Copolymers of ethylene and α-olefins having C7 - C12 carbon atoms having : (a) a density (D) in the range 0.900 - 0.940 g/cm3, (b) a melt index MI2 (2.16 kg, 19O°C) in the range of 0.01 - 50 g/10 min, (c) a melt elastic modulus G' (G"= 500 Pa) in the range 20 to 150 Pa, and (d) a tear strength (MD) of ≥ 220 g, a tear strength (TD) of ≥ 470 g, and a Dart Drop Impact (DDI) of ≥1800 g of a blown film having a thickness of 25 μm produced from the copolymer; where MD is referred to the machine direction and TD is the transverse direction of the blown film are suitably prepared in the gas phase by use of a supported metallocene catalyst system. Particularly suitable are copolymers of ethylene and 1-octene and the resultant blown films show improved processsability and exhibit an improved balance of film properties of dart impact and tear strength.
The present invention relates to a process for polymerisation in a gas-phase fluidised bed, and in particular to a process for the introduction of a polymerisation catalyst in solid form into a gas-phase fluidised bed, which process comprises using an injection device having an inner tube of internal cross-sectional area of 10 to 100 mm and an outer tube forming an annulus around said inner tube with a cross-sectional area of 1 to 10 times the internal cross-sectional area of the inner tube, and passing said polymerisation catalyst and a carrier gas through the inner tube and into the gas-phase fluidised bed at a linear velocity of said carrier gas of 4 to 14 m/s and at a mass flow rate of earner gas in the range 10-35 kg/li, and passing a shielding gas through the outer tube and into the gas-phase fluidised bed at a linear velocity of said shielding gas of 1 to 10 times the linear velocity of the carrier gas through the inner tube and at a mass flow rate of the shielding gas in the range 100-500 kg/h, wherein no cooled recycle process gas is provided to the injection device.
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
B01J 19/26 - Nozzle-type reactors, i.e. the distribution of the initial reactants within the reactor is effected by their introduction or injection through nozzles
The present invention relates to methods useful for the production of polymer powder, and in particular to a method for transitioning from a first process for production of a first polymer to a second process for the production of a second polymer during a polymerisation campaign in a polymerisation apparatus, said polymerisation apparatus comprising a reaction vessel and a degassing vessel, in which the respective first and second processes each comprise: (a) bringing a principal olefin and a comonomer into contact with a catalyst under gas phase polymerisation conditions in the reaction vessel to form the respective first or second polymer, wherein said first and second process utilise the same principal olefin but differ in at least one of (i) the comonomer used and (ii) the reaction temperature at which the polymer is produced, and (b) subsequently contacting the respective first or second polymer with a purge gas in the degassing vessel to remove unreacted monomers, characterised in that the method for transitioning comprises changing the flow rate of purge gas in the degassing vessel from a first rate, X1, used for degassing of the first polymer to a second rate, X2, used for degassing of the second polymer, the second rate being defined relative to the flow rate, Xi, and temperature, Ti, used for an earlier polymer produced during the campaign using the same comonomer as the second process, and the reaction temperature, T2 in the second process, and that a. where T2 is increased relative to Ti, X2 is at least 1% lower than Xi for each 1 °C increase in T2 compared to Ti, b. where T2 is decreased relative to Ti, X2 is at least 1% higher than X1 for each I °C decrease in T2 compared to Ti, and c. where T2 is equal to Ti, X2 is at least equal to X1, preferably equal to Xi.
C08F 10/00 - Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
C08F 297/08 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by successively polymerising different monomer systems using a catalyst of the ionic or coordination type without deactivating the intermediate polymer using a catalyst of the coordination type polymerising mono-olefins
4.
PROCESS FOR START-UP OF A POLYMERISATION REACTION FLUIDISED BED
The present invention relates to a process for polymerisation, and, in particular, to a process for start-up of a gas phase fluidised bed polymerisation reaction, said reaction comprising polymerisation of one or more monomers using a catalyst in a reactor, and said process comprising:a) providing a start-up bed of particles in the reactor in the presence of the one or more monomers but in the absence of the catalyst, b) introducing catalyst to the reactor to initiate reaction and start-up polymer production, said introduction being designated as time T0, c) at a time Ti, Ti being between 1 and 6 hours after T0, the value of Xi is less than a threshold value, wherein: X1 = Gumulative production in the-time period Tn to T1 (Cumulative catalyst injection the time period T0 to Ti * PiC2=), PiC2= being the ethylene partial pressure in the reactor at the time Ti, d) subsequently stopping the injection of catalyst, e) talcing a corrective action to address the low value of Xi.
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
5.
METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A PROCESS FOR POLYMERISATION OF AN OLEFIN
The present invention relates to a method for controlling a process for polymerisation of an olefin, and in particular to a method for controlling a process for polymerising at least one olefin in a reaction zone, said process comprising in the reaction zone a reaction mixture and polymer particles, the reaction mixture comprising a principal olefin and at least one further reagent, and wherein the process is controlled using the ratio of at least one further reagent to principal olefin in the polymer particles in the reaction zone or in the amorphous phase of said polymer particles.
B01J 8/18 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
6.
APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR GAS PHASE FLUIDISED BED POLYMERISATION REACTION
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a process for polymerisation, and, in particular, provides an apparatus for gas phase fluidised bed polymerisation of olefins, which apparatus comprises: A) a first section which is an upright cylindrical section having a diameter, D1, and cross- sectional area, A1, and B) a second section, provided vertically above the first section and centred about a common vertical axis to the upright cylindrical first section, the base of the second section having a cylindrical cross-section of diameter D1 and being joined to the top of the first section, and the horizontal cross-sectional area of the second section above its base being greater than the cross-sectional area of the first section, characterised in that: i) D1 is greater than 4.5 metres, and ii) the second section has a maximum horizontal cross- sectional area, A2, which is between 3.2 and 6 times the cross-sectional area, A1, of the first section.
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
C08F 10/00 - Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
The present invention provides a process for the production of a degassed polymer powder, which process comprises a) feeding i) a principal monomer, and ii) one or more comonomers fed in an amount of at least 5000ppmw relative to the principal monomer feed rate, and iii) optionally one or more added alkanes having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, fed in an amount of at least lOOOppmw relative to the principal monomer feed rate; into a polymerisation reactor wherein the monomer and comonomers react to foπn a polymer comprising residual hydrocarbons comprising one or more hydrocarbons having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and b) passing the polymer to a degassing step wherein it is contacted with a purge gas to remove at least some of the residual hydrocarbons, characterised in that: 1) the G/P ratio in the degassing step is higher than a minimum G/P ratio, G being the purge gas mass flow rate in the degassing step and P being the polymer throughput of the degassing step, and 2) the purge gas has a concentration of critical hydrocarbon component which is lower than a maximum concentration of said critical hydrocarbon component in the purge gas, the critical hydrocarbon component being the heaviest hydrocarbon component selected from (i), (ii) and (iii) fed in step (a), which minimum G/P ratio and maximum concentration of said critical hydrocarbon component in the purge gas have been calculated based on the absorption coefficient, Kh, for the polymer powder to be degassed.
The present invention relates to an extruder for a polymer, and a process for extruding a polymer using said extruder. In particular, the present invention provides an extruder comprising: (i) two or more barrel sections (1a, 1b, 1c) arranged sequentially from: (a) an upstream feed barrel section (1a) to which polymer feedstock to be extruded is fed, the upstream feed barrel section containing two or more screws each having a diameter of X; to (b) a downstream barrel section (1c) from which melted polymer is passed to a die and extruded; and (ii) one or more feed ports for feeding polymer feedstock to be extruded into the extruder at its upstream end, characterised in that the total area of the one or more feed ports through which polymer feedstock is introduced is greater than 4*X, and a process for extrusion of polymer comprising feeding a polymer feedstock to the feed port of such an extruder.
The present invention relates to a polymerisation process and in particular to a process for the copolymerisation of ethylene and an α-olefϊn comonomer having 7 to 10 carbon atoms in a fluidised bed gas phase reactor in the presence of a multi-site Ziegler-Natta polymerisation catalyst characterised in that (i) said process is operated in condensed mode, (ii) the amount of said α-olefin is maintained below that at which substantial condensation in the reactor occurs and (iii) at least one of the following apply: a) the catalyst has an uptake rate of 1-octene of at least 700; b) the polymerisation is performed in the presence of an activity promoter.
The present invention relates to a process for polymerisation of ethylene, in particular a process which comprises using a catalyst system comprising comprising a catalyst system comprising: i) a solid catalyst comprising Ti, Mg and halogen, ii) a first activator which is at least one trialkyl aluminium compound of the formula AlR3, where each R is independently a C2 to C20 alkyl radical, and iii) a second activator which is at least one alkylaluminium chloride of the formula AlR'2C1, where each R' is independently a C2 to C20 alkyl radical, characterised in that the second activator is introduced directly in the polymerisation reactor, without precontact with the solid catalyst, continuously or semi-continuously and at a maximum rate of introduction at any time corresponding to less than 10 ppm by weight of chlorine relative to the rate of polyethylene production.
Disclosed is an apparatus for mixing of a first gas and a second gas, comprising: i) a linear first tube (1) for supply of the first gas, said first tube comprising an inlet (2) for the first gas at an upstream end and tapering to form a nozzle (3) at a downstream end, and ii) a linear second tube (4) for supply of the second gas, said second tube comprising an inlet (5) for the second gas at an upstream end, a first portion (6) which forms an annulus around the outer surface of the first tube upstream of the nozzle, and a second portion (7) which forms a sheath around the nozzle (3) of the first tube (1) and which forms an area of expanded cross-section (8) compared to the annulus.
C07C 5/32 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with formation of free hydrogen
B01J 8/02 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
C10G 11/18 - Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised bed" technique
B01F 5/00 - Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
The present invention relates to a process for the production of one or more C2+ alcohols. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for the production of C2+ alcohols from a methane-containing feedstock, which process comprises: a. Passing said methane- containing feedstock and carbon dioxide to a non- oxidative reforming process to produce a first product stream comprising CO, H2 and CO2, optionally in the presence of steam, but with the proviso that where steam is present in the feed to the reforming process the steam and CO2 are present in a molar ratio of less than 5: 1, b. Passing the first product stream comprising CO, H2 and CO2 to a bacterial fermentation step wherein it is converted to produce a second product stream comprising one or more C2+ alcohols in the liquid phase and a gaseous third product stream comprising CO, H2 and CO2, the fermentation step being operated to provide a conversion of CO of at least 60%, wherein CO, H2 and CO2 are recycled from the gaseous third product stream to the reforming process of step (a).
The present invention relates to a process for devolatilization of a polymer of an aromatic alkylene, such as styrene, and in particular, to an improved process using water as a stripping agent (i) in which the total amount of water to be disposed of can be reduced, (ii) which allows at least a portion of the water to be recycled as stripping agent, reducing make-up requirements for the stripping agent, and (iii) which allows at least a portion of the aromatic alkylene monomer in the water to be recycled to the polymerisation process (via the devolatilization steps) rather than disposed of.
The present invention relates to a process for the dehydration of one or more alcohols, which process comprises contacting one or more alcohols in the presence of one or more ethers with a supported heteropolyacid catalyst, characterised in that: (i) the heteropolyacid is tungstosilicic acid in the form of the free acid and supported on a silica support, (ii) said supported heteropolyacid catalyst has a heteropolyacid loading of from 0.5 to 0.9 mg/m2 of catalyst support surface area, and (iii) that said process comprises passing the one or more alcohols and one or more ethers in the vapour phase over a bed of the supported heteropolyacid catalyst at a temperature between 200°C and 280°C.
C07C 1/24 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms by elimination of water
Novel copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefins are provided having (a) a density in the range 0.900 - 0.940 g/cm3, (b) a melt index MI2 (2.16 kg, 190°C) in the range of 0.01 - 50 g/10 min, (c) a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) in the range 3.5 to 4.5, (d) a melt elastic modulus G' (G'= 500 Pa) in the range 40 to 150 Pa, and (e) a melt index MI2 (2.16 kg, 190°C), Dow Rheology Index (DRI) and melt elastic modulus G' (G'= 500 Pa) satisfying the equations of [DRI/MI2] ᡶ 0 and [DRI/MI2] ឬ 0.0225G' - 0.745 The novel copolymers have improved processability and are particularly suitable for the preparation of films having improved mechanical and optical properties. The novel copolymers are suitably prepared in the gas phase in the presence of a supported raetallocene catalyst system.
A method for the preparation of copolymers of ethylene and α-olefins having a fraction (%) of the molecular weight component of ᡶ 1,000,000 of less than 6 % comprises polymerising ethylene and an α-olefin in the presence of a supported polymerisation catalyst system comprising (a) a transition metal compound (b) a porous support material, and (c) an activator characterized in that the support material has been (i) dried at a temperature in the range 0°C to 195°C in an inert atmosphere, and (ii) treated with an organometallic compound. The resultant supported catalyst systems show improved productivity and allow for control of the resultant polymer properties. Particularly preferred supported catalyst systems are those comprising metallocene complexes.
The present invention relates to a process for producing a polystyrene, in particular a process for producing a high impact polystyrene, which process comprises: 1) introducing into a pre-inversion reactor a styrene monomer, a rubber polymer and a grafting promoter, and polymerising the styrene monomer to form a polystyrene, said polymerisation being performed to a conversion of between 70 and 100% of the phase inversion start point of the styrene/polystyrene/rubber polymer mixture formed, 2) splitting the formed styrene/polystyrene/rubber polymer mixture to produce a first stream comprising 70 to 95% by weight of the formed mixture and a second stream comprising the balance of the formed mixture, 3) introducing the first stream into a second reactor wherein further styrene polymerisation is performed to cause phase inversion the first stream, 4) mixing the phase inverted first stream from step (3) with the second stream from step (2) at a shear rate of 5 to 30 s -1 in a static in-line mixer to cause a second phase inversion and produce a high impact polystyrene with a bimodal distribution of rubber particles.
C08F 279/02 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of monomers having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds as defined in group on to polymers of conjugated dienes
18.
APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OLEFINS
The present invention relates to an apparatus for reacting a first gaseous reactant stream with a second gaseous reactant stream to form a gaseous product stream, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one first supply means for the first gaseous reactant stream, at least one second supply means for the second gaseous reactant stream, a catalyst zone, a product quench zone and a waste heat boiler, wherein the product quench zone is positioned downstream of the catalyst zone and comprises a plurality of quench tubes, and wherein the waste heat boiler is positioned downstream of the exits of the quench tubes and comprises a plurality of boiler tubes, the waste heat boiler having a surface on which gas exiting the exits of the quench tubes impinges.
B01J 8/02 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
C10G 11/22 - Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert heated gases or vapours produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked
F28F 27/02 - Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels
19.
METHOD FOR STARTING OFAN AUTOTHERMAL CRACKING REACTION
The present invention provides a method for starting an autothermal cracking reaction for the production of one or more olefins, said autothermal cracking reaction comprising contacting a paraffinic hydrocarbon and oxygen with a catalyst at an elevated pressure, P1, which start-up method comprises: a) establishing a flow of a purge gas immediately downstream of the catalyst, b) contacting a pre-heated feed mixture comprising hydrogen, oxygen and a diluent with the catalyst at an elevated pressure, P2, which is less than P1, wherein the hydrogen to oxygen molar ratio is at least 0.5:1 and wherein the total feed mixture comprises less than 25wt% oxygen and at least 50wt% diluent, c) increasing the oxygen concentration in the feed mixture until a catalyst exit temperature of at least 7000C is reached, and d) increasing the pressure to the desired reaction pressure P1.
C07C 4/02 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
A supported catalyst for olefin polymerization comprises a selected ionic activator, a selected organometallic catalyst and a support material. The selected activator must contain an active hydrogen moeity. The organometallic catalyst is characterized by having a phosphinimine ligand and a substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand (which contains from 7 to 30 carbon atoms). The supported catalyst exhibits excellent activity in gas phase olefin polymerizations and may be used under substantially 'non-fouling' polymerization conditions.
C08F 4/6592 - Component covered by group containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
C08F 10/00 - Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
The use of high activity 'Single Site' polymerization catalysts often causes the fouling of polymerization reactors. The problem is particularly acute with gas phase polymerizations. While not wishing to be bound by theory it is believed that the fouling is initiated by the buildup of static charges in the reactor. The use of anti-static agents mitigates this problem, but typical antistatic agents contain polar species, which can deactivate the polymerization catalyst. We have now discovered that the use of a porous metal oxide support allows large levels of a selected antistatic agent to be used in a manner that reduces static/fouling problems in highly active polymerization catalysts.
C08F 4/6592 - Component covered by group containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
The present invention relates to a process for the treatment of a product stream, more specifically of a product stream from an autothermal cracking process, said product stream comprising one or more olefins, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and one or more oxygenates, said process comprising contacting the product stream with at least one compound selected from those represented by formulas: (1) H2N-OR1, and (2) H2N-NR2R3, where: R1, R2 and R3 may each be independently selected from H and carbon containing substituents.
C10G 70/04 - Working-up undefined normally gaseous mixtures obtained by processes covered by groups , , , , by physical processes
C10G 11/22 - Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert heated gases or vapours produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked
C10G 27/04 - Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation with oxygen or compounds generating oxygen
C07C 275/64 - Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups singly-bound to oxygen atoms
C07C 281/06 - Compounds containing any of the groups e.g. semicarbazides
B01D 53/02 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
B01D 53/72 - Organic compounds not provided for in groups , e.g. hydrocarbons
A method for the preparation of a polymer film containing 300 - 600 gels/m2 of size in the range 100 - 2000 騜m as measured by an optical control system (OCS) as hereinbefore described, said film being derived from an ethylene -&agr;-olefm copolymer is characterised in that said copolymer is prepared in a particle forming polymerisation process in the presence of a single site catalyst system. The preferred single site catalyst system comprises a metallocene and the preferred polymerisation process is a gas phase process. The invention is particularly directed to blown films.
Transition metal catalysts comprise (a) a source of a Group 3 to 10 transition metal, (b) a ligand having the formula: R1R2X-Y-XR3R4 wherein X is phosphorus, arsenic or antimony, Y is a bridging group having the formula: Z-(A)-D-Rm wherein Z is the moiety linking the X groups, A is a linear or cyclic hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl or substituted heterohydrocarbyl linking group wherein the number of atoms directly linking Z to D is 1, 2 or 3, D is N, P, As, O, S or Se, R is hydrogen, alkyl, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroalkyl, heterohydrocarbyl or substituted heterohydrocarbyl, and m is 1 or 2, R1,R2,R3, and R4 are the same or different and represent hydrocarbyl or functionalized hydrocarbyl moieties with the proviso that if D is nitrogen, R is not a cyclic ether, and optionally an activator. The transition metal catalysts are suitable for the selective trimerisation or tetramerisation of olefins in particular ethylene.
The present invention relates to a quench tube, having a length ( L), a diameter (D) and at least one guenchant inlet per tube which inlet passes guenchant into the tube from the side of said tube, and wherein, D is between 0.04 and 0.10 m and L/D is at least 5. The present invention also relates to an apparatus with one or more of said quench tubes wherein said apparatus comprises a catalyst zone which may have a cross sectional area of at least 0, 01m2. In processes using said tubes and/or said apparatuses a first gaseous reactant stream and a second reactant stream are contacted with a catalyst to produce a product stream which is quenched on exiting the catalyst. A process for producing olefins by autothermal cracking is also claimed.
B01J 8/02 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
B01J 4/00 - Feed devicesFeed or outlet control devices
B01J 7/02 - Apparatus for generating gases by wet methods
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
B01J 8/24 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
C10G 9/00 - Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
C10G 9/14 - Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means
26.
PROCESS FOR CONTACTING A HYDROCARBON AND AN OXYGEN- CONTAINING GAS WITH A CATALYST BED
The present invention relates to a process for contacting a hydrocarbon and an oxygen-containing gas with a catalyst bed in a reactor at a space velocity of at least 10,000 h-1, said process being characterised in that a) the reactor has a polygonal internal cross-section at least in the section where the catalyst bed is held, b) the catalyst bed is made up of 2 or more layers of catalyst in the form of tiles of polygonal shape, said tiles having at least 4 sides, c) each layer of catalyst comprises at least 4 tiles which tessellate together to form said layer, and d) the edges where 2 tiles meet in one layer do not align with the edges where 2 tiles meet in an adjacent layer.
A catalyst system suitable for the polymerisation of olefins, said system comprising (a) a transition metal compound or lanthanide metal compound (b) a cocatalyst and (c) at least one porous support material characterised in that the porous support material has been pretreated with a halogen- containing organometallic compound, in particularly with a fluorine-containing organometallic compound. The catalyst system is particularly suitable for the preparation of polymers having broad molecular weight distributions from the polymerisation of olefins in the presence of a single site catalyst.
The present invention relates to a process for the treatment of the product stream from an autothermal cracking reaction, said product stream comprising one or more olefins, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, one or more aromatic compounds and one or more organic acid oxygenates, said process comprising reacting the organic acid oxygenates with an alkali at a temperature of at least 70°C.
C10G 70/06 - Working-up undefined normally gaseous mixtures obtained by processes covered by groups , , , , by physical processes by gas-liquid contact
B01D 53/72 - Organic compounds not provided for in groups , e.g. hydrocarbons
The present invention relates to a process for the removal of oxygenates from a gaseous stream also comprising carbon dioxide, said process comprising: a) providing a gaseous stream comprising one or more mono-olefᗚns, one or more oxygenates and carbon dioxide, b) treating the gaseous stream to reduce the oxygenate content thereof, wherein said treating comprises either : (i) contacting the gaseous stream with a bisulphite solution, to reduce the oxygenate content therein, and subsequently treating the gaseous stream to remove any sulphur dioxide in said stream and produce a gaseous product stream comprising one or more mono-olefms and carbon dioxide with a reduced oxygenate content, (ii) contacting the gaseous stream with a first aqueous stream to produce a gaseous product stream comprising one or more mono-olefms and carbon dioxide with a reduced oxygenate content, and a second aqueous stream with increased oxygenate content, and subsequently contacting the second aqueous stream with an aqueous bisulphite solution, or (iii) contacting the gaseous stream with a first aqueous stream to produce a gaseous product stream comprising one or more mono-olefᗚns and carbon dioxide with a reduced oxygenate content, and a second aqueous stream with increased oxygenate content, and subsequently contacting the second aqueous stream with an aqueous sulphite solution in the presence of an aqueous base, and c) subsequently treating the gaseous product stream comprising one or more mono- olefins and carbon dioxide with a reduced oxygenate content to remove the carbon dioxide therein.
C10G 70/06 - Working-up undefined normally gaseous mixtures obtained by processes covered by groups , , , , by physical processes by gas-liquid contact
B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
B01D 53/72 - Organic compounds not provided for in groups , e.g. hydrocarbons
The present invention relates to a catalyst holder, and in particular to a catalyst holder for a catalyst for the reaction of a hydrocarbon with oxygen, wherein the catalyst holder comprises: (i) a first part which is adapted to provide a sealing engagement between the catalyst holder and a source of reactants, (ii) a second part, downstream of the first part as defined with respect to a flow of reactants, and (iii) a third part, downstream of the first and second parts as defined with respect to a flow of reactants and which is adapted to house the catalyst bed, the catalyst holder having a wall which defines the internal cross-sections of the first, second and third parts and extends from the first part to the third part, and wherein the wall of the second part has an average thickness narrower than the average wall thickness of the third part.
B01J 8/02 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
31.
PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF OXYGENATES FROM A GASEOUS STREAM
The present invention relates to a process for the removal of oxygenates from a gaseous stream also comprising carbon dioxide, said process comprising: a) providing a first gaseous stream comprising one or more mono-olefin(s), at least 100ppm (by weight) of one or more oxygenates and at least 0.1 wt% carbon dioxide, and b) treating the first gaseous stream to produce a second gaseous stream comprising one or more mono-olefin(s) and at least 01 wt% carbon dioxide with reduced oxygenate content, wherein said treating comprises contacting the first gaseous stream with a first aqueous stream and with a first liquid hydrocarbon stream, and c) subsequently treating the second gaseous stream to remove the carbon dioxide therein.
C10G 70/06 - Working-up undefined normally gaseous mixtures obtained by processes covered by groups , , , , by physical processes by gas-liquid contact
B01D 53/72 - Organic compounds not provided for in groups , e.g. hydrocarbons
A complex compound comprising the skeletal unit (A), wherein the ring C(R1) -A1-A2-(A3)X-C(R2) -C- has delocalised unsaturation and is optionally substituted via one or more of A1, A2 and A3 by hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, halogen, or heterocyclic groups containing at least one N, S or O in a carbon ring; A1, A2 and A3 are carbon, nitrogen and, oxygen, R1 and R2 are hydrocarbyl, chlorine, bromine and iodine at least one of R1 and R2 being chlorine, bromine or iodine; x is zero or 1, 0 is oxygen, E is nitrogen, phosphorus or arsenic, Q is a divalent bridging group comprising one or more Group 14 atoms; X is a monovalent atom or group covalently or ionically bonded to M; L is a mono- or bidentate molecule datively bound to M, y satisfies the valency of M and z is from 0 to 5. The complex can be used to polymerise olefins optionally with organo-Al or - B compounds as activator.
The productivity of a catalyst in a gas phase polymerization of olefins (e.g. grams of polymer per gram of catalyst) may be increased by including in the gas phase from 1 to 20 weight % of an inert non-polymerizable hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon may be in gaseous form but preferably is in liquid form.
C08F 4/22 - Metallic compounds other than hydrides and other than metallo-organic compoundsBoron halide or aluminium halide complexes with organic compounds containing oxygen of chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten
C08F 4/64 - Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, or compounds thereof
A process for producing homopolymers or copolymers of conjugated dienes comprising contacting monomeric material comprising at least one conjugated diene with a catalyst system comprising two or more different transition metal compounds and optionally one or more activators. Preferred transition metal compounds are based on cobalt and chromium, especially complexes thereof having benzimidazole ligands.
C08F 4/62 - Refractory metals or compounds thereof
C08F 4/69 - Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or compounds thereof
C08F 4/70 - Iron group metals, platinum group metals, or compounds thereof
C08F 36/00 - Homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
35.
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LINEAR ALPHA-OLEFINS
The present invention relates to a process for the production of linear alpha-olefins In particular, the present invention relates to a process for the production of linear alpha- olefins (LAO 's) in which Fischer Tropsch (FT)-derived liquids are autothermally cracked to produce linear alpha-olefins or an LAO-containing feed is autothermally cracked to produce a product LAO with a lower number of carbon atoms than the LAO 's fed to the process.
C07C 4/02 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
The present invention provides a process for the production of olefins, which process comprises: (a) providing an autothermal cracking unit having at least two reactors, (b) autothermally cracking a first hydrocarbon stream by contacting said stream with a first catalyst bed in the presence of molecular oxygen containing gas in one or more first reactors to produce one or more first product streams, (c) autothermally cracking a second hydrocarbon stream by contacting said stream with a second catalyst bed in the presence of molecular oxygen containing gas in one or more second reactors to produce one or more second product streams, (d) separating at least one olefm-containing product stream from the first and second product streams, characterised in that at least two of the following apply: (i) the first and second catalyst beds are different, (ii) the first and second hydrocarbon streams are different, and (iii) the second hydrocarbon stream is not cracked to optimise production of C2 to C4 olefins.
C10G 11/22 - Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert heated gases or vapours produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked
C10G 51/06 - Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural parallel stages only
C07C 5/48 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with a hydrogen acceptor with oxygen as an acceptor
A supported polymerisation catalyst system comprises : (a) a polymerisation catalyst, (b) a cocatalyst, and (c) a porous support, and is characterised in that the porous support has been pretreated with (i) a chemical dehydration agent and (ii) a hydroxy compound wherein the hydroxy compound is not a cocatalyst or component thereof. The preferred polymerisation catalyst is a transition metal compound for example a metallocene and by use of the supported catalyst systems improved activity may be achieved.
A method for the preparation of a supported polymerisation catalyst system, comprises : (1) contacting together in a suitable solvent (a) a transition metal polymerisation talyst and (b) a cocatalyst, (2) contacting the mixture from step (1) with a porous support material, and (3) removing the solvent is characterised in that the molar ratio of cocatalyst to transition metal catalyst is ឬ 10 : 1. The preferred polymerisation catalysts are transition metal compounds in particular metallocene complexes. Premixing the catalyst components before addition to the support leads to certain advantages in particular a more facile method of preparation without any loss in activity.
A copolymer of ethylene and an alpha-olefin, said copolymer having a (a) density ᡶ 0.930 g/cm3, (b) melt index (g/10 min) ᡶ 4, (c) molecular weight distribution (MWD) ᡶ 3.0, and (d) FNCT ᡶ 250 hours., and is described suitable for use in rotomoulding applications. In particular the novel copolymers result in improved impact strength, improved permeation resistance and improved environmetal stress crack resistance and may suitably be prepared by use of metallocene catalysts.
The present invention relates to a process for the production of an olefin, said process comprising passing a feedstream which comprises a paraffinic hydrocarbon, hydrogen and an oxygen-containing gas through a catalyst zone which is capable of supporting combustion beyond the fuel rich limit of flammability to produce said olefin, said catalyst zone comprising at least a first catalyst bed which comprises platinum and palladium and wherein the feedstream comprises at least 0.5% by volume of the total feedstream of carbon monoxide.
C07C 5/48 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with a hydrogen acceptor with oxygen as an acceptor
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