B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
2.
WATER ELECTROLYZERS EMPLOYING ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES
Water electrolyzers comprises an anode comprising a quantity of anode catalyst, a cathode comprising a quantity of cathode catalyst with an inlet for introducing a cathode reactant thereto, an anion-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between said anode and said cathode, and a source of electrical energy that applies a voltage between the anode and cathode. At least one of said anode catalyst or said cathode catalyst comprises a metal or metal alloy having a surface area of at least 12 m2/gm. Water electrolyzers preferably employ base metal catalysts and an anion-conducting polymeric membrane with a resistance below 0.3 ohm-cm2and a base metal catalyst with a surface area of at least 12 m2/mg.
B01J 37/34 - Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves
C25B 9/40 - Cells or assemblies of cells comprising electrodes made of particlesAssemblies of constructional parts thereof
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
C25B 15/08 - Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytesRegeneration of electrolytes
C25B 11/04 - ElectrodesManufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
C07C 1/12 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of carbon from carbon dioxide with hydrogen
C25B 9/23 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodesAssemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
B01J 21/00 - Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
B01J 23/00 - Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group
x is at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —OH, and a reaction product between an —OH or —Cl and a species other than a simple amine or a cyclic amine.
C25B 1/10 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals of hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water in diaphragm cells
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
H01M 8/1023 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
C02F 1/461 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
H01M 8/1067 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by their physical properties, e.g. porosity, ionic conductivity or thickness
C02F 1/461 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
H01M 8/1023 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
H01M 8/1044 - Mixtures of polymers, of which at least one is ionically conductive
H01M 4/86 - Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
6.
BATTERY SEPARATOR MEMBRANE AND BATTERY EMPLOYING SAME
A battery comprises a separator membrane comprising an ion-conducting polymeric composition comprising a copolymer of styrene and vinylbenzyl-Rs, where Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group. The ion-conducting polymeric composition can be in the form of a membrane. The ion-conducting polymeric composition can comprise a terpolymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx, in which Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group, Rx is at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of Cl, OH, and a reaction product between an OH or a Cl and a species other than a cyclic amine or a simple amine, the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Rx groups is greater than 1% of the total weight of the membrane, and the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Rs groups is 15% or more of the total weight of the membrane.
Method to manufacture a crosslinked anion exchange membrane involving treatment of a membrane comprising a terpolymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx, wherein Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group and Rx is at least ome group selected from Cl, OH and O-Rz, in a strong base (hydroxide-containing solution having a pH of at least 12) for at least 5 minutes to strengthen the membrane, decrease the membrane solubility, and create linkages that can be detected by analysis using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 43/00 - Amphoteric ion-exchange, i.e. using ion-exchangers having cationic and anionic groupsUse of material as amphoteric ion-exchangersTreatment of material for improving their amphoteric ion-exchange properties
s groups is greater than 15% of the total weight of the membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is a Helper Membrane that increases the faradaic efficiency of an electrochemical cell into which the membrane is incorporated, and also allows product formation at lower voltages than in cells without the Helper Membrane.
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
B01J 41/13 - Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
H01M 8/1023 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
C08L 39/04 - Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as ring member
B01J 31/02 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
C08F 226/06 - Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
2 produced via the water electrolyzer to a fuel. The system is also capable of simultaneously or alternatively producing a separate industrial chemical.
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
C10L 1/06 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
C25B 1/04 - Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
C25B 11/04 - ElectrodesManufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C10L 1/08 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
C07C 1/22 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms by reduction
C07C 29/154 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases characterised by the catalyst used containing copper, silver, gold, or compounds thereof
C07C 41/09 - Preparation of ethers by dehydration of compounds containing hydroxy groups
B01J 19/24 - Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
B01J 35/10 - Solids characterised by their surface properties or porosity
C25B 9/18 - Assemblies comprising a plurality of cells
C07C 29/151 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
B01J 35/00 - Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
B01J 23/80 - Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups with zinc, cadmium or mercury
B01J 37/34 - Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves
B01D 53/32 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group
B01J 31/02 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
A renewable fuel production system includes a carbon dioxide capture unit for extracting carbon dioxide from atmospheric air, a carbon dioxide electrolyzer for converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, a water electrolyzer for converting water to hydrogen, a synfuels generator for converting carbon monoxide produced by the carbon dioxide electrolyzer and hydrogen produced by the water electrolyzer to a fuel. The fuel produced can be synthetic gasoline and/or synthetic diesel. The system is also capable of simultaneously or alternatively producing a separate industrial chemical.
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
C25B 1/04 - Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 15/08 - Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytesRegeneration of electrolytes
C07C 29/151 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
C07C 1/20 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms
C10G 2/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
12.
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC USING OXYGEN DEPOLARIZED CATHODE
Methods and systems for the production of chlorine and caustic employ a hydroxide-stable anion exchange membrane located against the face of the oxygen depolarized cathode (ODC). The anion exchange membrane contains a polymer including one or more of a phosphonium, a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary ammonium, a guanidinium, or a positively charged cyclic amine.
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 1/46 - Simultaneous production of alkali metal hydroxides and chlorine, oxyacids or salts of chlorine, e.g. by chlor-alkali electrolysis in diaphragm cells
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
A catalyst layer for an electrochemical device comprises a catalytically active element and an ion conducting polymer. The ion conducting polymer comprises positively charged cyclic amine groups. The ion conducting polymer comprises at least one of an imidazolium, a pyridinium, a pyrazolium, a pyrrolidinium, a pyrrolium, a pyrimidium, a piperidinium, an indolium, a triazinium, and polymers thereof. The catalytically active element comprises at least one of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Al, Si, In, Tl, Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, U, Sm, Tb, La, Ce and Nd. In an electrolyzer comprising the present catalyst layer, the feed to the electrolyzer comprises at least one of CO2 and H2O.
Water electrolyzers employ base metal catalysts and an anion- conducting polymeric membrane comprising a polymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx. Rsis a positively charged cyclic amine group. Rxis at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of -CI, -OH, and a reaction product between an -OH or -CI and a species other than a simple amine or a cyclic amine.
Water electrolyzers employ base metal catalysts and an anion- conducting polymeric membrane comprising a polymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx. Rsis a positively charged cyclic amine group. Rxis at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of -CI, -OH, and a reaction product between an -OH or -CI and a species other than a simple amine or a cyclic amine.
A catalyst layer for an electrochemical device comprises a catalytically active element and an ion conducting polymer. The ion conducting polymer comprises positively charged cyclic amine groups. The ion conducting polymer comprises at least one of an imidazolium, a pyridinium, a pyrazolium, a pyrrolidinium, a pyrrolium, a pyrimidium, a piperidinium, an indolium, a triazinium, and polymers thereof. The catalytically active element comprises at least one of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Al, Si, In, Tl, Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, U, Sm, Tb, La, Ce and Nd. In an electrolyzer comprising the present catalyst layer, the feed to the electrolyzer comprises at least one of CO2 and H2O
An anion-conducting polymeric membrane comprises a terpolymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx. Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group. Rx is at least one constituent selected from the group consisting Cl, OH and a reaction product between an OH or CI and a species other than a simple amine or a cyclic amine. The total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Rx groups is greater than 0.3% of the total weight of the membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is a Helper Membrane that increases the faradaic efficiency of an electrochemical cell into which the membrane is incorporated, and also allows product formation at lower voltages than in cells without the Helper Membrane.
H01M 8/1027 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having carbon, oxygen and other atoms, e.g. sulfonated polyethersulfones [S-PES]
18.
ELECTROCATALYTIC PROCESS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERSION
An electrocatalytic process for carbon dioxide conversion includes combining a Catalytically Active Element and a Helper Polymer in the presence of carbon dioxide, allowing a reaction to proceed to produce a reaction product, and applying electrical energy to said reaction to achieve electrochemical conversion of said carbon dioxide reactant to said reaction product. The Catalytically Active Element can be a metal in the form of supported or unsupported particles or flakes with an average size between 0.6 nm and 100 nm. The reaction products comprise at least one of CO, HCO−, H2CO, (HCO2)−, H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO−, CH3COOH, C2H6, (COOH)2, (COO−)2, and CF3COOH.
B01D 53/32 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group
B01J 31/02 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
x is at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —OH, and a reaction product between an —OH or —Cl and a species other than a simple amine or a cyclic amine.
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 1/10 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals of hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water in diaphragm cells
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
x groups is greater than 0.3% of the total weight of the membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is a Helper Membrane that increases the faradaic efficiency of an electrochemical cell into which the membrane is incorporated, and also allows product formation at lower voltages than in cells without the Helper Membrane.
B29C 41/50 - Shaping under special conditions, e.g. vacuum
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 11/04 - ElectrodesManufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
H01M 8/1044 - Mixtures of polymers, of which at least one is ionically conductive
H01M 8/1023 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
C02F 1/461 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
C25B 1/10 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals of hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water in diaphragm cells
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
B01J 41/13 - Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
H01M 8/124 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
22.
Method and system for electrochemical production of formic acid from carbon dioxide
2, measured as the area of the cathode gas diffusion layer that is covered by catalyst, and formate ion selectivity is at least 50% at a cell potential difference of 3.0 V. In some embodiments, at least one polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a polymer in which a constituent monomer is (p-vinylbenzyl)-R, where R is selected from the group consisting of imidazoliums, pyridiniums and phosphoniums. In some embodiments, the polymer electrolyte membrane is a Helper Membrane comprising a polymer containing an imidazolium ligand, a pyridinium ligand, or a phosphonium ligand.
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
C25B 1/04 - Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
H01M 8/1023 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
H01M 8/1053 - Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends consisting of layers of polymers with at least one layer being ionically conductive
H01M 4/86 - Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
C25B 11/04 - ElectrodesManufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
B01J 31/02 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
C07C 45/00 - Preparation of compounds having C=O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atomsPreparation of chelates of such compounds
C25B 3/00 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds
H01M 8/0612 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
C02F 1/461 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
H01M 8/1023 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
H01M 8/1044 - Mixtures of polymers, of which at least one is ionically conductive
H01M 4/86 - Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
s. The composition can further comprise a polyolefin comprising substituted polyolefins, a polymer comprising cyclic amine groups, a polymer comprising at least one of a phenylene group and a phenyl group, a polyamide, and/or the reaction product of a constituent having two carbon-carbon double bonds. The composition can be in the form of a membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is a Helper Membrane that increases the faradaic efficiency of an electrochemical cell into which the membrane is incorporated, and also allows product formation at lower voltages than in cells without the Helper Membrane.
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
An electrochemical device converts CO2 into various products such as CO, HCO-, H2CO, (HCO2)-, H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO, CH3COOH, C2H6, (COOH)2, (COO-)2, H2C=CHCOOH, and CF3COOH. The device is made up of an anode, a cathode, and a Helper Membrane. In some embodiments, the device can also contain a catalytically active element. In some embodiments, the device is able to achieve a faradaic efficiency above 50% and CO2 conversion current density over 20 mA/cm2 at a cell voltage of 3.0 V. In some embodiments, the Helper Membrane comprises a polymer containing an imidazolium ligand, a pyridinium ligand, or a phosphonium ligand.
An electrochemical device converts CO2 into various products such as CO, HCO-, H2CO, (HCO2)-, H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO, CH3COOH, C2H6, (COOH)2, (COO-)2, H2C=CHCOOH, and CF3COOH. The device is made up of an anode, a cathode, and a Helper Membrane. In some embodiments, the device can also contain a catalytically active element. In some embodiments, the device is able to achieve a faradaic efficiency above 50% and CO2 conversion current density over 20 mA/cm2 at a cell voltage of 3.0 V. In some embodiments, the Helper Membrane comprises a polymer containing an imidazolium ligand, a pyridinium ligand, or a phosphonium ligand.
2, measured as the area of the cathode gas diffusion layer that is covered by catalyst, and CO selectivity is at least 50% at a cell potential of 3.0 V. In some embodiments, the polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a polymer in which a constituent monomer is (p-vinylbenzyl)-R, where R is selected from the group consisting of imidazoliums, pyridiniums and phosphoniums. In some embodiments, the polymer electrolyte membrane is a Helper Membrane comprising a polymer containing an imidazolium ligand, a pyridinium ligand, or a phosphonium ligand.
s. The composition can further comprise a polyolefin comprising substituted polyolefins, a polymer comprising cyclic amine groups, a polymer comprising at least one of a phenylene group and a phenyl group, a polyamide, and/or the reaction product of a constituent having two carbon-carbon double bonds. The composition can be in the form of a membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is a Helper Membrane that increases the faradaic efficiency of an electrochemical cell into which the membrane is incorporated, and also allows product formation at lower voltages than in cells without the Helper Membrane.
B01D 53/32 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group
B01J 31/02 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
01 - Chemical and biological materials for industrial, scientific and agricultural use
Goods & Services
Catalytic and ionic materials employed in electrochemical devices that convert precursor chemical materials to electricity and/or chemical end products, namely, ion conducting polymers, ionic polymer catalysts, polymer-carbon-metal composites, and ion conducting polymer membranes
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
Goods & Services
Chemical process equipment for the conversion of carbon dioxide to usable fuels, namely, electrolyzers, membrane electrode assemblies, automated process control system, namely, micro-processor based hardware and software used to monitor the status of industrial machinery, namely, turbines and generators
An environmentally beneficial process for the production of fuels and chemicals employs carbon dioxide from a natural source or from an artificial chemical source that would otherwise be discharged into the environment. The carbon dioxide is converted to formic acid and the formic acid is then non-biologically converted to fuels and/or chemicals without the intermediate process of hydrogenating the formic acid to methanol or reacting the formic acid with ammonia to form formamide. In the present process, formic acid is converted to one of seven primary feedstocks: formaldehyde, acrylic acid, methane, ethylene, propylene, syngas, and C5-C7 carbohydrates. The formaldehyde, acrylic acid, methane, ethylene, propylene, syngas and/or short chain carbohydrates can either be used directly, or can be converted into a wealth of other products.
C01B 3/22 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
C07C 1/22 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms by reduction
C07C 45/41 - Preparation of compounds having C=O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atomsPreparation of chelates of such compounds by hydrogenolysis or reduction of carboxylic groups or functional derivatives thereof
C07H 1/00 - Processes for the preparation of sugar derivatives
C07C 51/15 - Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides, or anhydrides by reaction of organic compounds with carbon dioxide, e.g. Kolbe-Schmitt synthesis
An environmentally beneficial process for the production of fuels and chemicals employs carbon dioxide from a natural source or from an artificial chemical source that would otherwise be discharged into the environment. The carbon dioxide is converted to formic acid and the formic acid is then non-biologically converted to fuels and/or chemicals without the intermediate process of hydrogenating the formic acid to methanol or reacting the formic acid with ammonia to form formamide. In the present process, formic acid is converted to one of seven primary feedstocks: formaldehyde, acrylic acid, methane, ethylene, propylene, syngas, and C5-C7 carbohydrates. The formaldehyde, acrylic acid, methane, ethylene, propylene, syngas and/or short chain carbohydrates can either be used directly, or can be converted into a wealth of other products.
C07C 45/41 - Preparation of compounds having C=O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atomsPreparation of chelates of such compounds by hydrogenolysis or reduction of carboxylic groups or functional derivatives thereof
C07C 51/15 - Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides, or anhydrides by reaction of organic compounds with carbon dioxide, e.g. Kolbe-Schmitt synthesis
Devices And Processes For The Electrolytc Reduction Of Carbon Dioxide And Carbon Dioxide Sensor Electrochemical Devices For Electrolytically Reducing Carbon Dioxide Include An Ionic Liquid Emim BF4 And A Component Of Ph 1.1 To 5.5. The Electrochemical Device Can Be A Co2 Sensor.
Electrochemical sensors for measuring an amount or concentration of CO2, typically using catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst, are disclosed. The catalysts may be used to increase the rate, modify the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These catalysts may be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO2. Chemical processes and devices using the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes that produce CO, OH-, HCO-, H2CO, (HCO2)-, H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO, CH3COOH, C2H6, O2, H2, (COOH)2, and (COO-)2.
Catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst can be used to increase the rate or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. The helper catalyst can simultaneously act as a director molecule, suppressing undesired reactions and thus increasing selectivity toward the desired reaction. These catalysts can be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 or formic acid. The catalysts can also suppress H2 evolution, permitting electrochemical cell operation at potentials below RHE. Chemical processes and devices using the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, OH", HCO", H2CO, (HCO2)", H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO", CH3COOH, C2H6, O2, H2, (COOH)2, or (COO")2, and a specific device, namely, a CO2 sensor.
Catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst can be used to increase the rate or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. The helper catalyst can simultaneously act as a director molecule, suppressing undesired reactions and thus increasing selectivity toward the desired reaction. These catalysts can be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 or formic acid. The catalysts can also suppress H2 evolution, permitting electrochemical cell operation at potentials below RHE. Chemical processes and devices using the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, OH", HCO", H2CO, (HCO2)", H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO", CH3COOH, C2H6, O2, H2, (COOH)2, or (COO")2, and a specific device, namely, a CO2 sensor.
Catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst are disclosed. The catalysts may be used to increase the rate, modify the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These catalysts may be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO2. Chemical processes and devices using the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, OH-, HCO-, H2CO, (HC02)-, H2C02, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO, CH3COOH, C2H6, O2, H2, (COOH)2, or (COO-)2, and a specific device, namely, a CO2 sensor.
Catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst are disclosed. The catalysts may be used to increase the rate, modify the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These catalysts may be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO2. Chemical processes and devices using the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, OH-, HCO-, H2CO, (HC02)-, H2C02, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO, CH3COOH, C2H6, O2, H2, (COOH)2, or (COO-)2, and a specific device, namely, a CO2 sensor.
