Structural parts of power operated milling machinery, namely, thread milling cutters, inserts, extensions, reducers, holders and structural parts for all of the foregoing
There is provided a drilling insert for drilling metallic or other materials, comprising a insert body with first and second lands at the outside diameter of the body that interface with the wall of a drilled hole. There is provided a coolant relief arrangement at the outside diameter of the insert by a plurality of grooves extending between the leading edge and trailing edge of the interface, to provide coolant relief to the outside diameter of the insert at the interface with the drilled hole. The drilling inserts of the invention provide reduced friction and heat generation while maintaining high stability, and operate to prevent accumulation of materials on surfaces of the drilling inserts at the outside diameter of the insert. This enables higher penetration rates and operating speeds while maintaining integrity of the drilling inserts.
There is provided a drill insert for drilling metallic or other materials, comprising a drill insert body with first and second lands at the outside diameter of the body that interface with the wall of a drilled hole. There is provided a coolant relief arrangement at the outside diameter of the drill insert by a plurality of coolant supply channels extending between the leading edge and trailing edge of the interface, to provide coolant relief to the outside diameter of the drill insert at the interface with the drilled hole. The drill inserts of the invention provide reduced friction and heat generation while maintaining high stability, and operate to prevent accumulation of materials on surfaces of the drill inserts at the outside diameter of the drill insert. This enables higher penetration rates and operating speeds while maintaining integrity of the drill inserts.
There is provided a drill tool assembly for drilling metallic or other materials, comprising a holder having a mounting slot in which a cutting insert is positioned, and a through tool coolant supply system. The drilling tool system allows for the application of coolant to the rake surfaces of the cutting insert in a manner which facilitates enabling higher penetration rates while maintaining integrity of the cutting edges of the cutting insert. The drilling tool system comprises a holder having a rotational axis and mounting slot. A cutting insert with sides positioned adjacent the side surfaces of the mounting slot and cutting edges extending from the rotational axis is mounted in the slot. The insert includes rake surfaces adjacent the cutting edges that are positioned above the mounting slot. At least one coolant channel is disposed with at least one coolant outlet directed at the sides of the insert at a position below the rake surfaces. The coolant outlet is configured to disperse coolant in a curtain across the entire rake face of each cutting edge.
There is provided a machining assembly and cutting insert for machining metal or like workpieces, wherein the cutting insert body has a cutting end. The cutting end comprises at least one cutting edge and at least one cutting lip formed adjacent the at least one cutting edge. The at least one cutting lip includes at least one cutting protrusion and associated chip cutting edge to split the chip formed by the at least one cutting edge, for producing chips during machining which are of a width that is sufficiently reduced to allow proper evacuation or removal.
There is provided a drill tool assembly for drilling metallic or other materials, comprising a holder having a mounting slot in which a cutting insert is positioned, and a through tool coolant supply system. The drilling tool system allows for the application of coolant to the rake surfaces of the cutting insert in a manner which facilitates enabling higher penetration rates while maintaining integrity of the cutting edges of the cutting insert. The drilling tool system comprises a holder having a rotational axis and mounting slot. A cutting insert with sides positioned adjacent the side surfaces of the mounting slot and cutting edges extending from the rotational axis is mounted in the slot. The insert includes rake surfaces adjacent the cutting edges that are positioned above the mounting slot. At least one coolant channel is disposed with at least one coolant outlet directed at the sides of the insert at a position below the rake surfaces. The coolant outlet is configured to disperse coolant in a curtain across the entire rake face of each cutting edge.
There is provided a drill tool assembly for drilling metallic or other materials, comprising a holder having a mounting slot in which a cutting insert is positioned, and a through tool coolant supply system. The drilling tool system allows for the application of coolant to the rake surfaces of the cutting insert in a manner which facilitates enabling higher penetration rates while maintaining integrity of the cutting edges of the cutting insert. The drilling tool system comprises a holder having a rotational axis and mounting slot. A cutting insert with sides positioned adjacent the side surfaces of the mounting slot and cutting edges extending from the rotational axis is mounted in the slot. The insert includes rake surfaces adjacent the cutting edges that are positioned above the mounting slot. At least one coolant channel is disposed with at least one coolant outlet directed at the sides of the insert at a position below the rake surfaces. The coolant outlet is configured to disperse coolant in a curtain across the entire rake face of each cutting edge.
There is provided a drill tool assembly for drilling metallic or other materials, comprising a holder having a mounting slot in which a cutting insert is positioned, and a through tool coolant supply system. The drilling tool system allows for the application of coolant to the rake surfaces of the cutting insert in a manner which facilitates enabling higher penetration rates while maintaining integrity of the cutting edges of the cutting insert. The drilling tool system comprises a holder having a rotational axis and mounting slot. A cutting insert with sides positioned adjacent the side surfaces of the mounting slot and cutting edges extending from the rotational axis is mounted in the slot. The insert includes rake surfaces adjacent the cutting edges that are positioned above the mounting slot. At least one coolant channel is disposed with at least one coolant outlet directed at the sides of the insert at a position below the rake surfaces. The coolant outlet is configured to disperse coolant in a curtain across the entire rake face of each cutting edge.
Power operated metalworking machine tools, namely, boring tools; none of the aforesaid goods being for use in in the production of oil and gas from wells or for the drilling of oil and gas wells
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, thread milling cutters, inserts for power-operated thread mills, extensions for power tools, reducers for power tools, machine tool holders and parts for the foregoing.
(1) Metal cutting tools, metal boring tools, metal drilling tools, metal facing tools, metal milling tools, metal turning tools and metal threading tools
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, thread milling cutters, inserts for power-operated thread mills, extensions for power tools, reducers for power tools, machine tool holders and parts for the foregoing
There is provided a machining assembly and cutting insert for machining metal or like workpieces, wherein the cutting insert body has a cutting end. The cutting end comprises at least one cutting edge and at least one cutting lip formed adjacent the at least one cutting edge. The at least one cutting lip includes at least one cutting protrusion and associated chip cutting edge to split the chip formed by the at least one cutting edge, for producing chips during machining which are of a width that is sufficiently reduced to allow proper evacuation or removal.
There is provided a machining assembly and cutting insert (35) for machining metal or like workpieces, wherein the cutting insert body has a cutting end. The cutting end comprises at least one cutting edge (64) and at least one cutting lip (65) formed adjacent the at least one cutting edge. The at least one cutting lip includes at least one cutting protrusion (80) and associated chip cutting edge (82) to split the chip formed by the at least one cutting edge, for producing chips during machining which are of a width that is sufficiently reduced to allow proper evacuation or removal.
Precision machine tools, namely, hard metal tools, high speed steel (hss) tools, carbide tools, poly crystalline diamond (pcd) tools, and diamond-coated and diamond-uncoated tools, all for use in the cutting and forming of materials by others.
Precision machine tools, namely, hard metal tools, high speed steel (HSS) tools, carbide tools, poly crystalline diamond (PCD) tools, and diamond-coated and diamond-uncoated tools, all for use in the cutting and forming of materials by others
23.
DRILLING SYSTEM AND MODULAR DRILLING HEAD FOR DEEP HOLE DRILLING
A drilling system and methods is provided to enhance stability and cutting performance in the production of deep holes that past tools have lacked, causing unwanted characteristics in the finished hole. Stability is particularly problematic on entry, and for deep holes during the drilling cut cycle, and/or during the breakout on through hole applications or an interrupted cut. This drilling system provides enhanced stability and performance by use of a cutting head provided with a central cutting system and first and second side cutting inserts. The first and second side cutting inserts have margins together providing parallel margin planes that engage the hole, such as on entry of each side cutting insert, during the drilling cut cycle, and during the breakout on through hole applications or an interrupted cut. Further advantage is provided by adjustment mechanisms to adjust the center cutting system and side cutting inserts.
A drilling system and methods provide stability and cutting performance to produce holes having desired straightness and other characteristics. The system may include a cutting head provided with a central cutting system and first and second side cutting inserts. The tool provides a major diameter with the OD cutting margins on the replaceable side inserts, as well as possibly cutting margins on the center cutting member. Adjustment mechanisms may be provided to adjust the center cutting member and/side cutting inserts.
A drilling system and methods provide stability and cutting performance to produce holes having desired straightness and other characteristics. The system may include a cutting head provided with a central cutting system and first and second side cutting inserts. The tool provides a major diameter with the OD cutting margins on the replaceable side inserts, as well as possibly cutting margins on the center cutting member. Adjustment mechanisms may be provided to adjust the center cutting member and/ side cutting inserts.
Tools for the cutting and forming of materials, namely, drilling tools including drill bodies and inserts for machining, for use in power-operated machine tools.
(1) Tools for the cutting and forming of materials, namely, drilling tools including drill bodies and inserts for machining, for use in power-operated machine tools for the metalworking industry
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, thread milling cutters, inserts, extensions, reducers, holders and parts for all of the foregoing.
A drilling head for a tubular shank having an inside diameter and threads may comprise an axial body comprising a duct exiting through a first end; threads adjacent the first end corresponding to the threads on the shank and aligning the duct with the shank inside diameter; a bore from an outer surface of the body to the duct; and two axially extending approximately parallel and offset surfaces adjacent a second end; and an insert affixed between the offset surfaces, the insert comprising: a first face at least partially contacting one offset surface and a second face at least partially contacting the other offset surface; one or more cutting edges adjacent the first face, the second face, or both; and a cutting lip adjacent one or more cutting edges.
B23B 41/02 - Boring or drilling machines or devices specially adapted for particular workAccessories specially adapted therefor for boring deep holesTrepanning, e.g. of gun or rifle barrels
A vacuum drilling system and methods is provided that may utilize both a through tool coolant supply as well as a central vacuum extraction system. The system may include a cutting head provided on a hollow tube and a vacuum source to apply vacuum pressure to the area of the cutting head via one or more chip inlets arranged proximate to the cutting head. Sealed coolant containment channels supply coolant to the area of the cutting head.
(1) Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, boring systems comprised of boring heads, boring bars, inserts, extensions, reducers, holders and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in holemaking
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, boring machine systems comprised of boring heads, boring bars, inserts, extensions, reducers, holders and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in holemaking.
45.
DRILLING SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR DEEP HOLE DRILLING
A deep hole drilling system and methods provide stability and cutting performance to produce deep holes having desired straightness. The system may include a replaceable cutting head provided with a center cutting member and first and second side cutting inserts. The tool provides a major diameter with the OD cutting margins on the replaceable side inserts, as well as possibly cutting margins on the center cutting member. Adjustment mechanisms are provided to adjust the center cutting member and side cutting inserts.
E21B 10/633 - Drill bits characterised by parts, e.g. cutting elements, which are detachable or adjustable with plural detachable cutting elements independently detachable
B23B 51/04 - Tools for drilling machines for trepanning
46.
Drilling system and methods for deep hole drilling
A deep hole drilling system and methods provide stability and cutting performance to produce deep holes having desired straightness. The system may include a replaceable cutting head provided with a center cutting member and first and second side cutting inserts. The tool provides a major diameter with the OD cutting margins on the replaceable side inserts, as well as possibly cutting margins on the center cutting member. Adjustment mechanisms are provided to adjust the center cutting member and/side cutting inserts.
E21B 10/633 - Drill bits characterised by parts, e.g. cutting elements, which are detachable or adjustable with plural detachable cutting elements independently detachable
The invention is directed to a drill system that better uses the power curve of modern machine tools. The drill system uses IC inserts to perform the major hole diameter cutting, and a central drilling system that cuts the remaining minor diameter portion of the hole, and is configured to see less cutting surface footage, due to its position from the rotating center of the tool. A connection between the drill head and a holder body secures the drill head in a manner to effectively absorb lateral drilling forces. The drill system allows for a large diameter deep hole that remains straight throughout to be drilled at higher speed and lighter feed rates thus offering a more productive tool that takes advantage of the power curves and lower thrust capabilities of modern machine tools.
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, boring machine systems comprised of boring heads, boring bars, inserts, extensions, reducers, holders and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in holemaking
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, replaceable-tip drilling systems comprised of inserts, holders and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in machining metal; drilling tools and components therefore, for use with power operated machinery; Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, drills, drill inserts, namely, bits and chucks, and power drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits, and drill chucks.
A vacuum drilling system and methods is provided that may utilize both a through tool coolant supply as well as a central vacuum extraction system. The system may include a cutting head provided on a hollow tube and a vacuum source to apply vacuum pressure to the area of the cutting head via one or more chip inlets arranged proximate to the cutting head. Sealed coolant containment channels supply coolant to the area of the cutting head.
A vacuum drilling system and methods is provided that may utilize both a through tool coolant supply as well as a central vacuum extraction system. The system may include a cutting head provided on a hollow tube and a vacuum source to apply vacuum pressure to the area of the cutting head via one or more chip inlets arranged proximate to the cutting head. Sealed coolant containment channels supply coolant to the area of the cutting head.
An adjustable drill is provided comprising a drill body (12) having a longitudinal axis; at least one face surface (28) including a plurality of first serrations (50); at least one cartridge (14, 16), having a cooperating plurality of second serrations (50), to be driven with the drill body (12) when assembled therewith, the at least one cartridge (14, 16) including at least one insert pocket (34); a fastening system (cap head screws; 52, 54) for releasably affixing the at least one cartridge (14, 16) to the drill body (12); and at least one insert (30, 31, 32, 33) releasably affixed in the at least one insert pocket (34).
Drilling system (10) that better uses the power curve of modern machine tools. The drill system (10) uses a two-step drill, utilizing IC inserts (50) to perform the major hole diameter cutting, and a central drilling system (70). In examples, the IC inserts (50) can be set in a drill head (30) in a single or double effective configuration. A central drilling system (70) cuts the remaining minor diameter portion of the hole, and is configured to see less cutting surface footage, due to its position from the rotating center of the tool. The central drilling system (70) may include a "self-centering" geometry, such that the drill head (30) of the tool will be guided throughout the depth of the hole. The drill system (10) allows for a large diameter deep hole that remains straight throughout to be drilled at higher speed and lighter feed rates thus offering a more productive tool that takes advantage of the power curves and lower thrust capabilities of modern machine tools.
Drilling system (10) that better uses the power curve of modern machine tools. The drill system (10) uses a two-step drill, utilizing IC inserts (50) to perform the major hole diameter cutting, and a central drilling system (70). In examples, the IC inserts (50) can be set in a drill head (30) in a single or double effective configuration. A central drilling system (70) cuts the remaining minor diameter portion of the hole, and is configured to see less cutting surface footage, due to its position from the rotating center of the tool. The central drilling system (70) may include a "self-centering" geometry, such that the drill head (30) of the tool will be guided throughout the depth of the hole. The drill system (10) allows for a large diameter deep hole that remains straight throughout to be drilled at higher speed and lighter feed rates thus offering a more productive tool that takes advantage of the power curves and lower thrust capabilities of modern machine tools.
The invention is directed to a drill system that better uses the power curve of modern machine tools. The drill system uses a two-step drill, utilizing IC inserts to perform the major hole diameter cutting, and a central drilling system. In examples, the IC inserts can be set in a drill head in a single or double effective configuration. A central drilling system cuts the remaining minor diameter portion of the hole, and is configured to see less cutting surface footage, due to its position from the rotating center of the tool. The central drilling system may include a “self-centering” geometry, such that the drill head of the tool with be guided throughout the depth of the hole. The drill system allows for a large diameter deep hole that remains straight throughout to be drilled at higher speed and lighter feed rates thus offering a more productive tool that takes advantage of the power curves and lower thrust capabilities of modern machine tools.
A drilling head for a tubular shank having an inside diameter and threads may comprise an axial body comprising a duct exiting through a first end; threads adjacent the first end corresponding to the threads on the shank and aligning the duct with the shank inside diameter; a bore from an outer surface of the body to the duct; and two axially extending approximately parallel and offset surfaces adjacent a second end; and an insert affixed between the offset surfaces, the insert comprising: a first face at least partially contacting one offset surface and a second face at least partially contacting the other offset surface; one or more cutting edges adjacent the first face, the second face, or both; and a cutting lip adjacent one or more cutting edges.
B23B 41/02 - Boring or drilling machines or devices specially adapted for particular workAccessories specially adapted therefor for boring deep holesTrepanning, e.g. of gun or rifle barrels
58.
Adjustable indexable drill and modular system and holder
An adjustable drill has a drill body having a face surface with a directional feature provided therewith. At least one cartridge is mounted adjacent the face surface and selectively slidable along the directional feature to provide adjustment. At least one insert is releasably affixed in an insert pocket provided in the cartridge. In further examples, the adjustable drill may have a central cutting system in combination with the adjustable cartridge type system, wherein the central cutting system may be modular. There may also be provided a modular type of holder arrangement to provide flexibility to adapt the system for various applications.
Modular boring system components, namely, components for computer numerical controlled milling machine systems consisting of boring bars, boring heads, extensions, reducers and tool holders powered by the computer numerical controlled milling machine
Modular boring system components, namely, components for computer numerical controlled milling machines consisting of boring heads, extensions, reducers and tool holders powered by the computer numerical controlled milling machine
A drill system and cutting insert geometry is provided, with the system comprising a drill body having at least one cutting insert, with the at least one cutting insert is formed with at least one cutting edge, and has a first negative clearance surface and a second positive clearance surface, wherein the first negative clearance surface plastically deforms the surface of a work piece to produce a smooth surface finish and substantially reduce or eliminate chatter during a machining process.
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely drills, drill inserts, namely bits and chucks, and power drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits and drill chucks.
An adjustable drill is provided comprising a drill body having a face surface with a directional feature provided therewith. At least one cartridge is selectively mounted adjacent the face surface and selectively slidable along the directional feature to provide adjustment. At least one insert is releasably affixed in an insert pocket provided in the cartridge. In further examples, the adjustable drill may have a central cutting system in combination with the adjustable cartridge type system, wherein the central cutting system may be modular. There may also be provided a modular type of holder arrangement to provide flexibility to adapt the system for various applications.
An adjustable drill has a drill body having a face surface with a directional feature provided therewith. At least one cartridge is mounted adjacent the face surface and selectively slidable along the directional feature to provide adjustment. At least one insert is releasably affixed in an insert pocket provided in the cartridge. In further examples, the adjustable drill may have a central cutting system in combination with the adjustable cartridge type system, wherein the central cutting system may be modular. There may also be provided a modular type of holder arrangement to provide flexibility to adapt the system for various applications.
A drilling head for a tubular shank having an inside diameter and threads may comprise an axial body comprising aduct exiting through a first end; threads adjacent the first end corresponding to the threads on the shank and aligning the duct withthe shank inside diameter; a bore from an outer surface of the body to the duct; and two axially extending approximately paralleland offset surfaces adjacent a second end; and an insert affixed between the offset surfaces, the insert comprising: a first face at leastpartially contacting one offset surface and a second face at least partially contacting the other offset surface; one or more cuttingedges adjacent the first face, the second face, or both; and a cutting lip adjacent one or more cutting edges.
A drilling head for a tubular shank having an inside diameter and threads may comprise an axial body comprising a duct exiting through a first end; threads adjacent the first end corresponding to the threads on the shank and aligning the duct with the shank inside diameter; a bore from an outer surface of the body to the duct; and two axially extending approximately parallel and offset surfaces adjacent a second end; and an insert affixed between the offset surfaces, the insert comprising: a first face at least partially contacting one offset surface and a second face at least partially contacting the other offset surface; one or more cutting edges adjacent the first face, the second face, or both; and a cutting lip adjacent one or more cutting edges.
A drilling head for a tubular shank having an inside diameter and threads may comprise an axial body comprising a duct exiting through a first end; threads adjacent the first end corresponding to the threads on the shank and aligning the duct with the shank inside diameter; a bore from an outer surface of the body to the duct; and two axially extending approximately parallel and offset surfaces adjacent a second end; and an insert affixed between the offset surfaces, the insert comprising: a first face at least partially contacting one offset surface and a second face at least partially contacting the other offset surface; one or more cutting edges adjacent the first face, the second face, or both; and a cutting lip adjacent one or more cutting edges.
B23B 41/02 - Boring or drilling machines or devices specially adapted for particular workAccessories specially adapted therefor for boring deep holesTrepanning, e.g. of gun or rifle barrels
An adjustable drill having a drill body having a longitudinal axis, and a face surface including an aperture extending into the drill body. A directional feature adjacent the aperture extends toward an edge of the drill body, and a longitudinal gullet extends from the face surface along at least a portion of the drill body. A cartridge adjacent the face surface is selectively slidable along the directional feature, and a cutting face having an insert pocket positioned adjacent the edge of the drill body in which an insert is releasably affixed.
A drill tool assembly comprises a drill insert and a tool body. The drill insert is demountably attached to the tool body by a threaded engagement. The threaded engagement is positioned above a seating surface of the insert in the tool body.
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, replaceable-tip drilling systems comprised of inserts, holders, and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in machining metal.
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, replaceable-tip drilling systems comprised of inserts, holders, and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in machining metal
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, replaceable-tip drilling systems comprised of inserts, holders and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in machining metal
76.
Cutting insert with helical geometry and holder therefor
A cutting tool insert and holder therefore, the drill insert having a helical geometry corresponding to helical flutes in a drill body holder which enable the drill tool assembly to more efficiently remove chips from a hole during operation, the drill insert comprising a drill insert body having a first end opposite a second end, a plurality of helical flutes formed in the drill insert body, a plurality of cutting edges formed at the interfaces of the plurality of helical flutes and the first end of the drill insert body, and an aperture formed in each helical flute.
One or more embodiments of the invention enable a boring head to hold a boring tool at an adjustable offset from the axis of rotation in a balanced configuration while maintaining stability when rotating at high speed. The apparatus comprises a boring head body, a bar holder and dial screw, a boring bar, a balance shaft and a balance weight. The apparatus may be configured for a given diameter of operation through use of alternate size components and offsetting a balance weight to account for the components in use. One method of determining the various components to use comprises weighing the various components and creating a lookup table for quick lookup to enable machinists to quickly change the bore range on a machine.
A spade drill insert and drilling tool assembly is provided wherein the lands of the spade drill insert have helical margins which provide increased stability during cutting operations and the holder has a clearance surface providing better chip evacuation. The margin may have a helical trailing side or leading side, a parallel helical margin, or may also include a gullet or flute adjacent the helical margin.
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely drills and drill inserts, namely, bits, chucks, thread cutting tools, and thread milling tools, and power drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits, drill chucks, thread cutting tools, and thread milling tools.
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, replaceable-tip drilling systems comprised of inserts, holders and parts for all of the foregoing, for use in machining metal
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely drills, drill inserts, namely bits and chucks, and power drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits, and drill chucks
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely, drills, drills inserts, namely bits and chunks, and drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits, and drill chunks.
A cutting tool insert and holder therefore, the drill insert having a helical geometry corresponding to helical flutes in a drill body holder which enable the drill tool assembly to more efficiently remove chips from a hole during operation, the drill insert comprising a drill insert body having a first end opposite a second end, a plurality of helical flutes formed in the drill insert body, a plurality of cutting edges formed at the interfaces of the plurality of helical flutes and the first end of the drill insert body, and an aperture formed in each helical flute.
A spade drill insert and drilling tool assembly is provided wherein the lands of the spade drill insert have helical margins which provide increased stability during cutting operations. The margin may have a helical trailing side or leading side, a parallel helical margin, or may also include a gullet or flute adjacent the helical margin.
A spade drill insert and drilling tool assembly is provided wherein the spade drill insert body comprises curved cutting edges and a lip groove having a trough substantially parallel to a plane formed through each adjacent curved cutting edge, which provides a significant improvement in chip formation during cutting operations.
(1) Structural part of power operated machinery, namely drills, drill inserts, namely bits and chucks, and drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits, and drill chucks.
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely drills, drill inserts, namely bits and chucks, and power drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits, and drill chucks
Structural parts of power operated machinery, namely drills, drill inserts, namely bits and chucks, and drilling systems comprised of drills, drill bits, and drill chucks
