The invention relates to a method and to a system for cooling at least one refrigerant and/or at least one refrigeration transfer medium in an open process with a continuous or discontinuous mode of operation, wherein at least one first substance flow (1) in the form of the refrigerant and at least one second substance flow (2) of the refrigeration transfer medium are conveyed under pressure to at least one apparatus (3) and combined in the apparatus (3), the two substance flows (1, 2) expand and cool down in and/or as they exit from the apparatus (3), as a result of which ice, slurry ice/particles of ice, snow, cold water or other refrigeration transfer media or combinations or mixtures/suspensions thereof with a low temperature are generated, and the flow (1/2) comprising the substance flows (1) and (2) exiting from the apparatus (3) is supplied at least to a container/refrigeration storage device (4) having a storage function and the second substance flow (2) is taken from the container/refrigeration storage device (4) in order to implement at least one cooling task (K) and/or the cooling task (K) is executed with at least one heat transfer medium in/at the container/refrigeration storage device (4).
F25C 3/00 - Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow
METHOD AND PLANT FOR PRODUCING ICE, SLURRY ICE/ICE PARTICLES, SNOW, HYDRATES, COLD WATER, OR COMBINATIONS OR A MIXTURE/SUSPENSION THEREOF, IN A CLOSED PROCESS
The invention relates to a method and a plant for producing ice, slurry ice/ice particles, snow, hydrates, cold water, or combinations or a mixture/suspension thereof, wherein: at least one substance stream (2) in the form of ice, slurry ice/ice particles, snow, hydrates, cold water, or combinations or a mixture/suspension thereof, are brought together with a refrigerant of a substance stream (1) in an apparatus (3) and expand and cool in and/or upon emerging from the apparatus (3); the stream (1/2) emerging from the apparatus (3) and consisting of the substance streams (1) and (2) is fed to a vessel (4) that has a storage function; phase separation of the substance streams (1) and (2) is performed in the vessel (4); the first substance stream (1) comprising the refrigerant is extracted from the vessel (4); and a cooling function (K) is implemented using the second substance stream (2) in the form of ice, slurry ice/ice particles, snow, hydrates, cold water, or combinations or a mixture/suspension thereof, the temperature of which second substance stream has been reduced.
The invention relates to an intermediate product for producing a nanoelectronic component structure and to a nanoelectronic component structure, each of which has a substrate, at least one cavity formed therein, and at least one nanostructure which at least partly spans the respective cavity. The invention also relates to a method for producing a nanoelectronic component structure, wherein at least one cavity is introduced into a substrate, and each cavity is bridged by at least one nanostructure. The invention is to allow mechanical stress states in nanostructures to be adjusted in a decoupled manner from location and direction. This is achieved in that the nanoelectronic component structure according to the invention has at least one arm, which partly overlaps with the at least one cavity, on one side of the respective cavity, said arm being bent or shrunk at the arm end protruding beyond or into the respective cavity, wherein a gap is formed over the at least one cavity, and the at least one nanostructure is arranged on the respective arm so as to span the respective gap and is fixed between the respective arm and contact electrodes formed on each side of the gap.
The invention relates to - a method for aligning and/or synchronising meter values of at least two devices (1, 2, 3, 4), wherein a receiver means (11) of a first device (1) forwards reference meter values at least of a second device (2), in particular of a reference meter of the second device (2), to a meter value alignment unit (53) of the first device (1) at receiving time points, wherein a meter means (12) of the first device (1) transmits a received meter value to the meter value alignment unit (53) at each of the receiving time points, wherein the meter value alignment unit (53) assigns the or at least one reference meter value to the received meter value at each of the receiving times in order to align the meter values; - to a device; and - to an arrangement.
H04Q 9/00 - Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems for selectively calling a substation from a main station, in which substation desired apparatus is selected for applying a control signal thereto or for obtaining measured values therefrom
The invention relates to nonlinear elastic joints with an elastic mechanism and drives, said joints being distinguished in particular by a variable rigidity. To this end, a control plate connected to a first drive has indentations or elevations arranged distanced from one another on at least one circular path, the indentations or the elevations each being paths of a roller. The rollers are connected articulatedly to first lever arms of double-ended levers. The second lever arms of the double-ended levers are connected articulatedly via a connection part to a first end of a compression spring. The second end of the compression spring is connected to the rollers and the first lever arms. Furthermore, pivots of the double-ended levers are coupled at an adjustment mechanism to a second drive to change the position of the pivots parallel to the control plate, and thus to change the rigidity.
A vinyl amine containing polymer comprises randomly distributed repeating monomer units having at least two of the following formulae: (I); (II); (III); and (IV) wherein, R1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and wherein the vinyl amine containing polymer comprises repeating monomer unit III and/or IV in a total amount of from about 1.5 weight percent to about 8 weight percent based on a total weight of the polymer.
B05D 3/02 - Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by baking
B05D 3/06 - Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
B05D 3/10 - Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by other chemical means
7.
COMPONENT HAVING AT LEAST ONE COMPRESSED REGION, AND METHOD AND TOOL FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
The invention relates to a component made from a material consisting predominantly of renewable raw materials, the component having at least one hole with a longitudinal axis (A) and the material being locally compressed in the region peripherally adjoining the hole. According to the method, at least one pin, which comprises a substantially cylindrical shaft and a tip having a reducing diameter in the direction of the component, penetrates into the material, thus creating a hole in the component, and displaces the wood material radially and/or axially, so that the material in the region surrounding the hole is compressed. The tool used for carrying out the method is designed in the form of at least one pin having a cylindrical or polygonal shaft and a tip reducing in diameter in the direction of the component.
B27D 3/02 - Veneer presses; Press plates; Plywood presses with a plurality of press plates, i.e. multi-platen hot presses
B29C 70/54 - Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
8.
COMPONENT MADE FROM A MATERIAL CONSISTING PREDOMINANTLY OF RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS, HAVING AT LEAST ONE COMPRESSED REGION, AND METHOD AND TOOL FOR PRODUCING THE COMPRESSED REGION
The invention relates to a component made from a material consisting predominantly of renewable raw materials, the component having at least one hole with a longitudinal axis (A) and the material being locally compressed in the region peripherally adjoining the hole. According to the method, at least one pin, which comprises a substantially cylindrical shaft and a tip having a reducing diameter in the direction of the component, penetrates into the material, thus creating a hole in the component, and displaces the wood material radially and/or axially, so that the material in the region surrounding the hole is compressed. The tool used for carrying out the method is designed in the form of at least one pin having a cylindrical or polygonal shaft and a tip reducing in diameter in the direction of the component.
The invention relates to a thermal energy storage device, in particular a multi-zonal storage device in the form of a flat-bottomed tank, having a bottom in the form of a base, a roof and a cylindrical shell arranged between the bottom and the roof, wherein the energy storage device has at least two storage zones for storing a heat transfer medium (water), there being arranged a lower, first storage zone and a second storage zone above the first storage zone, wherein the first and second storage zone are separated from one another by a first, securely arranged intermediate roof, and wherein a further, second intermediate roof that upwardly bounds the storage zone is arranged above the second storage zone, and above the second intermediate roof there is a fluid-filled (heat transfer medium/water) equalizing zone whose weight acts on the second storage zone, and wherein a floating roof is arranged on the equalizing zone.
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
35 - Advertising and business services
41 - Education, entertainment, sporting and cultural services
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
Goods & Services
Downloadable electronic documents. Professional business consultancy. arranging, Conducting and organising of meetings, symposiums and congresses; Providing of training and further training; Providing online electronic publications, not downloadable. Providing of a platform for the exchange of scientific and technological information and information relating to research; Providing of a platform for the exchange of professional business information.
11.
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SWITCHING HIGH-PRESSURE SUSPENSION
The invention relates to an apparatus for switching high-pressure suspension, in particular for engaging or disengaging a solid-particle-laden fluid flow which is under high-pressure, said apparatus having a fluid reservoir (1), a high-pressure generator (2) and a nozzle (11), wherein the apparatus has a primary flow path, a suspension generator and a secondary flow path, such that - a counter pressure can be generated via the secondary flow path (13), which leads into the primary flow path (12) downstream of the suspension generator (5) in the primary flow direction, decreasing or completely eliminating a pressure difference in order to engage or disengage the high-pressure suspension via a first valve (6), and such that - the primary flow path (12) can be opened or closed via the first valve (6), which is located downstream of the suspension generator (5) and upstream of the inlet of the secondary flow path (13) in the flow direction in the primary flow path (12), and via a second valve (8), which is located upstream of the suspension generator (5) in the flow direction in the primary flow path (12), and such that - the counter pressure can be reduced by separating the secondary flow path (13) from the high-pressure generator via a switch valve (7). The invention furthermore relates to an associated method for engaging and disengaging a solid-particle-laden fluid flow which is under high pressure.
B24C 7/00 - Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts
B24C 5/02 - Blast guns, e.g. for generating high velocity abrasive fluid jets for cutting materials
B24C 1/04 - Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass
B26F 3/00 - Severing by means other than cutting; Apparatus therefor
The invention relates to elastic joints comprising a drive, an elastic mechanism, and an output. The elastic joints are characterized in particular by a variable rigidity. Additionally, the elastic mechanism has a disc cam mechanism and a lever mechanism. The drive is connected to the disc cam mechanism, and the torque can be changed in a nonlinear manner by rotating a disc cam connected to at least one spring element. The disc cam is connected to the lever mechanism, wherein a first lever arm of a lever is rotatably connected to the disc cam outside of the cam center, a second lever arm of the lever is connected to the output, and the pivot of the lever is coupled to an adjustment mechanism in order to change the position of the pivot and thus the rigidity.
B25J 9/12 - Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements electric
F16D 3/50 - Yielding couplings, i.e. with means permitting movement between the connected parts during the drive with the coupling parts connected by one or more intermediate members
13.
METHOD FOR PRODUCING A METAL SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT OR FINISHED PART AS MATERIAL COMPOSITE HAVING A FUNCTIONALISED SURFACE AND SUCH SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT OR FINISHED PART
The invention relates to methods for producing a metal semi-finished product or finished part as material composite having a functionalised surface and such semi-finished products or finished parts. The methods and such semi-finished products or finished parts are characterised in particular in that a surface or layer provided with particles can be produced and can be provided as a semi-finished product or finished part. For this purpose, a metal substrate as component of the semi-finished product or finished part is coated with a metal layer, particles are applied to the metal layer and the substrate with the metal layer and the particles is deformed at a temperature below the melting temperatures of the metal substrate, the metal layer and the particles. For this purpose, a semi-finished product or finished part is a material composite having a deposited metal layer and having particles incorporated by application and plastic deformation into the surface of the layer and/or into the layer.
C23C 24/08 - Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
C23C 24/10 - Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
The invention relates to a hybrid nanocomposite material, to a sensor for detecting a load, and to a method for producing same, and the invention can be used in particular for measuring an expansion and detecting loads and cracks on components. The hybrid nanocomposite material according to the invention consists of nanomaterials in the form of a polymer with a high intrinsic conductivity, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide. The sensor has a base (3) with a dielectric substrate (2) which is arranged thereon and on which a sensor layer (1) is applied, said sensor layer being made of a tertiary hybrid nanocomposite material, wherein the hybrid nanocomposite material consists of a polymer with a high intrinsic conductivity, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide. According to the method, carbon nanotubes are connected to graphene oxide using an ultrasonic treatment in order to form a suspension in a first method step, and the suspension is subsequently mixed with an intrinsically conductive polymer and is then applied onto a substrate (2) as a sensor layer (1).
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Forke, Roman
Hiller, Karla
Abstract
The invention relates to a component (16) for a micromechanical system and to a method for producing same. The component has an upper face and a lower face on opposite sides and comprises at least one first patterned element which is located in a first region (21) of the component (16) and is delimited by at least one first gap (19), and at least one second patterned element which is located in a second region (22), different from the first region (21) of the component (16), and is delimited by at least one second gap (20). The first region (21) is defined by a first cavity (6) in the lower face of the component (16), wherein a first thickness (C) of the component (16) is reduced in the first region (21) in relation to a second thickness (B) of the component (16) in the second region (22). A minimum second gap width of the at least one second gap (20) is greater than a minimum first gap width of the at least one first gap (19).
The invention relates to a method for contacting a semiconductor chip of a power-electronic component. The power-electronic component has a first lower contact face (1) and a semiconductor chip (2) positioned thereon, wherein a ceramic insulation layer (3), which extends over the first contact face not covered by the semiconductor chip and which surrounds the semiconductor along its circumference, is pressed onto the lower contact face, and a second upper contact face (4) is pressed onto the semiconductor chip.
The invention relates to a device for charging and/or discharging a thermal energy store, in the case of which device the thermal energy store can be charged with at least one fluid as a storage medium by means of a feed apparatus, wherein: the feed apparatus has at least two or more guide elements pointing radially outward in an arcuate shape for producing a swirling flow, and/or two or more guide elements pointing radially outward in an arcuate shape adjoin the feed apparatus, which guide elements influence the flow pattern in the radial direction, and/or the energy store has at least one assembly for producing a swirling flow, such that the feed is arranged tangentially to the store wall and the flow pattern is influenced in the tangential direction. The invention further relates to a method for charging and/or discharging a thermal energy store, wherein the thermal energy store is charged with at least one fluid as a storage medium by means of a feed apparatus, and the flow pattern of the fluid flowing into the energy store via the feed is influenced radially and/or tangentially. A swirling flow and an advantageous velocity distribution with little mixing of the flow profile in the energy store take effect, the swirling flow being radially produced by means of at least two or more guide elements pointing radially outward in an arcuate shape, and/or the feed occurring tangentially to the store wall and influencing the flow pattern in the tangential direction.
The invention relates to a method and a device for producing a component by means of 3D multi-material pressure and to a component part produced therewith, wherein metallic and ceramic pastes, mixed with powder and binding agents, for producing the component are applied in layers by means of an extrusion process and are shaped, and the printing process is monitored by means of a monitoring device in such a way that defects in the pressure are detected by means of a camera and the defects are eliminated and/or overfilling or underfilling of each printed layer in relation to the extrusion quantity is monitored by means of a camera and/or temporary blockages in the extrusion nozzle are detected by monitoring the pressure in the region of the extrusion nozzle and released by increasing the pressure. The device comprises a corresponding monitoring device. The device can also have a mixing and feeding device with a vacuum mixing container which is connected to a vibration device. The device can comprise a ceramic construction platform having a porous structure. The component has a lattice structure with beads which are deposited at a distance from one another on a plane.
B29C 64/165 - Processes of additive manufacturing using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
B29C 48/285 - Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder
Rolled-up energy storage elements, each including a rolled layer stack of layers which are arranged within a layer plane in an at least partially covering manner. In the layer stack, at least two layers are present which are at least partially electrically conductive, and at least one layer of a non-liquid electrolyte material is present, or at least one region between at least two layers of the rolled layer stack is present which comprises a liquid electrolyte. Either at least one of the layers that is at least partially electrically conductive includes at least partially a magnetic material, or an additional layer that includes at least partially a magnetic material in the layer stack.
The invention relates to a holder for receiving and operating tablet PCs, the holder having a left grip (3) and a right grip (4) for the left and the right hand, the grips (3, 4) having an ergonomic shape.
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Gessner, Thomas
Otto, Thomas
Schulz, Stefan
Hermann, Sascha
Blaudeck, Thomas
Spudat, Christian
Abstract
The invention describes a device for emitting or detecting electromagnetic radiation (11o; 11 i). The device comprises a first and a second electrode (14a, 14b), which are connected to one another via an electrically conductive nanostructure (12), e.g. a nanowire or a nanotube (CNT). The electrically conductive nanostructure is designed to receive electrons (16) and holes (18) from the first and second electrodes or to transport them to the first and second electrodes. The device futhermore comprises a radiation molecule/quantum dot (22) arranged on a peripheral surface of the electrically conductive nanostructure (12). The radiation molecule/quantum dot (22) is designed to take up electrons and holes or electromagnetic radiation (11 i) and to emit the electromagnetic radiation (11o) upon a recombination of taken-up electrons and taken-up holes, or to emit electrons and holes on the basis of the taken-up electromagnetic radiation (11 i). The electrically conductive nanostructure (12) is enclosed at least partly by the first or second electrode at an end arranged at the first or second electrode (14a, 14b) in the region (26a, 26b) of a peripheral surface of the electrically conductive nanostructure, in order to provide an electrical contact of the first or second electrode and the electrically conductive nanostructure.
B82Y 10/00 - Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
B82Y 20/00 - Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
H01L 29/423 - Electrodes characterised by their shape, relative sizes or dispositions not carrying the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
H01L 29/775 - Field-effect transistors with one-dimensional charge carrier gas channel, e.g. quantum wire FET
H01L 51/00 - Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof
H01L 51/42 - Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
H01L 51/44 - Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation - Details of devices
H01L 31/0352 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS - Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
H01L 29/12 - Semiconductor bodies characterised by the materials of which they are formed
H01L 29/06 - Semiconductor bodies characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions
H01L 33/06 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS - Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction within the light emitting region, e.g. quantum confinement structure or tunnel barrier
H01L 29/41 - Electrodes characterised by their shape, relative sizes or dispositions
22.
SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HOT WATER AND/OR STEAM HAVING A HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESERVOIR FOR USE IN A GAS TURBINE POWER STATION
The invention relates to a system for producing hot water and/or steam having a high-temperature reservoir for use in a gas turbine power station, wherein the energy for charging is provided from at least one external energy source and/or from an internal energy source of the gas turbine power station, and wherein the hot water and/or the steam (D) can be delivered in an open process for injection into a fluid stream between the compressor and the turbine and/or the turbine of the gas turbine power station, wherein at least one channel (4) leads through the high-temperature reservoir (2.2), and by heat transfer an increase in pressure and/or temperature of the water (W)/hot water (HW) can be achieved in such a way that hot water (W) and/or steam (D) comes out from the channel (4) at an outlet temperature (T2) > the inlet temperature (T1), wherein the high-temperature reservoir (2.2) has connections for direct and/or indirect charging which for direct charging are coupled to at least one external energy source and/or for indirect charging are coupled to an external energy source which supplies electrical energy.
F01K 3/18 - Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
F01K 3/00 - Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
F01K 21/04 - Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
F02C 3/30 - Adding water, steam or other fluids to the combustible ingredients or to the working fluid before discharge from the turbine
F22B 1/00 - Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
F22B 1/28 - Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically
F28D 20/00 - Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups or
F28D 20/02 - Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups or using latent heat
The invention relates to a bladder measurement capsule, which can be introduced into the bladder of a living being, in particular a human, and which has a pressure sensor and measurement electronics in a housing by means of which pressure measurement values provided by the pressure sensor can be detected and saved and which has a shape deviating from a linear longitudinal extension, in particular the shape of a ring torus sector, and is flexible against a resetting force into a linear longitudinally extended shape. The invention further relates to a method for producing a bladder pressure measurement capsule, wherein a flexible circuit board (2) carrying the internal components, in particular the electronic components, is inserted into a mold cavity which defines a shape of the bladder pressure measurement capsule deviating from a linear longitudinal extension, in particular the shape of a ring torus sector, and the mold cavity is filled with an elastomer casting compound (1) which cures without tension, in particular silicone.
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Bertz, Andreas
Schulz, Stefan, E.
Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for fixation of a first movable component (4) of a micro-mechanical structural element to a stationary or moving second component (5) of the structural element, wherein a lateral surface of the first component and a lateral surface of the second component face one another. In the method, a layer (10) protruding from the lateral surface is produced on a side of one or both components (4, 5) adjoining the lateral surface. The movable first component is moved (4) for fixation against the second component (5) in such a manner that the protruding layer area slides over the side of the first or second component (4, 5) adjoining the lateral side or, in the case of a protruding layer (10) present on both components (4, 5), the protruding layer areas slide one over another such that, due to static friction, the protruding layer area (10) adheres to the component (4, 5) thereunder, or the protruding layer areas adhere to one another. With the proposed method it is possible to subsequently reduce gap widths between a movable structure element and a fixed or movable structure element with little effort.
The invention relates to drive systems for motor vehicles, comprising a first electric motor and a second electric motor. The drive systems are characterised in particular by great efficiency. For that purpose the rotor of the first electric motor is either directly connected to an output or can be detachably connected to an output by means of at least one first switch element. Firstly, the rotor of the second electric motor is connected directly or detachably via a switch device to at least one assembly. Secondly, the rotor of the second electric motor is or can be connected either to the central gear of a planetary gear system or to the central gear of a planetary gear system and also via a second switch element detachably to the rotor of the first electric motor. The output is connected to the external gear of the planetary gear system. Between the external gear and the central gear of the planetary gear system there is at least one planet gear. Furthermore, the planet carrier of the planetary gear system can be detachably connected to a fixed part via a control unit.
F02B 63/04 - Adaptations of engines for driving pumps, hand-held tools or electric generators; Portable combinations of engines with engine-driven devices for electric generators
B60K 1/00 - Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
26.
PART OF AN ELECTRICAL MACHINE OR A TRANSFORMER AND ITS GENERATIVE PRODUCTION METHOD
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Studnitzky, Thomas
Strauss, Alexander
Stephani, Günter
Bräuer, Patrick
Lindner, Mathias
Werner, Ralf
Rudolph, Johannes
Abstract
The invention relates to an electrical energy converter such as a rotor or a stator of an electrical machine, to a transformer or a coil having a coil body and to an associated method for the production thereof. The aim of the invention is to produce said electrical energy converter with a high production tolerance and reduced complexity in order to achieve rather small-format devices. The rotor body or stator body or the electrical coil with coil support is designed as a three-dimensional monolithic element and made of a plurality of electrically conductive, magnetically conductive, magnetically non-conductive, electrically non-conductive, magnetic, and/or magnetizable materials sintered to one other.
H02K 1/02 - DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES - Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the magnetic material
H02K 5/18 - Casings or enclosures characterised by the shape, form or construction thereof with ribs or fins for improving heat transfer
H02K 1/20 - Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit with channels or ducts for flow of cooling medium
B29C 67/00 - Shaping techniques not covered by groups , or
H02K 5/20 - Casings or enclosures characterised by the shape, form or construction thereof with channels or ducts for flow of cooling medium
H02K 15/02 - Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines of stator or rotor bodies
B29L 31/34 - Electrical apparatus, e.g. sparking plugs or parts thereof
27.
LAYER SYSTEM HAVING A LAYER OF CARBON NANOTUBES ARRANGED PARALLEL TO ONE ANOTHER AND AN ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SURFACE LAYER, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE LAYER SYSTEM, AND USE OF THE LAYER SYSTEM IN MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGY
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Hermann, Sascha
Gessner, Thomas
Schulz, Stefan, E.
Abstract
The invention relates to a layer system, comprising a layer of carbon nanotubes oriented parallel to one another and a surface layer having metallic properties connected directly thereto, from which surface layer the carbon nanotubes have grown in tip growth. The layer system can also have a base layer and/or a substrate. The layer system can be obtained by producing a structured layer comprising a first phase, which is composed of a metal that has no independent catalytic activity with respect to the production of CNTs from the gas phase, and a second phase, which is composed of a metal that catalyzes the production of CNTs from the gas phase, on a substrate or a base layer, wherein the first phase has a structure that is unevenly thick and/or folded and optionally interspersed with pores and the second phase is located in recesses and/or pores of the first phase in such a way that the two material phases are at least partially adjacent to one another in the lateral plane, on the substrate or the base layer located thereon. Carbon is deposited on said structured layer from a gas atmosphere containing carbon, wherein carbon nanotubes are formed and said carbon nanotubes raise at least parts of the structured layer in a closed form. The substrate or the base layer can subsequently be removed. The layer system of the invention is suitable for use in a large number of components and electronic microsystems and nanosystems, flip-chip connections, sensors or actuators, in particular pressure sensors, contact sensors, optical sensors, mirrors, projectors, optical filters, nanopositioning systems, or interferometers, and, in a specific form, also in a super capacitor.
The invention relates to a system and a method for producing hot water and/or steam and for storing water in liquid and/or gaseous form for use for a gas turbine power plant (1) having a compressor (1.2) and a turbine (1.5), using a system (2) for producing hot water and/or steam that comprises at least one storage system having at least one storage container (2.1, 2.2) for storing the water, in which storage container the water is heated by supplying energy, wherein the energy is provided from at least one external energy source that is arranged outside the gas turbine power plant (1) and/or the system (2), and wherein the hot water and/or the steam is used for injecting into a fluid flow between the compressor and the turbine and/or into the turbine (1.5) of the gas turbine power plant, and wherein according to the method the hot water and/or the steam is injected into a fluid flow between the compressor (1.2) and the turbine (1.5) and/or into the turbine (1.5) of the gas turbine power plant (1) in an open process. The supplied energy for heating the water is advantageously provided from negative reserve power or excess electricity.
F02C 1/00 - Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid
F02C 1/05 - Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly characterised by the type or source of heat, e.g. using nuclear or solar energy
F02C 1/06 - Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly characterised by the type or source of heat, e.g. using nuclear or solar energy using reheated exhaust gas
F01K 3/18 - Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
F01K 21/04 - Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
The invention relates to a hydraulic switch for heating and/or cooling systems, which hydraulic switch is arranged between at least one generator circuit (K1) and at least one consumer circuit (K2) and has a switch housing (2), the longitudinal axis (A) of which runs substantially vertically when the switch (1) is in the installed state and the interior of which has a chamber (3) for a temperature carrier fluid, wherein on the switch housing (2) at least one first feed line (4) leads to the generator circuit and at least one first return line (5) leads to the generator circuit (K1), and at least one second feed line (6) and one second return line (7) can be connected to the consumer circuit (K2), wherein between the first feed line (4) and the second feed line (6) there is arranged a first flow-guiding element (8) extending in the flow direction, and between the first return line (5) and the second return line (7) there is arranged a second flow-guiding element (9) extending in the flow direction, wherein the first and the second flow-guiding elements (8, 9) are in each case in the form of a circumferentially open bent tube with an opening angle (a) which ensures the compensation of a large volume flow.
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG, E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Otto, Thomas
Nestler, Jörg
Gessner, Thomas
Abstract
The invention relates to a fluidic actuator comprising a base arrangement (1, 10) having at least one cavity (6) formed therein, an activatable substance (20) inside the cavity (6), and a deformable closure arrangement. The activatable substance, for example, an electrolyte, can be at least partially converted by suitable activation and at the same time cause a pressure change in the cavity (6). The deformable closure arrangement (30; 4) serves to close the cavity (6). The deformable closure arrangement comprises a paraffin-containing element (30; 40) and upon activation of the activatable substance (20) can be deformed owing to the pressure change of the activatable substance. A corresponding production method comprises the following steps: preparing the base arrangement (1, 10); forming a cavity (6) open on at least one side in the base arrangement (1, 10); and closing the cavity with the deformable closure arrangement (30; 4) that comprises a paraffin-containing element (30; 40).
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAET CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Otto, Thomas
Nestler, Jörg
Gessner, Thomas
Abstract
A film having an opening is used to individualize in an economical manner at least one component in which channel structures are formed that are at least partially open towards a component surface of the at least one component to give one of a plurality of channel structure combinations. The invention allows the use of at least one such component of a plurality of components that are identical to produce different microfluidic devices which differ in the connection combination of the channel structures, thereby keeping the production costs for the microfluidic devices low.
The invention relates to a switchable coupling, in particular for passenger vehicle auxiliary assemblies, with an actuating system, which is actuated electrically, mechanically, pneumatically or hydraulically, between a driving element, which is designed, for example, in the form of a pulley, and an output element, wherein the actuating system contains a switching element which, upon actuation of the actuating system, is movable between a switching start position and a switching end position counter to the force of one or more resetting elements, for example springs, wherein, in the switching end position, the switching element produces an operative connection between the driving element and the output element such that, when the driving element rotates, the output element and also an auxiliary coupling connected to the output element are caused to rotate, wherein, after deactuation of the actuating system, the locking bodies located on the auxiliary coupling produce a frictional and/or form-fitting operative connection between the driving element and the output element such that, even after deactuation of the actuating system, a torque can be conducted from the driving element to the output element, wherein the operative connection is interrupted only when the rotational speed of the driving element falls below a limit value. The advantage of this solution consists in the coupling not requiring a permanent supply of power in the switching states "coupling = closed" and "coupling = open".
F16D 43/16 - Internally controlled automatic clutches actuated entirely mechanically controlled by angular speed with centrifugal masses themselves being the clutching members with clutching members having interengaging parts
F16D 47/00 - Systems of clutches, or clutches and couplings, comprising devices of types grouped under at least two of the following sets of groups: ; ; ; ;
A switchable coupling (1) with a coupling system (4) between a driving element (2) and an output element (3), wherein the switchable coupling (1) has a preferably electromagnetic actuator (5) and a switching element (6) in the operative vicinity of the actuator (5), and at least one elastic actuating element (10) arranged between the output element (3) and the switching element (6). The switching element (6) is movable in an infinitely variable manner between a starting position (7) via a central position (8) as far as an end position (9), wherein, in the central position (8) of the switching element (6), the switchable coupling (1) has a different state (open or closed) than in the starting position (7). The switchable coupling (1) also has a bolt (11) which is fixedly positioned in the axial direction within the switchable coupling (1) by means of a first bolt stop (12) and a second bolt stop (13). By means of the axial movement of the switching element (6) to and fro upon activation and deactivation of the actuator (5), operative surfaces (24 and 28) of a rotational system (23) connected to the switching element (6) or the bolt (11) come into engagement with moulded elements (26, 27, 30, 31) on the switching element (6) and on the bolt (11) in such a manner that the bolt (11) is rotated in a stepwise manner in relation to the switching element (6). As a result, the bolt alternately moves relative to the switching element into a first relative position (16), in which the bolt blocks a movement of the switching element (6) in the central position (8), and into a second relative position (18), in which said bolt permits a movement of the switching element (6) as far as the starting position.
F16D 27/118 - Magnetically-actuated clutches; Control or electric circuits therefor with an electromagnet not rotating with a clutching member, i.e. without collecting rings with interengaging jaws or gear teeth
The invention relates to a method and a device for thermal spraying, in particular for arc spraying using a filler material (3), which is melted by an arc generated by means of electrodes, wherein the compressed gas (8) flows out through a nozzle (7) at high velocity and sprays the molten filler material (3) onto a prepared surface (1a), and wherein, according to the invention, the compressed gas (8) is generated with a modulated/pulsating gas flow having high velocity, whereby an undesirably developing eddy region of the molten material in the region of the ends of the filler material (3) is restricted or prevented. The device comprises a unit for generating the compressed gas (8) having high velocity and means by which the modulated/pulsating gas flow having high velocity can be generated such that particles/drops of the molten material are prevented from depositing or staying on the nozzle (7) and/or on the filler material (3) and/or particles/drops that have been deposited thereon are detached.
C23C 4/12 - Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
B05B 7/22 - Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating the material to be sprayed electrically, e.g. by arc
B05B 15/02 - Arrangements or devices for cleaning discharge openings
The invention relates to a conveying unit comprising a carrier unit (1) having a driver unit (4), which extends substantially in the movement direction (a1, a2) of the carrier unit (1) and can be moved by a drive (2). The drive (2) comprises at least two revolving drive belts (2a 2b), wherein tensioning sections (3a, 3b) of the revolving drive belts (2a 2b) are located opposite of each other and the driver unit (4) extends along a region between the tensioning sections (3a 3b). At least one of the drive belts (2a 2b) is magnetic or can be magnetized and the opposing drive belt (2a, 2b) is magnetically attracted. The revolving drive belts (2a 2b) in the region of the opposing tensioning sections (3a 3b) are pulled toward each other on the driver unit (4) by a magnetic force.
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Bräuer, Jörg
Gessner, Thomas
Hofmann, Lutz
Frömel, Jörg
Wiemer, Maik
Letsch, Holger
Baum, Mario
Abstract
The invention relates to a microstructure comprising at least one bonding substrate and a reactive multilayer system, said reactive multilayer system having at least one surface layer of the bonding substrate with vertically aligned, interspaced nanostructures and regions between the nanostructures which are filled with at least one material that is a reaction partner for the material of the nanostructures. The invention further relates to a method of producing a microstructure comprising at least one bonding substrate and a reactive multilayer system, a surface layer of the bonding substrate being structured or deposited in a structured manner, thereby imparting to it vertically aligned, interspaced nanostructures and the regions between the nanostructures being filled with at least one material that is a reaction partner for the material of the nanostructures, to form the reactive multilayer system. The invention also relates to a device for bonding a microstructure, the device comprising a bonding chamber which can be opened and/or closed, and evacuated, and in which the microstructure and the further structure can be introduced and adjusted with respect to each other, and an activation mechanism coupled to the bonding chamber which mechanism is used to mechanically, electrically, electromagnetically, optically and/or thermally activate the reactive multilayer system of the microstructure in such a manner that a self-propagating, exothermal reaction takes place between the nanolayers, the multilayer system being formed by reactive nanostructures having an interposed material which is a reaction partner for the material of the nanostructures. The invention finally relates to a microsystem which is constituted of two bonding substrates and a structure lying between the bonding substrates. The structure comprises a reacted reactive layer system, the reacted reactive layer system being a reactive structure sequence of at least one surface layer provided on the bonding substrate, which surface layer has vertically aligned, interspaced nanostructures and regions between the nanostructures which are filled with at least one material that is a reaction partner for the material of the nanostructures. The microsystem is a sensor which is coated with a biological material, and/or has elements of a polymer material and/or at least one magnetic and/or piezoelectric and/or piezoresistive component.
The invention relates to a method for the thermal coating and to a device, particularly for carrying out the method, particularly high-temperature flame spraying, of surfaces. A shielding gas flow (15) to which an angular momentum is applied flows around a spray jet (8). The spray jet and the shielding gas flow are further guided through an expansion nozzle (6), which is connected downstream of a nozzle for generating the spray jet, and a swirl generator (5) for generating the shielding gas flow (15) in a flow direction. The shielding gas flow stabilizes the spray jet. A jet divergence of the spray jet is further delimited by the shielding gas flow. Furthermore, the shielding gas flow also has a cooling effect on the device and the spray jet.
B05B 7/10 - Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge producing a swirling discharge
B05B 7/20 - Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion
C23C 4/12 - Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
38.
SUBSTRATE HAVING A COATING COMPRISING COPPER AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF BY MEANS OF ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION
FRAUNHOFER GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E. V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Wächtler, Thomas
Gessner, Thomas
Schulz, Stefan
Lang, Heinrich
Jakob, Alexander
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for producing a coated substrate having a coating made of copper or a coating comprising copper by means of atomic layer disposition (ALD). To this end, a fluorine-free copper (I) complex of the formula L2Cu (X∩X) is used as a copper precursor, wherein L is a σ donor/꧀ acceptor or a σ,꧀ donor/꧀ acceptor ligand and wherein X∩X is a bidentate ligand, namely a β-diketonate, a β-ketoiminate, a β-diiminate, and amidinate, a carboxylate, or a thiocarboxylate. A smooth ALD coating (2) containing copper is obtained on tantalum nitride (3).
C23C 16/18 - Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material from metallo-organic compounds
C23C 16/455 - Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into the reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in the reaction chamber
The invention relates to an airship comprising a balloon and several drives for displacing the airship. Said invention can be used by dirigibles that are also known as autonomous airships or blimps, as well as for Zeppelins. The aim of the invention is to provide an airship of the above-mentioned type in which the airship can be prevented to a large extent from oscillating or tilting. Said aim is achieved as the drives of the airship are at least three drives and are arranged about the balloon in such a manner that a force vector or a torque vector generated by the drives can be produced thus varying the position thereof.
FRAUNHOFER GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E. V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Otto, Thomas
Morschhauser, Andreas
Nestler, Jörg
Gessner, Thomas
Voigt, Sebastian
Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for the production of membranes that can be electrically and/or magnetically activated, particularly for switches or pumps. In the method, microparticles and/or nanoparticles (5) having magnetic and/or electric properties are mixed with a matrix material in a flowable state, which has elastic properties after solidification. The matrix material is applied to a substrate as a layer (1), and a distribution of the particles in the layer (1) is selectively modified by means of one or more electric and/or magnetic fields in order to achieve an accumulation (2, 3) of the particles (5) on one or a plurality of locations in the layer (1). The layer (1) is subsequently solidified using the accumulated particles in order to form one or more membranes (16). The invention also relates to a magnetic actuator having such a membrane. The method enables the use of elastic membranes having magnetic, or magnetizable, particles incorporated therein, without having an adverse influence on the elastic properties in certain regions of the membrane.
H01H 50/00 - ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES - Details of electromagnetic relays
41.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING INTENSITY VALUES WITHIN THE SCOPE OF A DIFFRACTOMETRIC INTENSITY MEASUREMENT ON A SAMPLE, APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT A DIFFRACTOMETRIC INTENSITY MEASUREMENT ON A SAMPLE
In a method for determining intensity values within the scope of a diffractometric intensity measurement on a sample, in each case at least one intensity value is determined for each measurement position of a first plurality of measurement positions within a measurement region in a first measurement procedure. Furthermore, based on the determined intensity values, the form of at least one partial region of the measurement region is determined. Furthermore, a second plurality of measurement positions is determined, wherein in the at least one partial region of the measurement region, there are more measurement positions of the second plurality of measurement positions than measurement positions of the first plurality of measurement positions. Furthermore, for each measurement position of the second plurality of measurement positions, in each case at least one intensity value is determined in a second measurement procedure. The measurement resolution is adapted to an observed texture and the measurement time is reduced by not repeating measurements in the second measurement operation that have been carried out in the first measurement operation.
G01N 23/20 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
42.
CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE GATE OF A DEPLETION LAYER FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR
A gate control device comprises a current supply device (551), which may be electrically coupled to a gate connector (303) and a source/drain connector (301) of a depletion layer field-effect transistor (300). The gate control device further comprises a switch device (552) for the optional short-circuiting of the current supply device (551) and a charge storage device (554) which is or may be connected in parallel to the current supply device (551). In a method for control of a depletion layer field-effect transistor, an electric current for the depletion layer field-effect transistor is generated in a first operating state such that the depletion layer field-effect transistor is operated in the channeling region. In a second operating state of the depletion layer field-effect transistor, electric charge is buffered, wherein at least a part of the buffered electric charge is generated in the first operating state of the depletion layer field-effect transistor.
H03K 17/0812 - Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the control circuit
43.
MEMS VACUUM SENSOR BASED ON THE FRICTION PRINCIPLE
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Kurth, Steffen
Tenholte, Dirk
Hiller, Karla
Kaufmann, Christian
Gessner, Thomas
Dötzel, Wolfram
Abstract
The invention relates to a pressure-measuring sensor element having a substrate (5) and at least one mass element (1) which is arranged at a distance from the substrate (5) and is connected to the substrate (5) and/or a support body (6), which cannot move relative to the substrate (5), such that it can oscillate, with the result that a gap whose width can be varied by oscillations of the mass element (1) exists between the mass element (1) and the substrate (5). At least one depression and/or at least one bushing, which is used to reduce the damping of the oscillation of the mass element by the gas or plasma surrounding the mass element (1), is/are situated in that area of the substrate (5) which borders the gap. The sensor element is used, in particular, in pressure sensors for measuring pressures in the vacuum area. Maximum pressures into the range of atmospheric air pressure can be detected using the sensor element according to the invention as a pressure sensor. The lowest pressures to be determined are in the range of 10-6 mbar.
G01L 9/00 - Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
G01L 21/22 - Vacuum gauges by measuring variation of frictional resistance of gases using resonance effects of a vibrating body; Vacuum gauges of the Klumb type
44.
SWITCH ARRANGEMENT WITH A PLURALITY OF SWITCHES ARRANGED IN THE FORM OF A MATRIX AND METHOD FOR SWITCHING SWITCHES ARRANGED IN THE FORM OF A MATRIX
FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. (Germany)
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ (Germany)
Inventor
Kurth, Steffen
Frömel, Jörg
Voigt, Sebastian
Leidich, Stefan
Nestler, Jörg
Shaporin, Alexej
Dötzel, Wolfram
Gessner, Thomas
Abstract
The invention proposes a circuit arrangement having a plurality of switches, which are arranged in rows and columns and which each have at least one moveable contact which is subjected to spring prestress and at least one fixed contact, a coil arrangement being associated with each switch, wherein the respective switch can be actuated depending on a magnetic field produced via the coil arrangement. At least one coil (2) in a first plane with electrical drive connections (16) is associated with each row of switches (20), and at least one coil (1) in a second plane with electrical drive terminals (17) is associated with each column of switches (20), wherein the magnetic force required for actuating a switch lying at a node point (13) of a row and a column can be produced by applying current in the same direction to the terminals of the respective row and the respective column and adding the magnetic fields of the first and second coil (1, 2) of the respective switch (20).
