Abstract

A charging base, including a charging circuit, a power supply circuit and a control unit; where the control unit is electrically connected to the charging circuit and the power supply circuit; when a charging voltage or a charging current of the charging circuit exceeds a preset threshold, the control unit controls a connecting line on the charging base to connect to a ground to form a short circuit and be disconnected from an external charging power supply, and controls a charging mode of the charging circuit to switch to a power supply mode of the power supply circuit for supplying power to a safety reminder unit provided on the charging base. The solution in the embodiments can turn off the power output in time and provide a safety alarm when the hardware circuit of the charger fails.

IPC Classes  ?

• H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries

Abstract

A power source switching system, a power supply circuit switching method and an electric vehicle. The power source switching system includes a first power source unit, a second power source unit, and a system switching control unit, the system switching control unit electrically connected to the first power source unit and the second power source unit, where the system switching control unit controls the first power source unit and the second power source unit to be connected in series or in parallel, and controls switching between the series connection of the first power source unit and the second power source unit and the parallel connection of the first power source unit and the second power source unit, implementing a charging and discharging process of the first power source unit and the second power source unit.

IPC Classes  ?

• B60L 58/19 - Switching between serial connection and parallel connection of battery modules
• H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
• B60L 53/30 - Constructional details of charging stations

Abstract

A power source switching system, a power supply circuit switching method for the power source switching system, and an electric vehicle comprising the power source switching system. The power source switching system comprises: a first power source unit (02), a second power source unit (03) and a system switching control unit (01), wherein the system switching control unit (01) is electrically connected to the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03), and the system switching control unit (01) controls the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03) to be in series connection or parallel connection, and controls the switching between the series connection of the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03) and the parallel connection of the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03), thereby realizing charging and discharging processes of the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03). By means of the technical solution, a working mode of a power source unit can be freely switched according to the power output of an electric vehicle, thereby improving the user experience.

IPC Classes  ?

• H02J 7/36 - Arrangements using end-cell switching

Abstract

A power source switching system, a power supply circuit switching method for the power source switching system, and an electric vehicle comprising the power source switching system. The power source switching system comprises: a first power source unit (02), a second power source unit (03) and a system switching control unit (01), wherein the system switching control unit (01) is electrically connected to the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03), and the system switching control unit (01) controls the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03) to be in series connection or parallel connection, and controls the switching between the series connection of the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03) and the parallel connection of the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03), thereby realizing charging and discharging processes of the first power source unit (02) and the second power source unit (03). By means of the technical solution, a working mode of a power source unit can be freely switched according to the power output of an electric vehicle, thereby improving the user experience.

IPC Classes  ?

• H02J 7/36 - Arrangements using end-cell switching

Abstract

A charging base, comprising: a charging circuit; a power supply circuit; and a control unit (04) electrically connected to the charging circuit and the power supply circuit. If a charging voltage or current of the charging circuit has exceeded a preset threshold, the control unit (04) controls a connection line (09) provided on the charging base to be grounded and disconnected from an external charging power supply, and enables switching from a charging mode of the charging circuit to a power supply mode of the power supply circuit for supplying power to a safety alert unit provided on the charging base. The invention allows power output to be promptly turned off after a failure of hardware circuits in a charger, and provides safety alert functions.

IPC Classes  ?

• H02J 7/02 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from AC mains by converters
• H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries

Goods & Services

Chargers for electric batteries; cabinets for loudspeakers; downloadable electronic game programs; speed checking apparatus for vehicles; loudspeakers; mileage recorders for vehicles; gauges; data processing equipment; inverters [electricity]; measuring instruments; navigational instruments; batteries, electric; accumulators, electric; computer programs, recorded; steering apparatus, automatic, for vehicles; locks, electric; remote control apparatus; anti-theft warning apparatus; solar batteries; headphones; satellite navigational apparatus; global positioning system [gps] apparatus; mobile phone holders for cars or vehicles; portable media players; charging stations for electric vehicles; electronic key fobs being remote control apparatus; telepresence robots; usb chargers; battery boxes; computer programs, downloadable; accumulators, electric, for vehicles; downloadable application software for mobile phones. Bicycles; golf carts [vehicles]; electric locomotives; safety seats for children, for vehicles; motorcycles; pushchairs; sleighs [vehicles]; vehicles in the nature of motorized bicycles; automobiles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; safety seats for children, for cars; electrically-powered motor scooters; electric automobiles; boxes and saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; electric vehicles; anti-theft alarms for vehicles; baskets adapted for bicycles; panniers adapted for bicycles; snowmobiles; push scooters [vehicles]; civilian drones; motor scooters; electric bicycles; electrically-powered scooters; boxes and saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electrically-powered self-balancing scooters; remote control vehicles, other than toys; electric tricycles; moped. Motorists' clothing; hosiery; clothing; hats; gloves (clothing); scarves; leg warmers; shoes; riding gloves; muffler; rainwear; belts (clothing); ponchos; headscarves. Market studies; business appraisals; advertising services; television advertising; advertising agencies; demonstration of products; publicity; layout services for advertising purposes; consultancy regarding advertising communication strategies; outdoor advertising. Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; charging services of motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; vehicle service stations [refuelling and maintenance]; installation, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus.

Abstract

Disclosed are a driving apparatus, and an electric vehicle comprising the same. The driving apparatus comprises a first fixing frame (1), a second fixing frame (2), a power mechanism (3), a gear set (4), and an output shaft (5). One end of the first fixing frame (1) is detachably connected to one end of the second fixing frame (2). A chamber is provided on a side of the other end of the first fixing frame (1) close to the second fixing frame (2). The power mechanism (3) and the gear set (4) are provided in the chamber. One end of the output shaft (5) is connected to the gear set (4). The other end of the output shaft (5) is fixed on the second fixing frame (2). The power mechanism (3) drives the gear set (4) to move. The gear set (4) drives the output shaft (5) to move. The provided driving apparatus has a compact structure, and is easy to maintain.

IPC Classes  ?

• B62M 6/40 - Rider propelled cycles with auxiliary electric motor
• B62M 11/00 - Transmissions characterised by use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels
• B62M 7/12 - Motorcycles characterised by position of motor or engine with the engine beside or within the driven wheel

Goods & Services

Chargers for electric batteries; cabinets for loudspeakers; downloadable electronic game programs; protective helmets; speed checking apparatus for vehicles; loudspeakers; kilometer recorders for vehicles; gauges; data processing equipment; inverters [electricity]; eyeglasses; measuring instruments; navigational instruments; batteries, electric; accumulators, electric; computer programs, recorded; steering apparatus, automatic, for vehicles; locks, electric; remote control apparatus; anti-theft warning apparatus; solar batteries; headphones; satellite navigational apparatus; global positioning system [gps] apparatus; phones supports for cars; portable media players; charging stations for electric vehicles; electronic key fobs being remote control apparatus; telepresence robots; usb chargers; battery boxes; computer programs, downloadable; accumulators, electric, for vehicles; goggles; downloadable application software for mobile phones. Bicycles; golf carts [vehicles]; electric locomotives; safety seats for children, for vehicles; motorcycles; pushchairs; sleighs [vehicles]; bicycles motor vehicles; automobiles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; safety seats for children, for cars; electrically-powered motor scooters; electric automobiles; boxes and saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; electric vehicles; anti-theft alarms for vehicles; baskets adapted for bicycles; panniers adapted for bicycles; snowmobiles; push scooters [vehicles]; civilian drones; motor scooters; electric bicycles; electrically-powered scooters; boxes and saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electrically-powered self-balancing scooters; remote control vehicles, other than toys; electric tricycles; moped. Motorists' clothing; hosiery; clothing; hats; gloves (clothing); scarves; leg warmers; shoes; riding gloves; muffler; rainwear; belts (clothing); ponchos; headscarves. Market studies; business appraisals; advertising; television advertising; advertising agencies; demonstration of products; publicity; layout services for advertising purposes; consultancy regarding advertising communication strategies; outdoor advertising. Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; charging services of motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; vehicle service stations [refuelling and maintenance]; installation, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus.

Goods & Services

(1) Bicycles; golf carts [vehicles]; electric locomotives; safety seats for children, for vehicles; motorcycles; pushchairs; horse-drawn sleighs; bicycles motor vehicles; automobiles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; electric two-wheel balance scooter; two-wheeled motorcycles; cross-country motorcycles; safety seats for children, for cars; electrically-powered motor scooters; electric automobiles; boxes and saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; electric cars; electric motorcycles; anti-theft alarms for vehicles; baskets adapted for bicycles; panniers adapted for bicycles; snowmobiles; push scooters [vehicles]; civilian drones; motor scooters; electric bicycles; electrically-powered scooters; boxes and saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electrically-powered self-balancing scooters; remote control self-balancing electric scooters; remote control cars, other than toys; electric tricycles; moped. (2) Motorcycle gloves; motorcycle jackets; motorcycle rain suits; waterproof suits for motorcyclists; hosiery; athletic clothing; cyclists' clothing; sports clothing; hats; gloves (clothing); scarves; leg warmers; shoes; riding gloves; muffler; rainwear; belts (clothing); ponchos; headscarves. (1) Market studies; business appraisals; advertising agency services; advertising the goods and services of others through all public communication means; television advertising for others; advertising agencies; sales demonstration for others; advertising by transmission of on-line publicity for third parties through electronic communications networks; publicity agency services; layout services for advertising purposes; consultancy regarding advertising communication strategies; preparing and placing outdoor advertisements for others. (2) Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; refuelling and maintenance vehicle service stations; installation, changing, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; charging services of motor vehicles; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair and maintenance of power generators.

Goods & Services

Bicycles; vehicles in the nature of motorized golf carts; electric locomotives; safety seats for children, for vehicles; motorcycles; pushchairs; vehicles in the nature of sleighs for transport purposes; bicycles motor vehicles; automobiles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; safety seats for children, for cars; electrically-powered motor scooters; electric automobiles; boxes and saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; electric vehicles, namely, electric cars; anti-theft alarms for vehicles; baskets adapted for bicycles; panniers adapted for bicycles; snowmobiles; vehicles in the nature of push scooters; civilian drones; motor scooters; electric bicycles; electrically-powered scooters; boxes and saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electrically-powered self-balancing scooters; remotely controlled land vehicles, other than toys; electric tricycles, not being toys; moped Motorists' clothing, namely, motorcycle rain suits, motorcycle jackets, boots for motorcycling, motorcycle gloves; hosiery; clothing, namely, shirts, dresses, blouses, coats, down jackets, trousers, vests, shorts, tops as clothing; hats; gloves for clothing; scarves; leg warmers; shoes; riding gloves; mufflers as neck scarves; rainwear; belts for clothing; ponchos; headscarves Market research studies; business appraisals; advertising services; television advertising; advertising agencies; demonstration of products; publicity agents; layout services for advertising purposes; consultancy regarding advertising communication strategies; outdoor advertising Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; battery charging services for motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; vehicle service stations for refueling and maintenance; installation, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus

Goods & Services

(1) Chargers for electric batteries for electric motorcycles and bicycles; portable battery chargers for use with electric motorcycles and bicycles; cabinets for loudspeakers; downloadable electronic game programs; speed checking apparatus for vehicles, namely speedometers; loudspeakers; mileage recorders for vehicles; oil pressure gauges; memory card readers for data processing equipment; inverters [electricity]; navigation apparatus for motorcycles, bicycles and cars in the form of on-board computers.; electric batteries for vehicles; rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles; electric accumulators for vehicles; recorded computer programs for the monitoring, tracking, and analysis of movement, status, and behavior of motorcycles, bicycles and cars; steering apparatus, automatic, for vehicles, namely, computer hardware and operational software for steering of motorcycles, bicycles and cars; vehicle locks, electric; remote control starters for motorcycles and cars; remote controls for operating alarms of motorcycles and cars; solar batteries; headphones; satellite navigation systems for motorcycles; global positioning system (GPS) consisting of computers, computer software, transmitters, receivers, and network interface devices for motorcycles, bicycles and cars; mobile phone holders for cars or vehicles;; portable digital music players; portable digital video players; charging stations for electric vehicles;; electronic key fobs being remote control apparatus;; telepresence robots;; usb chargers; battery boxes; downloadable computer programs for the monitoring, tracking, and analysis of movement, status, and behavior of motorcycles, bicycles and cars; accumulators, electric, for vehicles;; downloadable application software for mobile phones for the monitoring, tracking, and analysis of movement, status, and behavior of motorcycles, bicycles and cars. (2) Bicycles; golf carts [vehicles]; electric locomotives; safety seats for children, for vehicles; motorcycles; pushchairs; horse-drawn sleighs; vehicles in the nature of motorized bicycles;; automobiles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; electric two-wheel balance scooter; two-wheeled motorcycles; cross-country motorcycles; safety seats for children, for cars; electrically-powered motor scooters; electric automobiles; boxes and saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; electric cars; electric motorcycles; anti-theft alarms for vehicles; baskets adapted for bicycles; panniers adapted for bicycles; snowmobiles; push scooters [vehicles]; civilian drones; motor scooters; electric bicycles; electrically-powered scooters; boxes and saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electrically-powered self-balancing scooters; remote control self-balancing electric scooters; Remote control cars, other than toys; electric tricycles; moped. (1) Market studies; business appraisals; advertising agency services; advertising the goods and services of others through all public communication means; television advertising for others; advertising agencies; sales demonstration for others; advertising by transmission of on-line publicity for third parties through electronic communications networks; publicity agency services; layout services for advertising purposes; consultancy regarding advertising communication strategies; preparing and placing outdoor advertisements for others. (2) Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; charging services of motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; vehicle service stations [refuelling and maintenance]; installation, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus.

Goods & Services

Chargers for electric batteries including wired and wireless battery chargers for mobile phones and wired and wireless battery chargers for mobile phones for use in vehicles; cabinets for loudspeakers; downloadable electronic computer game programs; vehicle speedometers; loudspeakers; mileage recorders for vehicles; gauges, namely, oil pressure gauges; data processing equipment; electricity inverters; measuring instruments, namely, fuel gauges; electronic navigational instruments; batteries, electric; accumulators, electric; recorded computer programs, namely, software for use in database management in the field of motor vehicles; automatic steering apparatus for vehicles, namely, simulators for the steering and control of vehicles; locks, electric; remote control apparatus for electric vehicles; anti-theft warning apparatus, namely, electrical and electronic burglar alarms; solar batteries; headphones; satellite-aided navigational apparatus; global positioning system (GPS) apparatus; portable media players; charging stations for electric vehicles; electronic key fobs being remote control apparatus; telepresence robots; USB chargers; battery boxes; downloadable computer programs, namely, software for use in database management in the field of motor vehicles; accumulators, electric, for vehicles; downloadable application software for mobile phones, namely, software for use in database management in the field of motor vehicles Bicycles; vehicles in the nature of motorized golf carts; electric locomotives; safety seats for children, for vehicles; motorcycles; pushchairs; vehicles in the nature of sleighs for transport purposes; vehicles in the nature of motorized bicycles; automobiles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; safety seats for children, for cars; electrically-powered motor scooters; electric automobiles; saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; electric vehicles, namely, electric cars; anti-theft alarms for vehicles; baskets adapted for bicycles; panniers adapted for bicycles; snowmobiles; vehicles in the nature of push scooters; civilian drones; motor scooters; electric bicycles; electrically-powered motor scooters; saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electrically-powered self-balancing motor scooters; remotely controlled land vehicles, other than toys; electric tricycles not being toys; moped Motorists' clothing, namely, motorcycle rain suits, motorcycle jackets, boots for motorcycling, motorcycle gloves; hosiery; clothing, namely, shirts, dresses, blouses, coats, down jackets, trousers, vests, shorts, tops as clothing; hats; gloves for clothing; scarves; leg warmers; shoes; riding gloves; mufflers as neck scarves; rainwear; belts for clothing; ponchos; headscarves Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; battery charging services for motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; vehicle service stations for refueling and maintenance; installation, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus

Goods & Services

Navigational instruments; loudspeakers; camcorders; portable media players; remote control apparatus; chips [integrated circuits]; inverters [electricity]; waterproof survival suits for the prevention of drowning; locks, electric; batteries, electric; chargers for electric batteries; battery boxes; accumulator jars; accumulators, electric; solar batteries; electric contactor; headphones..

Goods & Services

Electric locomotives; golf carts [vehicles]; electric bicycles; moped; bicycles; pushchairs; sleighs [vehicles]; electric vehicles; motorcycles; snowmobiles; motor scooters; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; electric tricycles; push scooters [vehicles]; remote control vehicles, other than toys; anti-theft devices for vehicles; electrically-powered scooters; safety seats for children, for vehicles; safety seats for children, for cars; boxes or saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; automobiles; three-wheeled motor vehicles; electrically-powered self-balancing scooters; boxes or saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electric automobiles. Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; charging services of motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; vehicle service stations [refuelling and maintenance]; installation, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus.

Goods & Services

Technological research; industrial design; maintenance of computer software; computer system design; monitoring of computer systems by remote access; software as a service [SaaS]; information technology [IT] consultancy; data encryption services; platform as a service [PaaS]; development of computer platforms; research and development of new products for others; testing the functionality of apparatus and instruments; testing of computer software; design and development of computer software; database design and development; software design and development; design and writing of computer software; developing of driver and operating system software; design and development of instant messaging software; graphic design.

Goods & Services

Technological research in the field of bicycles and Electric Vehicles; industrial design; maintenance of computer software; computer system design; monitoring of computer systems by remote access to ensure proper functioning; software as a service (SaaS), namely, software for use in database management, for database processing, for information transfer in the field of Electric Vehicles sharing service; information technology (IT) consultancy; data encryption services; platform as a service (PaaS), featuring computer software platforms for use in database management, for information transfer in the field of Electric Vehicles sharing service; development of computer platforms; research and development of new products for others; testing the functionality of apparatus and instruments; testing of computer software; design and development of computer software; database design and development; software design and development; design and writing of computer software; developing of driver and operating system software; design and development of instant messaging software; graphic design

Goods & Services

Electric locomotives; motorized golf carts; electric bicycles; moped; bicycles; pushchairs; sleighs for transport purposes; electric land vehicles; motorcycles; snowmobiles; motor scooters; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; electric tricycles not being toys; push scooters; remote control land vehicles, other than toys; anti-theft devices for vehicles; electrically-powered motor scooters; safety seats for children, for vehicles; safety seats for children, for cars; boxes and saddlebags adapted for motorcycles; automobiles; three-wheeled motor vehicles; electrically-powered self-balancing motor scooters; boxes and saddlebags adapted for bicycles; electric automobiles Vehicle battery charging; charging of electric vehicles; repair and maintenance of land vehicles; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles; battery charging services for motor vehicles; vehicle breakdown repair services; vehicle service stations for refueling and maintenance; installation, replacement and repair of locks; retreading of tires; burglar alarm installation and repair; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus

Goods & Services

Electric locomotives; motorcycles; snowmobiles; motor scooters; golf carts [vehicles]; electric vehicles; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; electric bicycles; electric tricycles; moped; push scooters [vehicles]; bicycles; remote control vehicles, other than toys; pushchairs; sleighs [vehicles]; electric vehicles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; children's safety seats for cars; children's safety seats for vehicles; electrically-powered motor scooters; self-balancing scooters.

Goods & Services

Electric locomotives; motorcycles; snowmobiles; motor scooters; Vehicles in the nature of motorized golf carts; electric vehicles, namely, electric cars; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; electric bicycles; electric tricycles not being toys; moped; Vehicles in the nature of push scooters; bicycles; remotely controlled land vehicles, other than toys; pushchairs; Vehicles in the nature of sleighs for transport purposes; anti-theft devices for vehicles; children's safety seats for cars; children's safety seats for vehicles; electrically-powered motor scooters; self-balancing scooters

Goods & Services

Electric locomotives; motorcycles; snowmobiles; motor scooters; golf carts [vehicles]; electric vehicles; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; electric bicycles; electric tricycles; moped; push scooters [vehicles]; bicycles; remote control vehicles, other than toys; pushchairs; sleighs [vehicles]; electric vehicles; anti-theft devices for vehicles.

Goods & Services

Electric locomotives; motorcycles; snowmobiles; motor scooters; golf carts [vehicles]; electric vehicles; two-wheeled motor vehicles; cross-country motorcycles; electric bicycles; electric tricycles; moped; push scooters [vehicles]; bicycles; remote control vehicles, other than toys; pushchairs; sleighs [vehicles]; electric vehicles; anti-theft devices for vehicles.

Goods & Services

Electric locomotives; motorcycles; snowmobiles; motor scooters; motorized golf carts being vehicles; electric cars; two-wheeled motor vehicles; electric motorcycles; electric bicycles; tricycles not being toys; mopeds; push scooters; bicycles; remotely controlled land vehicle for transport purposes; pushchairs; sleighs for transport purposes; electrically-powered motor vehicles; anti-theft devices for vehicles