern. A dose, a dose rate and/or a composition of radiation is then computed from the detected and categorized radiation quanta. Weight factors are attributed to each radiation category to take into account the individual degree of damage which the corresponding category can inflict in the irradiated materials.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/02 - Dosimeters
• G01T 5/02 - Processing of tracksAnalysis of tracks

Abstract

The present invention discloses an apparatus for use in medical imaging, said apparatus comprising a readout circuit having an input for receiving a detection signal (80, 82) corresponding to a photon hitting a radiation detector, wherein said readout circuit is adapted to output in response to receiving said detection signal (80, 82) a pulse signal (84, 86) having a leading edge encoding a time-stamp of said photon and a width encoding the energy of said photon. A method of reading out detection signals from a radiation detector of a medical imaging apparatus is also provided.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01T 1/164 - Scintigraphy