gg), which can be connected in series with the parallel circuit (PA) of the load branches (LZW) of the load (VER) and is intended to measure a current flowing through the parallel circuit (PA), and a detector (PD) for detecting a change in the current when the switching element (T1, T2,..., Tn) in a load branch (LZW) is switched on or off or on account of the switching element (T1, T2,..., Tn) in a load branch (LZW) being switched on or off. The apparatus also has an analysis unit (ANA) which is connected to the control unit (ANS) and to the detector (FD) and analyses the temporal correlation of a control signal for switching a switching element (T1, T2,..., Tn) in a load branch (LZW) on or off with the detection of the change in the current on account of the relevant switching element (T1, T2,..., Tn) being switched on and/or off and/or analyses the change in the current at a plurality of times of switching a relevant switching element (T1, T2,..., Tn) in a load branch (LZW) or the switching elements (T1, T2,..., Tn) in a plurality of load branches (LZW), and in particular in all load branches (LZW), on and/or off.
The invention relates to a circuit (IC) for controlling one or more ultrasonic transducers and/or one or more ultrasonic transmitters and/or one or more ultrasonic receivers. The circuit (IC) comprises various means for determining the application in which the ultrasonic transducer or the ultrasonic transmitter or the ultrasonic receiver is being used. The corresponding method is also claimed. The sensor can therefore determine, for example, whether the bus addresses are determined by means of connector coding or by means of a daisy-chain-like method.
The invention relates to a safety-related device for use in vehicles, comprising a microcomputer (µC), a micro-electronic circuit (IC), a first data bus interface (MSPI), a second data bus interface (SSPI), a safety unit (Safety-Agent) (SHE), a PSI5 sensor link (PSI5b), and a sensor signal simulation unit (SSSE) which can simulate a sensor (PSS). The safety unit (Safety-Agent) (SHE) is controlled via the first data interface (MSPI) by the microcomupter (µC). The sensor signal simulation unit (SSSE) and the sensor interface (PSI5B) and the switching between same via the second data interface (SSPI) is controlled via the microcomputer (µC).
B60R 21/017 - Electrical circuits for triggering safety arrangements in case of vehicle accidents or impending vehicle accidents including arrangements for providing electric power to the safety arrangements
6.
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE FOR A SAFETY-RELEVANT LOAD
The invention relates to control circuitry for the load voltage (VL) of a safety-relevant load (SL), which is sensitive to load voltage values of the load voltage (VL) outside a safe load voltage range. Said control circuitry comprises a seventh node (V7), a reference potential (PCB_GND), a dominant main control circuit, and a non-dominant emergency control circuit. The seventh node (V7) is part of the main control circuit, and not part of the emergency control circuit, and is connected to the safety-relevant load (SL). The safety-relevant load (SL) is connected to the reference potential (PCB_GND). The load voltage (VL) drops between the seventh node (V7) and the reference potential (PCB_GND). The main control circuit comprises the load voltage (VL) as a control parameter at at least one point of the control loop, whereas the emergency control circuit does not comprise said load voltage at any point of the control loop. In the event of an uninterrupted main control circuit, the load voltage (VL) depends on the load voltage (VL), and in the event of an interrupted main control circuit, does not depend on the load voltage (VL) but is controlled nevertheless.
B60R 21/017 - Electrical circuits for triggering safety arrangements in case of vehicle accidents or impending vehicle accidents including arrangements for providing electric power to the safety arrangements
The method for identifying bus nodes in a bus system makes it possible to operate bus slaves (BS2 - BS8) of two different types in a mixed system. The detection of which bus slave (BS2 - BS8) has not yet been allocated an address in an addressing phase takes place differently on the basis of the type of bus slave (BS2 - BS8). In all cases, however, the bus slave (BS2 - BS8) connected to the bus line (14) at the greatest distance from the bus master (12) is always identified as that bus slave (BS2 - BS8) to which an address is supposed to be allocated.
The invention relates to a method for generating a short light pulse and to a light source (1) for generating light pulses with a short pulse duration, in particular for use in a vehicle, said light source comprising a light-emitting diode (3) for generating light pulses and a push-pull circuit (2) for controlling and supplying energy to the light-emitting diode (3), wherein: the light-emitting diode (3) has a first connection (10), which is connected to an output port (20) of the push-pull circuit (2), and a second connection (12); the push-pull circuit (2) can be switched into a first state in which positive electrical energy from a first supply line (42) is present at an output port (20) of the push-pull circuit (2) and the light-emitting diode (3) emits electromagnetic radiation, and can be switched into a second state in which negative electrical energy from the second supply line (44) is present at the output port (20); and the value of the difference between the potential of a mid-potential line (14) at the second connection (12) of the light-emitting diode (3) and the potential of the first supply line (42) is smaller than the value of the difference between the potential of the mid-potential line (14) and the potential of the second supply line (44).
The invention relates to an apparatus for actuating bus nodes (BK1 to BKn) by means of a differential communication bus (DB) having a bus master (ECU), wherein the serial, bidirectional differential communication bus (DB) has a first single-wire bus (DBa) and a second single-wire bus (DBb). Each bus node (BKA) has a differential interface (IFj), an address detection unit (ADRj), and a bus node address register (BKADRj). The communication bus (DB) can be found at least in a first differential logic state (z1) and a second differential logic state (z2). The interface (IFj) is in each case connected to the communication bus (DB), in order to transmit data via the latter and/or to receive data from the latter. The bus master (ECU) transmits data to be transmitted thereby as bit sequences in bitstream packets (frames, BP). The frames (BP) transmitted by the bus master (ECU) have data information (DATA). The data information (DATA) comprises address information (ADRD) and useful information (INFO), wherein the address detection units (ADR1 to ADRn) evaluate the address information (ADRD) from the frames (BP) and only then permit use of the contained useful information (INFO) by the bus nodes (BKj) if the content of the address information (ADRD) corresponds to the content of the bus note address register (BKADRj). The bus nodes (BKj) have means to carry out an auto addressing method in order to fill the bus node address register (BKADRj) with a logical bus node address which corresponds to the physical position of this bus node (BKj) from the n bus nodes (BK1 to BKn) within the differential two-wire communication bus (DB). An item of file synchronization information is concomitantly transmitted. The addressing mode is started by a signal from the bus master (ECU).
The invention relates to a self-testing measuring system (SS) which can have at least three modes, an operating mode and at least two test modes. In a third test mode, a digital signal producing unit (DSO) stimulates the digital input circuit (DSI) directly by means of test signals, thereby allowing this signal string to be tested. In a second test mode, the digital signal producing unit (DSO) stimulates the analogous signal string (DR, AS) and the digital input circuit (DSI) by means of test signals, thereby allowing this signal string to be tested. In a first test mode, the digital signal producing unit (DSO) stimulates the analogous signal string (DR, AS), the measuring unit (TR) (typically an ultrasound transducer) and the digital input circuit (DSI) by means of test signals, thereby allowing this signal string to be tested and being monitored for parameter compliance, in particular signal amplitudes. In the operating mode, the digital signal producing unit (DSO) stimulates the analogous signal string (DR, AS), the measuring unit (TR) (typically an ultrasound transducer) and the digital input circuit (DSI) by means of output signals, thereby allowing the signal string to be monitored for parameter compliance, in particular signal amplitudes.
In the method for detecting at least one object in the environment of a vehicle, based on the receiving of ultrasonic signals emitted by a transmitter and reflected by the object, at least one ultrasonic transmitter and an associated ultrasonic receiver are provided. The ultrasonic transmitter emits an ultrasonic output signal. The ultrasonic receiver receives an ultrasonic receive signal. The ultrasonic receive signal is correlated with the ultrasonic output signal and a correlation factor is determined. Based on the size of the correlation factor, it is determined whether the ultrasonic receive signal is an interfering signal or an ultrasonic output signal that has been emitted by another ultrasonic transmitter that is not associated with the ultrasonic receiver, or an ultrasonic output signal of another ultrasonic transmitter that is not associated with the ultrasonic receiver reflected on an object, or an ultrasonic output signal of the ultrasonic transmitter associated with the ultrasonic receiver reflected on an object.
The invention relates to a device for measuring the capacitance value of a capacitance (Cvar) to be measured. Said device comprises a first sinusoidal oscillator, the measurement oscillator (QMEAS), and a second sinusoidal oscillator, the reference oscillator (QREF). The frequency (fMEAS) of the output signal (SMEAS) of the measurement oscillator (QMEAS), also referred to as the measurement frequency (fMEAS) below, depends on the capacitance (Cvar) to be measured. The frequency (fREF) of the output signal (SREF) of the reference oscillator (QREF), also referred to as the reference frequency (fREF) below, depends on a reference capacitance (Cref). The device comprises a sub-device, which forms the ratio of the frequency value of the frequency (fREF) of the output signal (SREF) of the reference oscillator (QREF) and the frequency value of the frequency (fMEAS) of the output signal (SMEAS) of the measurement oscillator (QMEAS) and then squares said ratio in order to provide the result of this squaring as a measurement value (Out).
G01R 27/26 - Measuring inductance or capacitanceMeasuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance methodMeasuring loss factorMeasuring dielectric constants
14.
METHOD FOR TRANSMITTING DATA VIA A VEHICLE DATA BUS FROM AN ULTRASONIC SYSTEM TO A DATA PROCESSING DEVICE
The invention relates to a method for transmitting data via a vehicle data bus from an ultrasonic system, which comprises at least one ultrasonic transmitter and an ultrasonic receiver, to a data processing device, wherein predetermined signal profile characteristics are extracted from the echo signal received by the at least one ultrasonic receiver of the ultrasonic system. Echo signal data, which represent signal profile characteristics extracted from the echo signal, is created. Said echo signal data is transmitted from the ultrasonic system via the vehicle data bus to the data processing device.
G01S 7/00 - Details of systems according to groups , ,
G01S 7/52 - Details of systems according to groups , , of systems according to group
G01S 7/539 - Details of systems according to groups , , of systems according to group using analysis of echo signal for target characterisationTarget signatureTarget cross-section
G01S 13/86 - Combinations of radar systems with non-radar systems, e.g. sonar, direction finder
15.
CONCATENATED TWO-WIRE DATA BUS CONSISTING OF TWO SINGLE-WIRE DATA BUSES, EACH WITH A PLURALITY OF DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS FOR TRANSMITTING ILLUMINATION DATA ON THE BASIS OF THE JTAG PROTOCOL
The invention relates to a light module and the matching housing (GH) for a bus node (BSn) in the form of an integrated circuit. The light module is provided to be used in a data bus system for transmitting illumination data for light-emitting means (LED1, LED2, LED3) by means of a differential two-wire data bus (b1, b2, b3), the differential two-wire data bus (b1, b2, b3) being an essential component of the light module concept. The two-wire data bus (b1, b2, b3) is designed to transmit data between a bus master (BM) and at least two bus nodes (BS1, BS2, BS3). The two-wire data bus (b1, b2, b3) is divided by the bus nodes (BS1, BS2, BS3) into at least two two-wire data bus sections (b1, b2, b3). The bus nodes (BS2, BS3) are provided to be connected to a preceding bus node (BS1, BS2) of the bus nodes (BS1, BS2, BS3) or the bus master (BM) by a preceding two-wire data bus section (b2, b3) of the two-wire data bus sections (b1, b2, b3). The housing (GH) of the bus node (BSn) comprises at least two rows of connections, a first row of connections (GND, b1a, b1b, Vbat) and a second row of connections (GND, b2a, b2b, Vbat). At least these at least two rows of connections are arranged opposite each other on the housing (GH). Each of the rows of connections comprises one connection (GND) for the negative supply voltage and preferably one connection (Vbat) for the positive supply voltage, which are arranged in each row of connections such that they can be connected according to their function in pairs without intersection. The in each case two connections (b1a, b1b) for the respective two-wire data bus sections (b1, b2) are arranged between the connections for the supply voltages in in each case one row of connections. A light-emitting means (LED1, LED2, LED3) is arranged in a recess (ASP) of the housing.
F21S 4/24 - Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources with light sources held by or within elongate supports flexible or deformable, e.g. into a curved shape of ribbon or tape form, e.g. LED tapes
Pressure sensors and associated structures that may have reduced light sensitivity. An example may provide structures reducing light at a component on a membrane of a pressure sensor.
The invention relates to a device for supplying at least two LED chains (L1,L2,L3) with electricity and the possibility of detecting and then signalling a break in the current path through the LED chains. If an LED within a first LED chain is short-circuited, a sub-device is used to detect and/or subsequently signal a break in the current path within another LED chain of these at least two LED chains. The associated method for detecting the failure of an individual LED in a lighting device having at least two LED chains (L1,L2,L3) therefore comprises the steps: detecting a short circuit of an individual LED in a first LED chain by means of a first detection means (e.g. first transistor T1 and first diode D1 in conjunction with first resistor R1) and detecting the break caused thereby in the current flow through at least one other LED chain by means of a breaking means (e.g. transistor T2), and subsequently detecting this break in the current flow through the other LED chain by means of the break detection system already existing as required.
The invention relates to a watchdog for monitoring a processor (PC). The watchdog (WDG) sends messages (MSG) to the processor (PC) which subsequently sends back its own status information and optionally the status information of system components (SC) and the test results thereof at pre-determined times as answers (ANS) to the watchdog (WDG). The watchdog (WDG) comprises at least one event store (ES) in the form of, e.g. a shift register (SR) in which the watchdog (WDG) records the history of the answers (ANS) and examines samples in erroneous answers. The recording is generated by a trigger event which can be the reception of individual answers and/or the end of scheduled reception periods. According to the samples, signallings are carried out on the processor and/or other system components, which optionally introduce measures and adapt their structure and/or the implemented programmes and/or the priority of said implementations.
G06F 11/07 - Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
F02D 41/22 - Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions
F02D 41/26 - Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using computer, e.g. microprocessor
F02D 41/24 - Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
The apparatus for actuating electrical and/or electronic components of a motor vehicle model, in particular an interior light and/or exterior light, such as e.g. a tail light module of a motor vehicle, is provided with a differential two-wire communication bus (14) and multiple components (18-28) connected to the two-wire communication bus (14). Further, the apparatus has an actuating unit (12) that receives control commands for the components (18-28) externally and converts these control commands into bit streams to be sent to the components (18-28) via the two-wire communication bus (14) and receives bit streams generated by the components (18-28). Each component (18-28) has an asynchronous digital serial interface (30), a microcontroller and a clock generator (32) for sampling bit streams sent via the two-wire communication bus (14). At least the bit streams sent by the actuating unit (12) have synchronisation bits for synchronising the clock generators (32) of the components (18-28) to the timing with which the actuating unit (12) sends the bits of the bit streams via the two-wire communication bus (14).
The invention relates to an ultrasonic measuring system (10), in particular for measuring distance and/or as a parking aid in vehicles, having an electroacoustic ultrasonic transducer (12) which has a vibrating element (14), does not have a voltage converter, can be alternately operated as an ultrasonic transmitter and an ultrasonic receiver and has a signal connection (16), which is used either as an input or as an output of the ultrasonic transducer (12), and an earth connection (18) which is connected to earth, and a control and evaluation unit (20) for exciting the vibrating element (14) of the ultrasonic transducer (12) to emit ultrasonic waves for operating the ultrasonic transducer (12) during a transmission interval for the purpose of subsequently deactivating the excitation of the vibrating element (14) and attenuating the latter during a decay phase and for receiving and processing ultrasonic waves in a reception interval. The control and evaluation unit (20) has a bridge circuit (28) which is connected to a DC supply voltage (80) and has controllable switches (30 to 40) and a charge storage capacitance (42), the polarity of which can be reversed and which is intended to alternately output a positive and a negative excitation voltage for the signal connection (16) of the ultrasonic transducer (12) during the transmission interval. The control and evaluation unit (20) outputs a voltage pulse of substantially 0 V at the end of the transmission interval for the signal connection (16) of the ultrasonic transducer (12).
Data transmission method (d) for a two-wire data bus (Z) from a transmitter (S) having ports (A1, A2) to a receiver (E) having ports (A3, A4). The method comprises the steps of: detecting a first common-mode voltage swing on the ports (A1, A2) and forming a first common-mode signal (k1). Detecting a second common-mode voltage swing on the ports (A3, A4) and forming a second common-mode signal (k2). The transmitter (S) sending data via the two-wire data bus (Z). The receiver (E) receiving the data. The voltage difference on the ports (A3, A4) being compared with a lower and an upper reception threshold (SW4, SW5), wherein an output (0) of an apparatus element (CMP2) assumes a first or second level on the basis of this comparison. Raising the differential send level if the absolute value of the first common-mode signal (k1) is greater than a first threshold value (SW1). Raising the upper reception threshold (SW5) and/or lowering the lower reception threshold (SW4) if the absolute value of the second common-mode signal (k2) is greater than a second threshold value (SW2). The method allows the transmission of a datum from the transmitter (S) to the receiver (E). On the basis of the result of the comparison of the absolute value of the detected first common-mode signal (k1) with a first threshold value (SW1), the upper reception threshold (SW5) is raised and/or the lower reception threshold (SW4) is lowered whenever this absolute value of the first common-mode signal (k1) is greater than this first threshold value (SW1).
The JTAG interface of a bus node (BS1, BS2, BS3) for controlling at least one actuation device of at least one lighting means using a bus node (BS1, BS2, BS3) of a lighting chain comprises at least one illumination register (ILR) as a data register (DR) of the JTAG interface, wherein the actuation of the lighting means using the bus nodes (BS1, BS2, BS3) depends at least temporarily on the at least temporary content of the illumination register. The JTAG interface is characterized in that the test controller (TAPC) comprises a state diagram according to the IEEE 1149 standard and in particular one or more of the sub-standards IEEE 1149.1 to IEEE 1149.8 and the developments thereof.
The oscillating system of the invention consists of a mounting element (6e) as an oscillating member, and one piezoelectric oscillating element (2) per mounting element (6e) to initiate the oscillation of the oscillating member. Said oscillating system is to be used in an ultrasonic transducer (TR). The oscillating element (2) is mechanically connected to the mounting element (6e) in the form of a glued connection by means of an adhesive. The oscillating system consisting of the mounting element (6e) and the oscillating element (2) is mechanically connected to a housing (1, 1a, 1c) of an ultrasonic transducer (TR) by means of en elastic adhesive (3). The shortest connecting line (L) between the center of gravity of the oscillating element (2) and the housing (1) intersects the elastic adhesive (3). Unlike in the prior art, the oscillating system consisting of the mounting element (6e) and the oscillating element (2) has at least two or more different mechanical resonant frequencies when the oscillating element (2) is triggered by a triggering circuit, at least one of said resonant frequencies being different from the three prior art natural frequencies of the piezoelectric oscillating element (2) and the frequencies of the corresponding harmonics, the natural frequencies being natural frequencies of the oscillating element (2) without the mounted mounting element (6e). The mounting element (6e) has at least one opening (9b) and/or recess and/or depression and/or protuberance. An example of a protuberance is an acoustic stub (10) which can be acoustically terminated or shorted by an additional adhesive (3b). The ratio of the magnitude of the second resonant frequency to the magnitude of the first resonant frequency depends on the diameter or the position of the opening (9b) and/or the recess and/or the depression and/or on the length of the protuberance (10) on the mounting element (6e).
B06B 1/02 - Processes or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
B06B 1/06 - Processes or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
B06B 1/10 - Processes or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic frequency making use of mechanical energy
Pressure sensors and their methods of manufacturing, where the pressure sensors have a small, thin form factor and may include features designed to improve manufacturability and where the method of manufacturing may improve yield and reduce overall costs. A pressure sensor comprises - a membrane (122) formed on a top surface of a handle portion of the pressure sensor - a base portion opposite the handle portion, the base portion wider and thicker than the handle portion - a plurality of bond pads formed on a top surface of the base portion - a device identifier (114) on a top surface of the pressure sensor - a blocking structure (116) on the top surface of the pressure sensor between the plurality of bond pads and the device identifier.
G01L 19/00 - Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
The invention relates to a method for controlling a brushless electric motor that comprises a rotor able to rotate about a rotor axis, a stator having at least two, preferably three, stator coils (L1, L2, L3) arranged at an offset to one another, and an angle measurement device (W) for determining the current rotational position of the rotor in its rotation. In said method, the current rotational position of the rotor is continuously measured, at least intermittently, by the angle measurement device (W) which supplies an angle measurement signal. The at least two stator coils (L1, L2, L3) are energised with one coil current each, in order to generate a magnetic rotational field. A BEMF signal (BEMF1, BEMF2, BEMF3) representing the induced BEMF voltage is generated for at least one of the stator coils (L1, L2, L3). The angle measurement signal of the angle measurement device (W) is corrected on the basis of the BEMF signal (BEMF1, BEMF2, BEMF3) for the at least one stator coil (L1, L2, L3). The energising of the at least two stator coils (L1, L2, L3) is controlled on the basis of the corrected angle measurement signal of said angle measurement device (W).
The invention relates to an SC amplifier circuit (10) which is used to amplify an input voltage of a measurement signal source present at an input by an amplification factor and to output the amplified input voltage at an output during a switching cycle, which comprises at least one charging interval for charging an input capacitor (Cs) and at least one discharging interval for discharging the input capacitor (Cs). The SC amplifier circuit has a circuit input connection (12) for the input voltage to be amplified, which input voltage is supplied by the measurement signal source, and has an amplifier (22) having an amplifier input connection (20) and an amplifier output connection. The input capacitor (Cs) is connected to the amplifier input connection (20) and can be connected to the circuit input connection (12) in the discharging interval and decoupled from the circuit input connection in the discharging interval. Furthermore, the SC amplifier circuit (10) has a feedback network (26), which is connected between the amplifier output connection (24) and the amplifier input connection (20), and a recharging source (28) for providing a charging current for charging the input capacitor (Cs), wherein the recharging source (28) charges the input capacitor (Cs) in the charging interval and is deactivated with regard to charging of the input capacitor (Cs) in the discharging interval.
The invention relates to a flash memory cell, which can be written to and erased by applying programming and erasing voltages and can be read out by applying a reading voltage. Said flash memory cell has a semiconductor substrate (16), in the top side (22) of which drain and source connection regions (24, 26) spaced apart from each other are introduced. Furthermore, the flash memory cell has a gate insulation layer. The flash memory cell is also provided with a storage element (34) for electric charge. The storage element (34) is positioned in a non-central manner between the drain and source connection regions (24, 26) and at respective lateral distances therefrom. The flash memory cell has a control-transistor gate electrode (32) for producing a selectively electrically conductive or blocking channel below the control-transistor gate electrode (32), which control-transistor gate electrode bridges the gate insulation layer (30) and surrounds the storage element (34) on all sides and is electrically insulated from the storage element by a dielectric (44, 48), wherein the top side (22) of the semiconductor substrate (16) has a lateral dopant profile below the gate insulation layer (30) in a region between the drain and the source connection region (24, 26), which lateral dopant profile comprises a dopant of a first conduction type in the region under the storage element (34) in order to set a first threshold voltage that lies in the range of the read-out voltage and comprises the first dopant (52) and a second compensation dopant (56) of a second conduction type opposite the first conduction type in the region under the control-transistor gate electrode (32) in order to set a second threshold voltage that is lower than the first threshold voltage.
Structures and methods of protecting membranes on pressure sensors. One example may provide a pressure sensor having a backside cavity defining a frame and under a membrane formed in a device layer. The pressure sensor may further include a cap joined to the device layer by a bonding layer. A recess for a reference cavity may be formed in one or more of the cap, bonding layer, and membrane or other device layer portion. The recess may have a width that is narrower than a width of the backside cavity in at least one direction. In other examples, the recess may be shaped such that it has an outer edge that is within an outer edge of the backside cavity. This may reinforce a junction of the device layer and frame. The recess may define an active membrane spaced away from the device layer and backside cavity junction.
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
29.
METHOD FOR OBTAINING AN INDICATION, IN PARTICULAR A STARTING INDICATION OF A POSSIBLE FAULTY LOAD CONDITION OF A MULTI-PHASE ELECTRIC MOTOR
According to the invention, the electric motor is electrically commutated with the aid of circuitry, in which the phase current experiences a zero crossing at certain time points per motor phase. Owing to the inductive load portion, the time of said zero crossing of a phase current occurs at different times to the time of the zero crossing that would arise with purely ohmic loads. Without a faulty load condition, the time of said zero crossing is within an expected value range (e.g., expected time window) which can be determined by the circuitry, the ambient conditions and by diverse motor parameters. According to the method, during occurrence of the high-side and/or low-side phase connection predetermined in the circuitry, it is determined whether and when the current through the switched-on high-side or low-side switch becomes greater or smaller than a predeterminable threshold, in a particular case in the vicinity of the zero crossing, wherein said time measurement can extend in the case of a PWM control, if required, over one or more PWM cycles.
To convert an analogue signal (TP[i]), such as a voltage read signal from a radiation detector, analogue signals (TP[i]) of different size are successively applied to the input of a delta/sigma converter, it being assumed that the analogue signals (TP[i]) each remain essentially unchanged for the duration of the relevant read intervals. A single-bit analogue/digital converter in the form of a quantizer (CMP) with a regulator (ADCFB) connected in series therewith is used to generate a multibit digital signal (SB). To produce an analogue return signal (S8), this multibit digital signal is converted back into an analogue signal. The difference between the analogue signal (TP[i]) to be converted and the analogue return signal (S8) is subjected to low-pass filtering. The regulator (ADCFB) can operate in either of two modes. In a first mode of operation, it corrects target value/actual value discrepancies faster than in its second mode of operation. At the beginning of a read interval, the regulator (ADCFB) operates in the first mode of operation; it then operates in the second mode of operation for the remainder of the read interval.
The invention relates to a method for producing a micro-electromechanical device in a material substrate suitable for producing integrated electronic components, in particular a semiconductor substrate, wherein a material substrate (12,14,16) is provided on which at least one surface structure (26) is to be formed during production of the device. An electronic component (30) is formed in the material substrate (12,14,16) using process steps of a conventional method for producing integrated electronic components. A component element (44) defining the position of the electronic component (30) and/or required for the function of the electronic component (30) is selectively formed on the material substrate (12,14,16) from an etching stop material acting as an etching stop in case of etching of the material substrate (12,14,16) and/or in case of etching of a material layer (52) disposed on the material substrate (12,14,16). When the component element (44) of the electronic component (30) is implemented, a bounding region (48) is also formed on the material substrate (12,14,16) along at least a partial section of an edge of the surface structure (26), wherein said bounding region bounds said partial section. The material substrate (12,14, 16) thus implemented is selectively etched for forming the surface structure (26), in that the edge of the bounding region (48) defines the position of the surface structure (26) to be implemented on the material substrate (12, 14,16).
H01L 29/84 - Types of semiconductor device controllable by variation of applied mechanical force, e.g. of pressure
G01L 1/16 - Measuring force or stress, in general using properties of piezoelectric devices
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
H01L 27/20 - Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including magnetostrictive components
The invention relates to a method for processing an echo signal of an ultrasonic transducer upon reception of an ultrasound signal, said method having the following steps: - forming the time derivative of the curve of the echo signal (16) over time in order to produce a derivative signal (20), - filtering the derivative signal (20) by setting negative or positive portions of the curve of the derivative signal (20) to zero in order to form a unipolar derivative signal (26) and - multiplying the echo signal (16) with the unipolar derivative signal (26) in order to produce a multiplication signal (30).
B81B 7/02 - Microstructural systems containing distinct electrical or optical devices of particular relevance for their function, e.g. microelectro-mechanical systems [MEMS]
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
B81B 3/00 - Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
a,200), each of the ends of the channel region located in the longitudinal extension is followed by a contacting region (79, 80) made of a semiconductor material of a second conductivity type. The channel region is covered by an ion implantation masking material (81), which comprises transverse edges defining the length (L) of the channel region and longitudinal edges defining the width (B) of the channel region and which comprises an edge recess (201,202) at each of the opposing transverse edges aligned with the longitudinal extension ends of the channel region, the contacting regions (79,80) that adjoin the channel region extending all the way into said edge recess.
B81B 7/02 - Microstructural systems containing distinct electrical or optical devices of particular relevance for their function, e.g. microelectro-mechanical systems [MEMS]
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
B81B 3/00 - Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
The invention relates to a method for generating a sequence of binary code words of a multi-bit code for a control signal, wherein in the method, a multi-bit code having a plurality of binary code words each having the same number of n bits, is provided with n ᡶ 1, which can be sub-divided into at least two code classes of code words, wherein at least one code class has a plurality of code words having the same number of one bits, and the number of one bits of the code words of the code classes varies from code class to code class. The control signal is generated as a sequence of the code words of a code class, wherein the code words of said code class are randomly, or quasi randomly controlled in the control signal, or sequentially in randomly varying or deterministically varying order, wherein from the number of code words of a code class, a subset of code words comprising at least two code words is selected, and wherein the code words of said subset are utilized for generating the control signal.
The invention relates to an illuminating device comprising a plurality of illumination means, in particular in the form of LEDS, in a plurality of colors, and drivers for operating the plurality of LEDs. The invention further relates to a plurality of switches and/or controllers that are interconnected with the plurality of LEDS in an electric circuit and that correspond to the respective current paths, which switches and/or controllers are part of the drivers, and an associated control (101) for aperiodically and independently opening and closing said switches or controllers. The control (101) can thereby comprise a variable bus address in order to identify a respective portion of an allocated input data flow, and in order to react thereto. The control unit (101) thereby generates a plurality of actuation signals (102, 103, 104). Each actuation signal (102, 103, 104) corresponds to a respective color of the various colors of the plurality of LEDs (106, 107, 108, R, G. B). The logical state of each of the actuation signals (102, 103, 104) is thereby determined by opening and closing one of the switches or the controllers corresponding to the respective logical state of an actuation signal. The frequency spectrum of the magnitude of the frequency of the respective actuation signal (102, 103, 104) and/or of the respective actuation signal is thereby band-limited. A data flow portion of the data stream on a data bus (EBUS, 109) or within a radio-assisted data stream thereby comprises data for determining the respective filling factor of the respective actuation signal (102, 103, 104) and/or of the respective actuation signal for the respective varicolored LED.
The invention relates to a device for operating a passive infrared detector (PIR). The passive infrared detector (PIR) is discharged by means of a discharging network (RG) during charging and preferably not during the measurement. The discharging network (RG) and the infrared detector (PIR) are connected to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which converts the signal of the infrared detector into a digital signal on the output bus T at least at times. The output (T) of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is connected to a subsequent digital filter (DF). The bus bandwidth of the output (Out) of the digital filter (DF) is typically greater than the bus bandwidth of the output (T) of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
G08B 13/191 - Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelengthActuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems using pyroelectric sensor means
The apparatus for supplying at least one consumer with electrical energy or for providing electrical power for at least one consumer from an on-board motor vehicle electrical system is provided with a control circuit (10), which is designed as an IC and has an input (1) by means of which electrical energy can be supplied to the control circuit (10) from the on-board motor vehicle electrical system, and having at least a first output (3) and a second output (4), wherein a consumer (11) can be supplied with electrical energy from the on-board motor vehicle electrical system by the control circuit (10) by means of each of said two outputs (3, 4), or the control circuit (10) can provide electrical power for a consumer (11) by means of said outputs, at least one external resistor (R3, R4, R8), which is arranged outside the IC, for emitting potential lost electrical power outside the IC, wherein firstly the external resistor (R3, R4, R8) is connected to the second output (4) of the control circuit (10), and secondly the consumer (11) can be connected to the external resistor (R3, R4, R8). The setpoint value for the electrical power of the consumer (11), which electrical power can be controlled by the control circuit (10), can be prespecified. Dividing the electrical energy for the consumer (11) or the electrical power which is provided for said consumer between the at least two outputs (R3, R4) of the control circuit (10) can be controlled by said control circuit depending on at least one division parameter (Vp). Said division parameter can be supplied to the control circuit (10) or determined in the control circuit (10).
The method is used to calibrate an apparatus for measuring an optical signal transmission path, in particular for detecting an object and/or for detecting a movement and/or a direction of movement of an object. In this case, the apparatus is provided with at least one measurement transmitter (H1,H2,H3) for transmitting an optical measurement signal, at least one compensation transmitter (K) for transmitting a compensation signal in phase opposition with the optical signal from the at least one measurement transmitter (H1,H2,H3), and at least one receiver (D) for alternately receiving the optical signal from the at least one measurement transmitter (H1,H2,H3) and the optical compensation signal from the at least one compensation transmitter (K). During the method, when the measurement transmitter (H1,H2,H3) is deactivated, the at least one compensation transmitter (K) transmits a compensation signal, while the at least one receiver (D) receives this compensation signal. The amplitude of the compensation signal is set in such a manner that an electrical measurement signal having an amplitude above the amplitude of signal noise produced by the at least one receiver (D) and/or a drive- and evaluation unit (17) is established. Furthermore, an offset signal which is in phase opposition with the compensation signal and is therefore in phase with the measurement transmission signal and has an amplitude equal to the amplitude of the signal caused by the compensation signal from the compensation transmitter (K) in the signal path downstream of the at least one receiver (D) is provided.
The invention relates to a device for measuring an optical transmission path, comprising at least one measurement transmitter (H1, H2, H3) for transmitting an optical measurement signal, at least one receiver (D) for receiving an optical signal, and an actuating and analyzing unit (17) which is connected to the at least one measurement transmitter (H1, H2, H3) and to the at least one receiver (D), actuates the at least one measurement transmitter (H1, H2, H3), and processes and analyses the optical signal received by the at least one receiver (D) as an electric measurement signal. The actuating and analyzing unit (17) has at least one measurement amplifier (18, 19) which has an admissible input signal amplitude nominal range or nominal level that can be adjusted in particular and which is neither overdriven nor underdriven in the event of an input signal with an amplitude within the nominal range or equal to the nominal level. The actuating and analyzing unit (17) further has a detector for detecting an overdrive and/or underdrive and/or for detecting a non-overdrive and/or -underdrive state of the at least one measurement amplifier (18, 19). The quality or performance of the measurement signal is analyzed using the detector and/or the detection signals output by the detector in a monitored manner during a monitoring phase.
The radiation interference-compensated device for measuring an optical signal transmission path is provided with at least one measurement transmitter (H1, H2, H3) and at least one receiver (D) which is exposed to a radiation interference from the surrounding area for example. The device further has an actuating and analyzing unit (17) for actuating the at least one transmitter (H1, H2, H3) and the at least one receiver (D) for the purpose of transmitting or receiving an optical signal during a measurement phase (C) of a measurement interval and for analyzing the received optical measurement signal by processing an electric signal which is present at a first circuit node (61, 62) electrically coupled to the at least one receiver (D). A first radiation interference compensation unit (26, 27, 28, 29), which has a variable internal resistance, is coupled to the at least one first circuit node (61, 62) in order to electrically bias the at least one receiver (D) by providing a first compensation current with a level substantially equaling the level of an interference signal generated as a result of the radiation interference from the at least one receiver (D). The actuating and analyzing unit (17) sets the internal resistance of the at least one first radiation interference compensation unit (26, 27, 28, 29) to a lower first resistance value during a first preparation phase (A) prior to the measurement phase (C) of a measurement interval and to a higher second resistance value during the measurement phase (C).
The invention relates to a circuit for the energy supplying of a sequential circuit of typically non-linear loads by means of a current source (1). The load according to the invention is preferably a series circuit of LEDs (4, 10). Said current-operated load, preferably a LED series circuit (4, 10), consisting of one to N elements is partially short-circuited (3, 9) and thus dimmed.
The invention describes a method for measuring the distance between a sensor system and an object using ultrasound, wherein a transmitter emits a first ultrasonic burst and a second ultrasonic burst. Each of the ultrasonic bursts has coding. The emitted signals are reflected at an object. The reflected ultrasonic bursts are received by a receiver. An analysis unit evaluates the receiver output signal and outputs a data item corresponding to the distance. The special feature is that these two ultrasonic bursts differ in terms of the coding thereof and the first ultrasonic burst is coded in such a manner that the signal thereof, in the event of an overreach into the temporal measurement range of the second ultrasonic burst, correlates so little with the signal of this second ultrasonic burst that the correlation result is below a predefinable threshold value. In this case, this threshold value should be below 10% of the correlation result, with the result that the signal of the second ultrasonic burst is correlated with the reflection signal of the second ultrasonic burst. In this case, it is assumed that the reflection was caused by a minimal reflector (object) to be detected according to the application. The properties of this object are therefore application-specific. The second ultrasonic burst is expediently coded in such a manner that a Doppler shift caused by an object movement within a predefined object speed range results in a measurement error in the distance below a predefinable maximum measurement error limit. This measuring limit is generally likewise selected to be application-specific.
G01S 15/32 - Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
G01S 15/93 - Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
G01S 15/10 - Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves
Van Lierop, Hendrikus Wilhelmus Leonardus Antonius Maria
Suijlen, Matthijs Alexander Gerard
Abstract
b) extends from the second end-portion (53) in mutually opposite directions away from the rotation axis. Reinforcement beams of said first pair extend towards respective ones of said second pair.
G02B 26/08 - Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
The method for measurement by means of ultrasound, particularly as a parking aid for vehicles, involves an electro-acoustic ultrasonic transducer (12), which has an oscillating element (14) and is operated without a voltage converter (54, 56) at its input, being actuated with an, in particular pulse-train, actuation signal for the duration of a transmission interval in order to produce ultrasound waves. When the actuation of the ultrasonic transducer (12) is terminated, the transmission interval is followed by a reception interval, with the oscillating element (14) of the ultrasonic transducer (12) swinging out during a decay phase that begins with termination of the transmission interval. The ultrasonic transducer (12) is connected up to at least one damping resistor (50) no later than from the beginning of the decay phase in order to shorten the latter. The connection between the ultrasonic transducer (12) and the damping resistor (50) is terminated when the output signal from the ultrasonic transducer (12) or the output signal from a measuring amplifier (58) connected to the ultrasonic transducer (12) or from a circuit (70) downstream of said measuring amplifier is below a prescribable deactivation threshold. During the reception interval, it is then possible for at least one echo from an ultrasound wave emitted in the preceding transmission interval or another ultrasound wave to be detected. The ultrasonic transducer (12) is connected up to the damping resistor (50) only when the transmission interval is terminated and/or when the reception interval begins.
The invention relates to a Halios system for measuring an optical transmission path. In contrast to other Halios-systems in the prior art, a coupling of the compensation transmitter (K) with the receiver (D) is suppressed via scattered light on the object (O) by a filter (FD) in the receiving path at the location of the corresponding receiver window (WD), and the light of the compensation transmitter (K) is absorbed. As a result, the basic coupling is further decoupled from the respective measuring situation.
The invention relates to a Halios system for measuring an optical transmission path, in which at least one receiver (10) and a compensation transmitter (9) are optically separated from each other by an optical barrier (48) in such a manner that a direct irradiation of said receiver (10) by said compensation transmitter (9) is not possible. Said compensation transmitter (9) and a transmitter are of the same type and/or have at least a common electric optical working point in an optical working point. Said optical barrier (48) has a compensation path, characterized by a compensation path window (49), which attenuates the light of the compensation transmitter (9) before it hits the receiver (10) in such a manner that the compensation transmitter (9) and said transmitter are operated at least in an optical working point by a controller in said identical electro-optical working point.
The invention relates to a device for determining at least one property of a transmission channel between a wanted signal transmitter (2) and a receiver (3), and which is provided with an analogue-digital converter (22, 9, 10a, b, c) that has an input (6) for coupling to said wanted signal transmitter (2), and an output (11). In addition, said device is provided with a capacitor (5) that is connected in series between the wanted signal transmitter (2) and the input (6) of the analogue-digital converter (22, 9, 10, a, b, c), as well as a scalar product unit (12) for determining the scalar product between the output signal of the analogue-digital converter (22, 9, 10, a, b, c) and a reference clock signal (25, 27). The device comprises a filter (13, 14) for filtering the product result signal, and a multiplication unit (26) for multiplying the filter (13, 14) output signal by said reference clock signal (25, 27). The device is provided with a digital-analogue converter or a PWM unit (16) for converting the digital multiplication result signal into an analogue signal, said output signal of the digital analogue converter or the PWM unit (16) being coupled to the input of the analogue-digital converter (22, 9, 10, a, b, c).
The electrical apparatus (10) for transmitting electrical energy in a clocked manner or with clocked transmission of electrical energy is provided with an input (32) and also an output (34) and a clocked switch (26) which is connected between the input (32) and the output (34). The apparatus (10) further has a drive unit (28) for clocking the switch (26) by pulse-width modulation with a fundamental frequency at which drive pulses (38) follow one another. The pulse-width modulation can be operated by periodic clocking during in each case only one drive pulse group comprising a variable, predefinable number of successive drive pulses (38) or drive intervals and therefore at a subharmonic of the fundamental frequency, wherein the minimum permissible minimum number and the maximum permissible maximum number of drive pulses (38) or intervals in the drive pulse group are selected to the exclusion of subharmonics which lie within predefinable subfrequency bands which are below the fundamental frequency.
The NMOS transistor (10), more particularly for high substrate voltages, comprises a p-doped semiconductor substrate (12) with an n-doped well (16). A p-doped body region (18) is formed within the well (16), an n-doped source terminal region (22) and a channel region (19) being formed in said body region. Furthermore, the NMOS transistor (10) comprises an n-doped drain terminal region (34) formed within the well (16), and an additional n-doped drift zone (38) formed within the well (16), said drift zone extending between the p-doped body region (18) and the n-doped drain terminal region (34). A p-doped RESURF compensation zone (40) arranged below the n-doped drift zone (38) is formed in the well (16). Finally, the NMOS transistor (10) comprises a gate (26) with a gate insulation layer (28) and a gate electrode (30), said gate being arranged on the top side (14) of the semiconductor substrate (12) and extending above the p-doped body region (18) and as far as above the n-doped drift zone (38). The p-doped RESURF compensation zone (40) lies laterally alongside the p-doped body region (18), wherein the underside (42) of the p-doped body region (18) in at least one partial region directly adjoins the well (16). The p-doped RESURF compensation zone (40) is electrically conductively, e.g. metallurgically connected to the p-doped body region (18).
H01L 29/78 - Field-effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
H01L 29/06 - Semiconductor bodies characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions
H01L 29/10 - Semiconductor bodies characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions with semiconductor regions connected to an electrode not carrying current to be rectified, amplified, or switched and such electrode being part of a semiconductor device which comprises three or more electrodes
H01L 21/336 - Field-effect transistors with an insulated gate
H01L 29/08 - Semiconductor bodies characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions with semiconductor regions connected to an electrode carrying current to be rectified, amplified, or switched and such electrode being part of a semiconductor device which comprises three or more electrodes
H01L 29/423 - Electrodes characterised by their shape, relative sizes or dispositions not carrying the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
51.
METHOD FOR OPERATING A TRANSCEIVER OF A BUS SUBSCRIBER CONNECTED TO A DATA BUS
The method is used for operating a transceiver of a bus subscriber connected to a data bus, the arrangement additionally having a control unit, wherein the transceiver is connected between the data bus and the control unit and obtains commands and operating data for its operation in accordance with the bus protocol, and receives and transmits useful data via the data bus. For its operation in this method, the transceiver receives, at its inputs and/or outputs provided for the useful data and connected to the data bus and the control unit, commands from the control unit or transmitted via the data bus, and is operated accordingly if such a command is received.
In the device and method for generating and evaluating ultrasound signals, particularly for determining the distance of a vehicle from an obstacle, an ultrasound reception signal is received by at least one ultrasound receiver subscriber of a data bus, after a burst transmission signal comprising a plurality of ultrasound pulses and having a burst length has been transmitted by at least one ultrasound transmitter subscriber of the data bus. The ultrasound reception signal is subdivided into time sections which are substantially equal to half the burst length. The peak value for each time section of the ultrasound reception signal is transmitted via the data bus to a central control and evaluation unit. On the basis of the peak values of the reception signal for each time section, taking into account threshold value tracking, it is determined in the control and evaluation unit whether the ultrasound reception signal has time sections in which the ultrasound reception signal is greater than the tracked threshold value or equal to the tracked threshold value.
a) formed in the semiconductor substrate. The cavity is covered by a reversibly deformable membrane (2). A sensor (17) for detecting a deformation of the membrane (2) is formed within the region of the membrane (2). A test actuator (28, 29, 30) for deforming the membrane (2) for testing purposes is also arranged within the region of the membrane (2). Finally, the microelectromechanical component has an evaluation and activation unit (41) connected to the sensor (17) and the test actuator (28, 29, 30) for activating the test actuator (28, 29, 30) in order to deform the membrane (2) as a test and for evaluating a measurement signal of the sensor (17) as a sensor detection of a deformation of the membrane (2) as a result of the activation of the test actuator (28, 29, 30).
The apparatus for selectively transmitting the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation within a predefined wavelength range is provided with a carrier (115), a pinhole diaphragm which is arranged above the carrier (115) and is made of a material that is substantially impermeable to the radiation of interest, wherein the pinhole diaphragm has at least one radiation passage opening with a size for allowing through radiation at a wavelength which is less than or equal to a predefinable upper limit wavelength, and an electrically insulating and optically transparent dielectric layer (103) which is formed on the carrier (115) inside the radiation passage opening and extends, in a manner adjoining the radiation passage opening, between the carrier (115) and at least one section below the pinhole diaphragm. The dielectric layer (103) has a thickness which is less than or equal to half a predefinable lower limit wavelength which is less than the upper limit wavelength.
The invention relates to a pMOS transistor having low threshold voltage, which pMOS transistor is provided with a p-doped semiconductor substrate (12), which has a top face (16), an n-doped trough region (14), which is formed within the semiconductor substrate (12) and which extends to the top face (16) of the semiconductor substrate (12), a p-doped source connection region (24) and a p-doped drain connection region (26), which are both formed within the n-doped trough region (14) on the top face (16) of the semiconductor substrate (12), and a channel region (18), which is arranged on the top face (16) of the semiconductor substrate (12) within the n-doped trough region (14) between the source and drain connection regions (24, 26) and has a source-side and a drain-side end (68, 74). The channel region (18) has a dopant profile that - as observed in the extension between the source and the drain connection regions (24, 26) - has either a substantially homogeneous or a non-uniform, in particular decreasing or increasing dopant concentration and is formed by the thermal diffusion of ions of at least one dopant of an ion implantation zone with masking (34, 34', 34'', 40, 60), which has at least one masking region (36, 36', 66, 78) located at least partially within the channel region (18), and a gate insulation layer (20) having a gate electrode (22) thereon, said gate insulation layer extending over the channel region (18) and being arranged on the top face (16) of the semiconductor substrate (12).
H01L 21/266 - Bombardment with wave or particle radiation with high-energy radiation producing ion implantation using masks
H01L 29/10 - Semiconductor bodies characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions with semiconductor regions connected to an electrode not carrying current to be rectified, amplified, or switched and such electrode being part of a semiconductor device which comprises three or more electrodes
56.
SENSOR SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MEASURING THE TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES OF A TRANSMISSION PATH OF A MEASURING SYSTEM BETWEEN A TRANSMITTER AND A RECEIVER
The invention relates to a sensor system and a method for measuring the transmission properties of a first transmission path of a feedback compensation-based measuring system (1) between at least one transmitter (102) and at least one receiver (104). The transmitter (102) transmits a transmission signal (S25) into the transmission path, said transmission signal being detected by the receiver (102) after passing through at least one part of the first transmission path, and a compensation transmitter (106) transmits a compensation signal (S23) into a second transmission path, said compensation signal being detected by the receiver (102) after passing through the second transmission path. The transmission signal (S25) and the compensation signal (S23) overlap each other linearly in the receiver (102) so that a receiver output signal (S1) is formed from the transmission signal and the compensation signal in the receiver, said receiver output signal subsequently being further processed into a compensator feed signal (S3). The compensator feed signal (S3) is fed to the compensation transmitter (106) for the feedback regulation of the receiver output signal (S1). A control signal (S20) is generated by means of a control generator (4), and a signal generator unit (2) is controlled by means of said control signal. The signal generator unit (2) comprises at least one signal generator (3) which generates a feed signal that is fed to the transmitter, wherein the feed signal (S5) is dependent on the control signal (S20) generated by the control generator (4). The receiver output signal (S1) is filtered by means of a controllable filter unit (5), which comprises at least one filter (6), before the receiver output signal is further processed into the compensator feed signal (S3). Said processing is preferably carried out by means of a processing unit (10).
Methods are directed to checking a pressure sensor comprising a reversibly deformable, in particular reversibly bendable measuring element which supplies a measurement signal having a value depending on the degree of deformation of said measuring element, to the effect of whether the pressure sensor withstands a required maximum pressure which is larger by a predeterminable factor than a nominal pressure for which the sensor is designed. The methods generally involve use of a reference pressure sensor, which is structurally identical to the pressure sensor to be checked, for generating a distance/pressure characteristic curve and for evaluating the critical pressure required for breaking the measuring element. The critical pressure can then be used to determine if a particular value of pressure is larger than the required maximum pressure that the pressure sensor to be checked is intended to withstand.
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
B81C 99/00 - Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
G01L 27/00 - Testing or calibrating of apparatus for measuring fluid pressure
G01R 31/27 - Testing of devices without physical removal from the circuit of which they form part, e.g. compensating for effects due to surrounding elements
G01R 31/28 - Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer
58.
Method and device for measuring a microelectromechanical semiconductor component
In the method for measuring a micromechanical semiconductor component which comprises a reversibly deformable measuring element sensitive to mechanical stresses, which is provided with electronic circuit elements and terminal pads for tapping measurement signals, the measuring element (18) of the semiconductor component (16), for the purpose of determining the distance/force and/or distance/pressure characteristic curve thereof, is increasingly deformed by mechanical action of a plunger (32) which can in particular be advanced step by step. After a or after each step-by-step advancing movement of the plunger (32) by a predetermined distance quantity, the current measurement signals are tapped via the terminal pads (24). The semiconductor component (16) is qualified on the basis of the obtained measurement signals representing the distance/force and/or distance/pressure characteristic curve.
G01L 1/04 - Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring elastic deformation of gauges, e.g. of springs
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
B81C 99/00 - Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
G01L 27/00 - Testing or calibrating of apparatus for measuring fluid pressure
G01R 31/27 - Testing of devices without physical removal from the circuit of which they form part, e.g. compensating for effects due to surrounding elements
G01R 31/28 - Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer
59.
METHOD AND SENSOR SYSTEM FOR MEASURING THE PROPERTIES OF A TRANSMISSION PATH OF A MEASURING SYSTEM BETWEEN A TRANSMITTER AND A RECEIVER
The invention relates to a method and sensor system for measuring the transmission properties of a first transmission path (T1) of a feedback compensation-based measuring system, between a first transmitter (H1) and a receiver (D1). In the receiver (D1), in addition to the emitted transmission signal (I2) of the first transmitter (H1), a superimposed compensation signal (I2) of a compensation transmitter (K) is captured. A supply signal (S5) for the first transmitter (H1) and a receiving output signal (S1) of the receiver (D) each form a vector in a pre-Hilbert space. Due to the claimed method, a Hilbert projection takes place between the receiving output signal (S1) of the receiver (D) and the supply signal (S5) such that a projection image signal (S10) is produced. An output signal (S4) is formed from the projection image signal (S10). Due to an at least partial retransformation of the output signal (S4) with the supply signal (S5), a presignal (S6) is formed. Preferably, the retransformation takes place by means of a multiplication. A compensation signal (S3) for supplying the compensation transmitter (K) is generated from the formed presignal (S6) in order to obtain feedback control of the receiver output signal (S1).
A micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a semiconductor substrate, a reversibly deformable bending element made of semiconductor material, and at least one transistor that is sensitive to mechanical stresses. The transistor is designed as an integrated component in the bending element.
H01L 21/18 - Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
G01L 19/04 - Means for compensating for effects of changes of temperature
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
B81B 3/00 - Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
61.
Stress-sensitive micro-electromechanical device and use thereof
The micro-electromechanical device has a substrate. Integrated into the substrate is a micromechanical component that has a bending element which can be bent reversibly and which has a first end connected to the substrate and extends from the first end over a free space. The bending element has at least one web having two side edges, the course of which is defined by depressions introduced into the bending element and adjacent to the side edges. In order to form a homogenization region located within the web, in which mechanical stresses occurring during bending of the bending element are substantially equal, the mutual spacing of the side edges of the web decreases, as viewed from the first end of the bending element. The device further comprises at least one microelectronic component that is sensitive to mechanical stresses and embedded in the web in the homogenization region of the latter.
The micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a first semiconductor substrate, which has an upper face, and a second semiconductor substrate, which has an upper face. Both semiconductor substrates are bonded resting on the upper faces thereof. A cavity is introduced into the upper face of at least one of the two semiconductor substrates. The cavity is defined by lateral walls and opposing top and bottom walls, which are formed by the two semiconductor substrates. The top or the bottom wall acts as a reversibly deformable membrane and an opening extending through the respective semiconductor substrate is arranged in the other of said two walls of the cavity.
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
B81B 3/00 - Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
63.
METHOD FOR MEASURING A TRANSMISSION PATH BY MEANS OF COMPENSATING AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT AND THE DELTA-SIGMA METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD
The invention relates to a method for measuring the transmission characteristics of a first transmission path (6) between a first transmitter (4) and a receiver (8). The first transmitter (4) sends a first signal (7) into the first transmission path (6). The first signal (7) is detected by the receiver (8) after passing through at least a portion of the first transmission path (6). A second transmitter (5) sends a second signal (19) into a second transmission path (20) that is essentially known or can be predetermined with regard to the characteristics thereof. The second signal (19) is received in the receiver (8) and superimposed with the first signal in a summary manner. A transmission signal (2) is distributed between the first transmitter (4) and the second transmitter (5) in a temporarily controlled manner and preferably time-dependent or phase-dependent switched between the transmitters. The received signal (27) received by the receiver (8) comprises a first signal portion (27a) that is to be attributed to the first transmitter (4), and a second signal portion (27b) that is to be attributed to the second transmitter (5), wherein over a predetermined period of time the averaged first signal portion (27a) is essentially as great as the averaged second signal portion (27b) and the deviance of the averaged signal portions (27a, 27b) is used at least temporarily as a control signal for the distribution and in particular the controlled switching between the first transmitter (4) and the second transmitter (5).
The invention relates to a method for measuring the transit time of a transmission signal (6) through at least a first transmission path of a feedback compensation-based measuring system (100) between at least one first transmitter (7) and at least one receiver (12). In a step, the transmission signal (6) is transmitted to the receiver (12) from the first transmitter (7) into a first transmission path (41) with at least one first transit time, and the compensation signal (19) is transmitted from a second transmitter (20) into a second transmission path (42), the transmission characteristics of the second transmission path (42) being known. In a further step, the overlapping transmission signals (6) and compensation signals (19) are received by means of a receiver (12). Further, a receiver output signal (11) is formed from the overlapping signals (6, 19). As a result of this, a pulse signal (4) is generated with pulses having a pulse interval, said pulse interval being at least double the maximum transit time to be detected of the transmission signal (6), and the pulse duration of the pulse being not more than a quarter of the pulse interval. In addition, the at least one transmission signal (6) is generated by the generated pulses of the pulse signal (4), the compensation signal (19) being controllably delayed or the phase position thereof being varied in relation to the transmission signal (6) of the first transmitter (7). The compensation signal (19) is shaped in such a way and its amplitude corrected such that during summation with the transmission signal (6) of the first transmitter (7) a constant signal (11) is produced on the at least one receiver (12), and at least one transit time or change in transit time is detected on the receiver (12) as a result of the transmission signal (6) from the first transmitter (7) to the receiver (12), which transmission signal is pulsed by the pulses.
In a method for producing a micro-electromechanical device in a material substrate, a component element defining the position of an electronic component and/or required for the function of the electronic component is selectively formed on the material substrate from an etching stop material acting as an etching stop in case of etching of the material substrate and/or in case of etching of a material layer disposed on the material substrate. When the component element of the electronic component is implemented, a bounding region is also formed on the material substrate along at least a partial section of an edge of the surface structure, wherein the bounding region bounds the partial section. The material substrate thus implemented is selectively etched for forming the surface structure, in that the edge of the bounding region defines the position of the surface structure to be implemented on the material substrate.
H01L 21/00 - Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid-state devices, or of parts thereof
H01L 27/20 - Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including magnetostrictive components
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
The micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a semiconductor substrate in which a cavity is formed, which is delimited by lateral walls and by a top and a bottom wall. In order to form a flexible connection to the region of the semiconductor substrate, the top or bottom wall is provided with trenches around the cavity, and bending webs are formed between said trenches. At least one measuring element that is sensitive to mechanical stresses is formed within at least one of said bending webs. Within the central region surrounded by the trenches, the top or bottom wall comprises a plurality of depressions reducing the mass of the central region and a plurality of stiffening braces separating the depressions.
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
B81B 3/00 - Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
67.
Microelectromechanical semiconductor component that is sensitive to mechanical stresses, and comprises an ion implantation masking material defining a channel region
A semiconductor component is provided with a semiconductor substrate, in the upper face of which an active region made of a material of a first conductivity type is introduced by ion implantation. A semiconducting channel region having a defined length and width is designed within the active region. Each of the ends of the channel region located in the longitudinal extension is followed by a contacting region made of a semiconductor material of a second conductivity type. The channel region is covered by an ion implantation masking material, which comprises transverse edges defining the length of the channel region and longitudinal edges defining the width of the channel region and which comprises an edge recess at each of the opposing transverse edges aligned with the longitudinal extension ends of the channel region, the contacting regions that adjoin the channel region extending all the way into said edge recess.
The micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a first silicon semiconductor substrate having an upper face, into which a cavity delimited by side walls and a floor wall is introduced, and having a second silicon semiconductor substrate comprising a silicon oxide layer and a polysilicon layer applied thereon having a defined thickness. The polysilicon layer of the second silicon semiconductor substrate faces the upper side of the first silicon semiconductor substrate, the two silicon semiconductor substrates are bonded, and the second silicon semiconductor substrate covers the cavity in the first silicon semiconductor substrate. Grooves that extend up to the polysilicon layer are arranged in the second silicon semiconductor substrate in the region of the section thereof that covers the cavity.
B81B 3/00 - Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
H01L 29/84 - Types of semiconductor device controllable by variation of applied mechanical force, e.g. of pressure
69.
ESD PROTECTION DEVICE FOR PROTECTING AN IC CIRCUIT FROM NEGATIVE POWER SURGES
The ESD protection device for protecting an IC circuit from negative power surges on a connection field of the IC circuit and in particular on a communication bus connection field of the IC circuit is provided with an ESD protection component (18) for negative power surges, which is connected upstream of the IC circuit (12) and in particular connected in parallel to the IC circuit (12) to be protected, and which comprises a semiconductor substrate (28) which is doped with charge carriers of a first conduction type, a first trough (24) which is introduced by ion implantation into an upper face (26) of the semiconductor substrate (28), and which is doped with charge carriers having a second conduction type which is opposite relative to the first conduction type, and a drain connection region (34) which is formed within the surface extent of the first trough (24) in the upper face (26) of the semiconductor substrate (28).
H01L 27/02 - Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including integrated passive circuit elements with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
The method for operating a UWB device having at least one transmitting antenna and/or at least one receiving antenna comprises the following steps: - triggering the transmitting antenna (12) or the receiving antenna (12') with a triggering pulse signal (13, 13') having a sequence of substantially sinusoidal pulses of alternating polarity and differing amplitudes and particularly having the waveform of a fifth-order Gaussian pulse signal, - wherein the transmitting antenna (12) can be alternately supplied with current pulses of differing polarity and differing magnitude by switching on and off first electronic switch units (16) that are coupled to the transmitting antenna (12) and have resistances associated with the amplitudes of the pulses to be generated, - wherein each first switch unit (16) has a specifiable, particularly equal, number of first switching transistors(18,19), each having substantially identical on-state resistance values (R), - wherein the resistance of a first switch unit is adjusted either by using only one of the first switching transistors (18,19) or by using a plurality of first switching transistors (18,19) connected in parallel, and - wherein the first switch units (16) are triggered sequentially according to a first specifiable temporal schema and each for a triggering time interval of a predetermined length.
G01S 13/02 - Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systemsAnalogous systems
H03B 28/00 - Generation of oscillations by methods not covered by groups , including modification of the waveform to produce sinusoidal oscillations
G01S 13/28 - Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse modulated waves wherein the transmitted pulses use a frequency- or phase-modulated carrier wave with time compression of received pulses
G01S 7/03 - Details of HF subsystems specially adapted therefor, e.g. common to transmitter and receiver
The invention relates to a method for producing a semiconductor structure comprising a buried cavity (64), wherein a first semiconductor substrate (10) having an upper face (22) is provided and a depression is formed in the upper face (22) of the first semiconductor substrate (10). In addition, a second semiconductor substrate (26) having crystal lattice planes and an upper face (28) is provided, said upper face extending substantially parallel to the crystal lattice planes, and one of the crystal lattice planes, which is located at a desired distance from the upper face (28) of the second semiconductor substrate (26), is weakened by means of ion implantation such as to generate a predetermined breaking plane. The upper face (28) of the second semiconductor substrate (26) is bonded to the upper face (22) of the first semiconductor substrate (10) under vacuum conditions, wherein the second semiconductor substrate (26) covers the depression (20) in the upper face (22) of the first semiconductor substrate (10) in order to form a buried cavity (60). The second semiconductor substrate (26) is split along the predetermined breaking plane, which leaves a membrane layer (34) of the upper face (22) of the first semiconductor substrate (10).
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
The device for detecting the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation within a specified wavelength range is provided with a substrate (12), a first aperture mask (20) arranged above the substrate (12) and made of a material not transparent to radiation within the specified wavelength range, wherein the first aperture mask (20) has a plurality of first windows (22), a plurality of sensor elements arranged in the substrate (12) and sensitive to radiation at various respective wavelengths of the specified wavelength range, and a second aperture mask (32) arranged above the first aperture mask (20) having second windows (36), the second aperture mask being made of a material not transparent to the radiation within the specified wavelength range. The second windows (36) of the second aperture mask (32) overlap the windows of the first aperture mask (20), and opposite edges of each pair of overlapping windows of the two aperture masks (20, 32) define the size of a radiation passage (42) associated with a respective sensor element for allowing radiation within the specified wavelength range to pass to the sensor element arranged below the radiation passage (42). In order to detect the intensity of electromagnetic radiation at each of the several wavelengths of interest within the specified wavelength range, at least one of the radiation passages (42) having a size associated with the particular wavelength of interest is provided.
The invention relates to a method for detecting a quantifiable medium that can be transferred from a first unit to a second unit, comprising the following steps: continuously detecting the amount of medium transferred from the first unit to the second unit; continuously detecting the amount of medium that the second unit has received from the first unit; continuously comparing the two detected amounts; and evaluating the current result of the comparison. Said method can operate in both directions.
The invention relates to a switch assembly for switching through positive and negative voltages at an input to an output, said switch assembly being provided with two series connections (24, 26) which are connected in parallel and comprise two PMOS or two NMOS transistors (16, 18, 20, 22), which are connected between the input and the output. The sources and the substrates of the input-side PMOS and NMOS transistors (16, 20) are connected to the input terminal (12) and the sources and the substrates of the output-side PMOS and NMOS transistors (18, 22) are connected to the output terminal (14). When the input terminal (12) is to be blocked with respect to the output terminal (14), or vice versa, a control unit (42) applies a respective control voltage which is greater than the voltage at the input and output terminals (12, 14), less the threshold voltage of the respective PMOS transistor (16, 18), to the gate of the input-side PMOS transistor (16) and to the gate of the output-side PMOS transistor (18), and applies a control voltage which is smaller than the voltage at the input and output terminals (12, 14), plus the threshold voltage of the respective NMOS transistor (20, 22), to the gate of the input-side NMOS transistor (20) and to the gate of the output-side NMOS transistor (22). When the input terminal (12) is conductingly connected to the output terminal (14), the control unit (42) applies a respective control voltage which is less than the voltage at the input and output terminals (12, 14) by at least the threshold voltage of the respective PMOS transistor (16, 18), to the gate of the input-side PMOS transistor (16) and to the gate of the output-side PMOS transistor (18), and applies a control voltage which is greater than the voltage at the input and output terminals (12, 14) by at least the threshold voltage of the respective NMOS transistor (20, 22), to the gate of the input-side NMOS transistor (20) and to the gate of the output-side NMOS transistor (22).
H03K 17/10 - Modifications for increasing the maximum permissible switched voltage
H03K 17/687 - Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and -breaking characterised by the use of specified components by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices the devices being field-effect transistors
75.
COMPENSATION OF STRESS EFFECTS ON PRESSURE SENSOR COMPONENTS
Pressure sensors having components with reduced variations due to stresses caused by various layers and components that are included in the manufacturing process. In one example, a first stress in a first direction causes a variation in a component. A second stress in a second direction is applied, thereby reducing the variation in the component. The first and second stresses may be caused by a polysilicon layer, while the component may be a resistor in a Wheatstone bridge.
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 19/04 - Means for compensating for effects of changes of temperature
G01L 19/06 - Means for preventing overload or deleterious influence of the measured medium on the measuring device or vice versa
H01L 29/84 - Types of semiconductor device controllable by variation of applied mechanical force, e.g. of pressure
G01L 1/22 - Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluidsMeasuring force or stress, in general by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
Pressure-sensitive amplifier stage comprising four unipolar pressure-sensor transistors each including a piezoresistive current path. The pressure-sensor transistors are connected as a pressure-measuring bridge having two bridge legs each comprising first and second pressure-sensor transistors which are connected in series. Two unipolar control transistors each has a control terminal and a current path arranged between a further first and a further second terminal. The respective first and second terminals of the two control transistors are connected in pairs, and the control terminals each is connected to a node between the pressure-sensor transistors. The interconnected second terminals are connected to the control terminals of the second pressure-sensor transistors of the two bridge legs. The control terminals of the first pressure-sensor transistors are adapted for connection thereto of a respective operating input voltage, and a measurement output voltage is detectable between the pressure-sensor transistors.
The microelectromechanical component has a semiconductor substrate (1), which has a cavity (2a) formed in the semiconductor substrate. The cavity is covered by a reversibly deformable membrane (2). A sensor (17) for detecting a deformation of the membrane (2) is formed within the region of the membrane (2). A test actuator (28, 29, 30) for deforming the membrane (2) for testing purposes is also arranged within the region of the membrane (2). Finally, the microelectromechanical component has an evaluation and activation unit (41) connected to the sensor (17) and the test actuator (28, 29, 30) for activating the test actuator (28, 29, 30) in order to deform the membrane (2) as a test and for evaluating a measurement signal of the sensor (17) as a sensor detection of a deformation of the membrane (2) as a result of the activation of the test actuator (28, 29, 30).
In the method for measuring a microelectromechanical semiconductor component, which has a reversibly deformable measuring element, which is sensitive with regard to mechanical stresses, with electronic circuit elements and connection zones for tapping of measurement signals, the measuring element (18) of the semiconductor component (16), for the purpose of determining the distance/force or distance/pressure characteristic curve thereof, is increasingly deformed by mechanical action by means of a plunger (32), which can be advanced step by step, in particular. After a, or after each, step-by-step advancing movement of the plunger (32) by a predetermined distance quantity, the present measurement signals are tapped off via the connection zones (24). The semiconductor component (16) is qualified on the basis of the obtained measurement signals representing the distance/force or distance/pressure characteristic curve.
The invention relates to a method for checking a pressure sensor comprising a reversibly deformable, more particularly reversibly bendable, measuring element (18), which supplies a measurement signal having a magnitude dependent on the degree of deformation of said measuring element, to the effect of whether the pressure sensor withstands a required maximum pressure, which is greater by a predeterminable factor than a nominal pressure for which the pressure sensor is designed. The method involves providing a reference pressure sensor, which is structurally identical to the pressure sensor to be checked and which has a reversibly deformable, more particularly reversibly bendable, measuring element (18), which supplies a measurement signal having a magnitude dependent on the degree of deformation of said measuring element, wherein, up to a predetermined degree of a reversible deformation of the measuring element (18), the dependence of the magnitude of the measurement signal on the reversible deformation of the measuring element (18) is known as a distance/pressure characteristic curve and wherein the critical pressure required for breaking the measuring element (18) is greater than the required maximum pressure that the pressure sensor to be checked is intended to withstand. A deflection plunger (32) that can be advanced in a distance-controlled manner is provided, wherein the deflection plunger (32), with the exception of the reference pressure sensor or a pressure sensor to be checked, is free of a sensor operatively connected to it for determining the force respectively required for advancing the deflection plunger (32). The deflection plunger (32) is brought into contact with the measuring element (18) of the reference pressure sensor and subsequently advanced in a distance-controlled manner with reversible deformation of the measuring element (18). The measuring element (18) is increasingly deformed by the deflection plunger (32) advanced in a distance-controlled manner, until the measuring element (18) breaks. The measurement signals supplied by the measuring element (18) during increasing deformation thereof are detected. The distance covered by the deflection plunger (32) from the beginning of the reversible deformation of the measuring element (18) until the measuring element (18) breaks is determined. The magnitude of the measurement signal upon maximum reversible deformation of the measuring element (18), without the latter having been broken, is determined as a critical measurement signal. The magnitude of the critical pressure corresponding to the critical measurement signal or the magnitude of a parameter representing said pressure is determined on the basis of the known distance/pressure characteristic curve of the reference pressure sensor. The measuring element (18) of at least one pressure sensor to be checked, by means of the deflection plunger (32) advanced in a distance-controlled manner, is reversibly deformed up to a predeterminable degree and its distance/pressure characteristic curve is created in this case. A comparison of the created distance/pressure characteristic curve of the pressure sensor to be checked with the known distance/pressure characteristic curve of the reference pressure sensor is used as a basis for identifying whether the measuring element (18) of the pressure sensor to be checked withstands the required maximum pressure or would break or already be broken at said pressure.
The invention relates to the method for converting users of a bus system from a first state with reduced energy use into a second state with energy use that is increased compared to the first state, wherein data frames are transmitted for the communication of the users of the bus system, said data frames having a message identification field (CAN message, for example) and a user data field (CAN payload, for example) among others. Each user responds to data frames, each of which comprises specified data contents in both the message identification field as well as in the user data field, for a conversion from the first state into the second state. Furthermore, those data frames with the message identification field content and the user data field content to which the user to be selectively operated responds are transmitted in the bus system for selectively converting a user from the first state into the second state.
The invention relates to an ultrasonic measurement system (10) for parking assistance for vehicles, having an ultrasonic measuring transducer (12) comprising an oscillation element (14), which can be operated selectively both as an ultrasonic sensor and as an ultrasonic receiver. The ultrasonic measuring transducer (12) is connected to a transmitting actuation and receiving signal processing unit (18) for exciting the oscillating element (14) of the ultrasonic measuring transducer (12) in order to transmit ultrasonic waves for operating as an ultrasonic transmitter during a transmitting interval, and for subsequently deactivating the oscillating element (14) of the ultrasonic measuring transducer (12) in order to receive ultrasonic waves for operating same as an ultrasonic receiver during a receiving interval and for processing signals present at a measurement output (16) of the ultrasonic measuring transducer (12), wherein the oscillating element (14) settles to a stop after the excitation thereof ends during a settling interval. The transmitting actuation and receiving signal processing unit (18) comprises a band pass filter (30) for filtering the signals present at the measurement output (16) of the ultrasonic measuring transducer (12) during the settling interval and the receiving interval. The bandwidth of the band pass filter (30) can be switched from a larger first value to a smaller second value, starting from the beginning of a settling interval during at least one first phase of the settling interval to at least the end of the receiving interval following the settling interval.
The device for determining the angle of incidence of radiation, in particular of light and preferably of solar radiation within a detectable range of angles of incidence of radiation on a radiation incidence surface is provided with a housing (110) which has an upper side (112) with a radiation incidence opening (114) which is bounded by an opening edge in the housing (110). In addition, the device has a radiation-sensitive component(116) which is arranged in the housing (110) and which has a radiation incidence surface (118) which is at least partially exposed owing to the radiation incidence opening (114) in the housing (110), wherein the radiation incidence surface (118) is arranged offset with respect to the upper side (112) of the housing (110) with respect to the interior thereof by an offset, and wherein the opening edge in the housing (110), which has at least one pair of edge sections (122) which lie opposite one another and define inner edge faces, projects from the radiation incidence surface (118) up to a height which is defined by the offset. The radiation-sensitive component (116) has a multiplicity of sensor elements (120, 130, 132) which are arranged in succession between the pair of edge sections (122), and by means of which in each case various angles of incidence of radiation or ranges of angles of incidence of radiation within the detectable range of angles of incidence of radiation can be detected. Those sensor elements (130, 132) which are representative of the radiation which is incidence at the respectively most obtuse, still detectable angle of incidence both in an incidence plane of radiation which runs orthogonally with respect to the radiation incidence surface (118) and in an incidence plane of radiation which intersects the two edge sections (122) lying opposite one another, are arranged adjacent to that edge section (122) whose inner edge surface faces the incident radiation.
G01S 3/783 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived from static detectors or detector systems
83.
METHOD FOR DETECTING CONTAMINATION OR OTHER FUNCTIONAL DISTURBANCE OF AN ULTRASONIC SENSOR OF A PARKING AID FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE
In the method for detecting an impairment of the vibration behaviour of an ultrasonic sensor of a parking aid for a motor vehicle caused, for example, by contamination, icing or similar adhesion of material to the sensor, the ultrasonic sensor is alternately operated in a transmitting mode, in which it sends out ultrasonic waves, and a receiving mode, in which received ultrasonic waves can be detected. After each operation in the transmitting mode, the natural frequency of the decaying ultrasonic sensor is determined, wherein the ultrasonic sensor is not activated during the period of determining the natural frequency. Contamination or a functional disturbance of the sensor is detected as a result of a deviation of the determined natural frequency from a reference value which applies to the non-contamination or non-disturbance case.
B06B 1/06 - Processes or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
G10K 9/122 - Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers electrically operated using piezoelectric driving means
G01S 15/93 - Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
84.
METHOD FOR CORRECTING THE TRANSMISSION CLOCK FREQUENCY IN A COMMUNICATION BUS
Method for correcting the transmission clock frequency, at which bits from a bit signal having falling and rising edges are transmitted via a signal line (18), in a receiver, which processes the bit signal, for the purpose of sampling the bit signal, wherein the method involves the transmitted bit signal needing to be sampled at expected sampling times, which are assumed to be in sync with the transmission clock frequency, in order to capture each bit, wherein each sampling time is shifted by a prescribed period in relation to a time for a falling - or alternatively rising - edge, which time is expected on the basis of the transmission clock frequency. The current time of a falling - or alternatively rising - edge for the transmitted bit signal is identified. The current time of the falling - or alternatively rising - edge is compared with the time which is expected therefor. The time shift between the expected time and the current time of the falling - or alternatively rising - edge is used to actuate a clock generator in the receiver on the basis of magnitude and direction in order to correct the transmission clock frequency. The transmitted bit signal is sampled for the purpose of capturing the bits at sampling times which are in sync with the corrected transmission clock frequency.
H04L 7/033 - Speed or phase control by the received code signals, the signals containing no special synchronisation information using the transitions of the received signal to control the phase of the synchronising-signal- generating means, e.g. using a phase-locked loop
The micro-electromechanical device has a substrate (1) suitable for the production of microelectronic components, in particular a semiconductor substrate. Integrated into the substrate (1) is a micromechanical component that has a bending element (4) which can be bent reversibly and which has a first end (34) connected to the substrate (1) and extends from said first end (34) over a free space (3). The bending element (4) has at least one web (8) having two side edges, the course (35) of which is defined by depressions (6) introduced into the bending element (4) and adjacent to the side edges. In order to form a homogenization region located within the web (8), in which mechanical stresses occurring during bending of the bending element (4) are substantially equal, the mutual spacing of the side edges of the web (8) decreases, as viewed from the first end (34) of the bending element (4). The device further comprises at least one microelectronic component (36) that is sensitive to mechanical stresses and embedded in the web (8) in the homogenization region of the latter.
The invention relates to a method for producing a microelectromechanical device in a material substrate suitable for producing integrated electronic components, in particular a semiconductor substrate, wherein a material substrate (12, 14, 16) is provided on which at least one surface structure (26) is to be formed during production of the device. An electronic component (30) is formed in the material substrate (12, 14, 16) using process steps of a conventional method for producing integrated electronic components. A device component (44) defining the position of the electronic component (30) and/or required for the function of the electronic component (30) is selectively formed on the material substrate (12, 14, 16) from an etching stop material acting as an etching stop in case of etching of the material substrate (12, 14, 16) and/or in case of etching of a material layer (52) disposed on the material substrate (12, 14, 16). When the device component (44) of the electronic component (30) is implemented, a boundary region (48) is also formed on the material substrate (12, 14, 16) along at least a partial section of an edge of the surface structure (26), wherein said boundary region bounds said partial section. The material substrate (12, 14, 16) thus implemented is selectively etched for forming the surface structure (26), in that the edge of the bounding region (48) defines the position of the surface structure (26) to be implemented on the material substrate (12, 14, 16).
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
87.
MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
The micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a first silicon semiconductor substrate (16) having an upper face, into which a cavity (18) delimited by lateral walls and a floor wall is introduced, and having a second silicon semiconductor substrate (13) comprising a silicon oxide layer (14) and a polysilicon layer (15) applied thereon having a defined thickness. The polysilicon layer (15) of the second silicon semiconductor substrate (13) faces the upper face of the first silicon semiconductor substrate (16), the two silicon semiconductor substrates are bonded, and the second silicon semiconductor substrate (13) covers the cavity (18) in the first silicon semiconductor substrate (16). Grooves (19) that extend up to the polysilicon layer (15) are arranged in the second silicon semiconductor substrate (13) in the region of the section thereof that covers the cavity (18).
B81C 1/00 - Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
88.
MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
The micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a first semiconductor substrate (1), which has an upper face, and a second semiconductor substrate (5), which has an upper face. Both semiconductor substrates (1, 5) are bonded resting on the upper faces thereof. A cavity (4) is introduced into the upper face of at least one of the two semiconductor substrates (1, 5). The cavity (4) is defined by lateral walls (3) and opposing ceiling and floor walls, which are formed by the two semiconductor substrates (1, 5). The ceiling or the floor wall acts as a reversibly deformable membrane and an opening (98) extending through the respective semiconductor substrate (1, 5) is arranged in the other of said two walls of the cavity (4).
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
B81C 3/00 - Assembling of devices or systems from individually processed components
The micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a semiconductor substrate (4, 5), a reversibly deformable bending element (8a) made of semiconductor material, and at least one transistor that is sensitive to mechanical stresses, said transistor being designed as an integrated component in the bending element (8a). The transistor is arranged in an implanted active region pan (78a) that is made of a semiconductor material of a first conducting type and is introduced in the bending element (8a). Two mutually spaced, implanted drain and source regions (79, 80) made of a semiconductor material of a second conducting type are designed in the active region pan (78a), a channel region extending between said two regions. Implanted feed lines made of a semiconductor material of the second conducting type lead to the drain and source regions (79, 80). The upper face of the active region pan (78a) is covered by a gate oxide (81a). In the area of the channel region, a gate electrode (81) made of polysilicon is located on the gate oxide (81a), a feed line likewise made of polysilicon leading to said gate electrode.
H01L 21/18 - Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
G01L 19/04 - Means for compensating for effects of changes of temperature
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
The micro-electromechanical semiconductor component is provided with a semiconductor substrate (16) in which a cavity (18) is formed, which is delimited by lateral walls (18a) and by a ceiling and a floor wall (18c, 18b). In order to form a flexible connection to the region of the semiconductor substrate (16), the ceiling or floor wall (18c, 18b) is provided with grooves (19) around the cavity (18), and flexible webs (20) are formed between said grooves. At least one measuring element (22) that is sensitive to mechanical stresses is formed inside at least one of said flexible webs (20). Inside the central region (21) surrounded by the grooves (19), the ceiling or floor wall (18c, 18b) comprises a plurality of depressions (97a) reducing the mass of the central region (21) and a plurality of stiffening braces (97b) separating the depressions (97a).
B81B 3/00 - Devices comprising flexible or deformable elements, e.g. comprising elastic tongues or membranes
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
The semiconductor component, in particular for use as a component that is sensitive to mechanical stresses in a micro-electromechanical semiconductor component, for example a pressure or acceleration sensor, is provided with a semiconductor substrate (1, 5), in the upper face of which an active region (78a, 200) made of a material of a first conductivity type is introduced by ion implantation. A bisecting channel region having a defined length (L) and width (B) is designed within the active region (78a, 200). In the active region (78a, 200), each of the ends of the channel region located in the longitudinal extension is followed by a contacting region (79, 80) made of a semiconductor material of a second conductivity type. The channel region is covered by an ion implantation masking material (81), which comprises transverse edges defining the length (L) of the channel region and longitudinal edges defining the width (B) of the channel region and which comprises an edge recess (201, 202) at each of the opposing transverse edges aligned with the longitudinal extension ends of the channel region, the contacting regions (79, 80) that adjoin the channel region extending all the way into said edge recess.
Pressure sensors having a topside boss and a cavity formed using deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) or plasma etching. Since the boss is formed on the topside, the boss is aligned to other features on the topside of the pressure sensor, such as a Wheatstone bridge or other circuit elements. Also, since the boss is formed as part of the diaphragm, the boss has a reduced mass and is less susceptible to the effects of gravity and acceleration. These pressure sensors may also have a cavity formed using a DRIE or plasma etch. Use of these etches result in a cavity having edges that are substantially orthogonal to the diaphragm, such that pressure sensor die area is reduced. The use of these etches also permits the use of p-doped wafers, which are compatible with conventional CMOS technologies.
G01P 15/12 - Measuring accelerationMeasuring decelerationMeasuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration by making use of inertia forces with conversion into electric or magnetic values by alteration of electrical resistance
93.
METHOD FOR DETECTING BLOCKAGES OF ELECTRICALLY COMMUTATED ELECTRIC MOTORS
The invention relates to a method for detecting blockages of unipolar stepper motors having one or more motor windings by analyzing the motor current supply, comprising the following method steps: - impressing an operating current according to a current supply variant for the operation of the unipolar stepper motor into the one or more motor windings thereof by means of one controllable switch per motor winding connection, wherein the switch selectively connects the respective motor winding connection to a first supply voltage connection and wherein the connections of each motor winding lying at a common potential are permanently connected to a second supply voltage connection, - wherein the current feed variant has phases between the switching of the motor windings, in which phases the motor winding connections of a motor winding connected to the switches are switched with high resistance, - detecting the voltage at a motor winding connection switched with high resistance at least for the high-resistance phase and comparing said voltage to a threshold that is at least 1.5 times or at least 1.8 times, in particular at least 2.0 times and preferably at least 2.5 times or at least a greater integer or non-integer multiple of the supply voltage, - detecting a time interval for which the voltage at the motor winding connection switched with high resistance is greater than the threshold, - comparing the lengths of the intervals for several motor winding connections each switched with high resistance, and - detecting a blockage based on the comparisons of the lengths of the intervals.
H02P 6/00 - Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor positionElectronic commutators therefor
H02P 6/18 - Circuit arrangements for detecting position without separate position detecting elements
The invention relates to an interference-compensated sensor (10) for detecting an object located in a detection area in a non-contact manner, particularly a rain sensor, which is provided with a first and a second measuring channel (12,14) each having a control device and an output (20,22), wherein both measuring channels (12,14) are substantially identical. The sensor (10) further comprises a main subtractor (24) having an output (26) for outputting the difference of the signals at the outputs (20,22) of the measuring channels (12,14). The sensor (10) is provided with a controller unit (30) having an input that is connected to the output (26) of the main subtractor (24) and with an output for outputting a controller signal, by means of which the two measuring channels (12,14) can be controlled in such a way that the signal at the output (26) of the main subtractor (24) can be controlled to zero. By means of the magnitude of the signal at the output of the controller, it can be determined if an object is located in the detection area.
In an inductive position sensor for determining the position, particularly the rotation angle of a movable element, at least two subsystems are provided, which each have second transmitting units including an actuating unit, an oscillating circuit on the movable element, and a receiving unit with an evaluation unit. According to the invention, the operation of the individual subsystems is carried out alternately. So if one subsystem is operating, all other subsystems are deactivated. In this way, all subsystems are individually operated in a consecutive manner. The synchronization required to do so is provided by a non-galvanic coupling of the subsystems, and in particular by an inductive coupling by way of preferably existing inductors of the subsystems.
G01D 5/20 - Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing memberMeans for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for convertingTransducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
96.
DIGITAL OPTIMAL FILTER FOR PERIODICALLY ALTERNATING SIGNALS
A digital optimal filter having an especially sinusoidal impulse response uses a filter structure with a recursive and a transversal portion. The transversal portion comprises filter coefficients for the representation of the scan results of half a period of the sinusoidal impulse response signal. The recursive filter structure is used to change the sign after generation of the scan results for half a period and to mark the start and the end of the impulse response. A plurality of periods can lie in between the start and the end of the impulse response, this is why the digital optimal filter can be used to extract especially sinusoidal burst signals from an output signal, namely in digital technology, which is advantageous for the implementation of ICs.
The invention relates to a method for operating an ultrasound-based monitoring device, especially a parking assistance device of a motor vehicle, comprising at least two ultrasound transmitter units for transmitting ultrasound burst signals during a pulse duration to an area of monitoring and at least one receiver unit for receiving ultrasound burst signals that are reflected by an object in the area of monitoring and that are transmitted by the ultrasound transmitter units. According to said method, a plurality of transmitter units is operated simultaneously during the pulse duration. The simultaneously operated transmitter units transmit coded ultrasound burst signals. The ultrasound burst signals are transmitted out-of-phase with respect to each other during at least one partial time interval of the pulse duration to code the signals. The at least one receiver units allocates the received, out-of-phase ultrasound burst signals to the individual transmitter units using the phase shift.
G01S 15/10 - Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves
G01S 15/93 - Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
B60Q 1/48 - Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to indicate the vehicle, or parts thereof, or to give signals, to other traffic for parking purposes
G01S 13/93 - Radar or analogous systems, specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
98.
Sensor element and sensor assembly provided with a casing
A sensor element having a sensitive sensor portion on an upper side of a substrate layer. The upper side of the substrate layer is provided with a recess on the periphery of the sensitive sensor portion. The recess provides mechanical isolation or decoupling of the sensitive sensor portion, as a result of which external forces do not cause stress in the sensitive sensor portion. In addition, a sensor assembly is described which is provided with at least one sensor element and a casing.
G01L 9/06 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elementsTransmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means by making use of variations in ohmic resistance, e.g. of potentiometers of piezo-resistive devices
patents
