A seed crystal substrate includes: a substrate having a GaN seed crystal on a front surface thereof; an adhesion layer formed on a back surface of the substrate; and a carbon film covering the adhesion layer. The substrate includes a GaN single crystal substrate or a sapphire substrate with a GaN film, and the adhesion layer contains Si. Thus, a carbon film having a high infrared emissivity is disposed on a back surface side of the seed crystal substrate, and heat dissipation by radiation can be sufficiently secured even under a low pressure condition. Therefore, the controllability of the substrate surface temperature can be enhanced.
Provided is a dross processing method that can efficiently recover Al (alloy) from an aluminum-based dross. The present invention is a dross processing method comprising a supply step for introducing, into a molten salt reservoir, dross that was produced on an Al-based molten metal, wherein a metal component and a non-metal component included in the dross are separated in the molten salt. The method may further comprise at least a recovery step for extracting the metal component. The molten salt is prepared, for example, by melting a chloride, and the temperature thereof is configured to be greater than or equal to the melting point of the metal component. The dross is added to the molten salt reservoir in, for example, a granular form. The dross is produced, for example, in a process for manufacturing a recycled Al base metal from scrap of an Al base material. The present invention makes it possible to efficiently recover the metal component, from which the non-metal component and impurity elements have been separated and removed.
Provided is a coil member which enables the achievement of weight reduction, loss reduction and the like of a coil. The present invention provides a coil member comprising: a conductor that is composed of an Al base material; and an insulating film that covers at least a part of the conductor. The insulating film has an anodic oxide film that is formed on the Al base material, and the anodic oxide film has a porosity of 20-75% as determined by observing the upper surface thereof. The anodic oxide film has, for example, a film thickness of 20-150 μm. In addition, it is preferable that the anodic oxide film has a main hole that extends substantially in a straight tube shape from the Al base material side, and a sub-hole that is opened to a part of the side wall of the main hole. It is preferable that the insulating film additionally has a resin layer on the anodic oxide film. The resin layer has, for example, a thickness of 1-20 μm. A coil member according to the present invention is, for example, a segment conductor which is inserted into a slot of a stator core of a motor, or the like.
H02K 3/34 - Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation between conductors or between conductor and core, e.g. slot insulation
A control device for a hybrid vehicle includes a setting portion that sets an engine torque and a motor generator torque in accordance with a requested torque and an information collecting portion that collects travel information including current vehicle speed and acceleration of the hybrid vehicle and, in a case where, when the hybrid vehicle is decelerated, an allowable upper limit of the engine torque allowed to be output is larger than the requested torque, the setting portion estimates a vehicle stop transition period, with reference to a deceleration pattern in which is estimated a change of a deceleration with time until the hybrid vehicle traveling at the vehicle speed and at the deceleration indicated by the travel information is stopped, and sets the engine torque to which a charging torque calculated using the vehicle stop transition period is added and a negative motor generator torque corresponding to the charging torque.
B60W 10/06 - Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
B60W 10/08 - Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
B60W 10/26 - Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
B60W 20/11 - Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand using model predictive control [MPC] strategies, i.e. control methods based on models predicting performance
B60W 20/12 - Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand using control strategies taking into account route information
B60W 20/13 - Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limitsControlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
B60W 20/14 - Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limitsControlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion in conjunction with braking regeneration
B60W 20/40 - Controlling the engagement or disengagement of prime movers, e.g. for transition between prime movers
This apparatus for producing lithium metal is provided with: a deposition electrode which is in contact with a nonaqueous electrolyte solution, and on which lithium metal is deposited; a counter electrode which is in contact with an aqueous electrolyte solution and faces the deposition electrode, the counter electrode including an electrode material that contains lithium; an ion conduction medium which is interposed between the deposition electrode and the counter electrode and conducts lithium ions, while separating the nonaqueous electrolyte solution and the aqueous electrolyte solution; and a control unit which applies a current between the deposition electrode and the counter electrode so as to deposit lithium metal on the deposition electrode from the lithium on the counter electrode side.
A condition-estimating device includes a first device that updates a parameter Pm[i] and an internal state Qn[i] included in a voltage estimation model of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a second device that successively acquires a current I[i] and a measured voltage value Vmes[i], a third device that calculates an estimated voltage value Vest[i] by using the voltage estimation model including the updated Pm[i] and Qn[i], and a fourth device that corrects a correction factor CF[i] used for the update of Pm[i] and/or Qn[i] so as to decrease |Vmes[i]−Vest[i]|. The fault-determining device includes a fault determination device that performs fault determination of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell by using Vest[i], Pm_est[i], and/or Qn_est[i]. The condition-estimating/fault-determining device includes such condition-estimating device and fault-determining device.
H01M 8/04992 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
According to one embodiment of the present invention, provided is a wearable device configured so that: on the basis of prescribed conditions, a user wearing a wearable device is prompted to input information pertaining to subjective emotions; and the information pertaining to subjective emotions is used for labeling pertaining to machine learning of the biological data of the user.
Provided is a peak hold device 100 that uses a maximum peak or a minimum peak as a target peak from which to acquire a peak value, and for a plurality of damped oscillation waveforms, repeats a process of starting to hold a damped oscillation waveform value at a time before the target peak, and ceasing to hold the damped oscillation waveform value at a time after the target peak.
G01R 31/388 - Determining ampere-hour charge capacity or SoC involving voltage measurements
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
H02J 7/04 - Regulation of the charging current or voltage
H02J 7/10 - Regulation of the charging current or voltage using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices only
9.
MAGNETIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE MANUFACTURING METHOD AND MAGNETIC MEASURING DEVICE
[Problem] To provide a magnetic measurement device manufacturing method and a magnetic measurement device that are capable of improving sensing performance. [Solution] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a magnetic measurement device manufacturing method is provided. The manufacturing method includes the following steps. In a preparation step, the following are prepared: a sensing wire having magnetic anisotropy; a sensing pickup coil wound around the sensing wire; a pulse generation circuit configured to supply a pulse current to the sensing wire; and a sensing circuit configured to measure, at the moment when a set sensing delay time has elapsed since the supply of the pulse current started, an induced electromotive force for sensing which is generated in the sensing pickup coil by the pulse current. In a setting step, after the supply of the pulse current starts, the sensing delay time is set to exclude a singular period in which the S/N ratio of the induced electromotive force for sensing is low.
This method for producing a plant growth promoter comprises: preparing an adsorbent capable of adsorbing bacteria and/or organic matter; immersing the adsorbent in growing water, which is water for growing aquatic life; and obtaining, as the plant growth promoter, the adsorbent that has been retrieved from the growing water.
This chemical looping combustion system includes an oxidation tower for oxidizing metal particles and a fuel tower to which hydrogen and a carbon-containing compound are supplied as a fuel and oxidized metal particles are supplied from the oxidation tower and in which the metal particles are reduced using the fuel to discharge a gas containing carbon dioxide.
F23C 10/10 - Apparatus in which combustion takes place in a fluidised bed of fuel or other particles with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
C01B 3/02 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
The present invention improves the durability of a fuel cell by adaptation to the actual way the fuel cell is used. This fuel cell control system comprises: a PM control model (10) that, with reference to travel plan information, generates an FC power generation command value for causing a fuel cell (4) to output the power necessary for traveling a target endurance distance; a correction unit (22) that, if there is more than a prescribed divergence between an actually measured voltage value of the fuel cell (4) and an estimated voltage value obtained using an IV performance model, corrects parameters that form the IV performance model; an endurance distance prediction model (23) that calculates a predicted endurance distance of a vehicle using the IV performance model with the corrected parameters; and a PM control parameter correction unit (30) that, if the predicted endurance distance does not reach the target endurance distance, corrects parameters of the PM control model (10).
B60L 50/70 - Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by fuel cells
B60L 58/30 - Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
H01M 8/04313 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variablesProcesses for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
This gene expression method involves: preparing a target gene introduction plasmid in which a target gene to be introduced and expressed in a host cell and a gene of an endonuclease specifically recognizing a specific sequence are arranged in an expressable manner under the control of at least one inducible promoter for inducing expression of the genes simultaneously, and in which at least one of the specific sequence is introduced; transforming the host cell by using the target gene introduction plasmid; and culturing the host cell under a condition in which the inducible promoter is induced to cause expression of the target gene and the gene of the endonuclease and elimination of the target gene introduction plasmid by having the endonuclease cleaving the specific sequence.
1-4122) in the cylinder (1), a devolatilization assistant (DA) is supplied from the devolatilization assistant supply openings (11A and 11B) to the raw material in the cylinder (1), and volatile components contained in the raw material are discharged from the devolatilization openings (12A and 12B) to obtain the resin composition.
B29B 7/38 - MixingKneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
B29B 7/48 - MixingKneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
B29C 48/29 - Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder in liquid form
B29C 48/40 - Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
B29C 48/58 - Screws provided with seal ring elements, i.e. elements of generally circular and tapered shape for preventing the back flow of the melt
B29C 48/285 - Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder
B29C 48/395 - Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
16.
PARKING ASSISTANCE DEVICE, PARKING ASSISTANCE METHOD, AND PARKING ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
A parking assistance device 10 comprises: an odometry information acquisition unit 30 that acquires odometry information indicating the location change amount and the orientation change amount of a vehicle between a parking space and a first location; a road surface region identification unit 32 that, on the basis of the odometry information, identifies a road surface region of the parking space in a first image captured from the first location; and a location and orientation estimation unit 34 that, by comparing a road surface region in a second image captured from a second location and the road surface region in the first image, calculates relative location and orientation information indicating the location change amount and the orientation change amount of the vehicle between the first location and the second location, and outputs location and orientation estimation information indicating the location and orientation of the vehicle with respect to the parking space when the vehicle is located at the second location on the basis of the odometry information and the relative location and orientation information.
B60R 99/00 - Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
B60W 40/10 - Estimation or calculation of driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit related to vehicle motion
A cooling device (100) comprises: a vaporization part (20) which partly comes into contact with an object to be cooled and has a vaporization surface (21) that is a surface exposed in a portion different from the object-contacting portion; a heat-exchange part (10) which is disposed adjacent to the vaporization part along the horizontal direction and is cooled by heat exchange with the outside; a condensation body (30) which is made from a porous material, and which is disposed so as to be in contact with a vertical-direction upper portion of the heat-exchange part and extends in the horizontal direction toward the vaporization part; and a heat carrier (40) which is vaporized on the vaporization surface and is condensed by the condensation body.
F28D 15/02 - Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat-pipes
B60K 1/04 - Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units of the electric storage means for propulsion
B60K 11/02 - Arrangement in connection with cooling of propulsion units with liquid cooling
The present invention provides an electrical outlet comprising: a plurality of reception units into which a plurality of terminals provided to an insertion plug are respectively inserted; a detection unit that, for at least one reception unit, detects the insertion depth of the terminals inserted into the reception unit as well as terminal information pertaining to the terminals; a conversion unit that converts the detected insertion depth and terminal information to a voltage command value; and a voltage generation unit that, in accordance with the voltage command value, changes the DC voltage supplied to the insertion plug.
H01R 13/66 - Structural association with built-in electrical component
H01R 24/78 - Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure with sockets, clips or analogous contacts and secured to apparatus or structure, e.g. to a wall with additional earth or shield contacts
H01R 29/00 - Coupling parts for selective co-operation with a counterpart in different ways to establish different circuits, e.g. for voltage selection, for series/parallel selection
H02J 1/00 - Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
The present invention provides a method that makes it possible to efficiently recover Cu from a recycling raw material such as scrap. The present invention is a Cu recovery method comprising a processing step for introducing a recycling raw material, in which an Al base material and a Cu base material are mixed, into a molten salt formed on an Al-based molten metal. When Ca included in the Al-based molten metal is not more than 0.3 mass%, Cu efficiently melts into the Al-based molten metal and can be recovered. The recycling raw material comprises, for example, pieces of material obtained by cutting a heat exchanger or the like. For example, a mixed salt of sodium chloride and potassium chloride can be used as the molten salt. Cu may be extracted and recovered from the Al-based molten metal after the processing step, or the Al-based molten metal may be used as is, as a recycled Al alloy or as raw material thereof.
C22B 1/00 - Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
C22B 7/00 - Working-up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals or compounds thereof
C22B 9/10 - General processes of refining or remelting of metalsApparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals with refining or fluxing agentsUse of materials therefor
The purpose of the present invention is to reduce an error in measurement of battery internal impedance. A two-point contact tool (14b) comprises: a first tool electrode (52-1) and a second tool electrode (52-2) that commonly make contact with a positive electrode (20p) of a battery (16); a first connector (41) connected to the first tool electrode (52-1); and a second connector (42) connected to the second tool electrode (52-2). A measurement device, which measures a transmission characteristic between the first connector (41) and the second connector (42), is connected between the first connector (41) and the second connector (42). The transmission characteristic between the first connector (41) and the second connector (42) is represented by an S parameter, and the measurement device is composed of a computer (10) and a network analyzer (12).
G01R 27/02 - Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
G01R 27/06 - Measuring reflection coefficientsMeasuring standing-wave ratio
G01R 27/28 - Measuring attenuation, gain, phase shift, or derived characteristics of electric four-pole networks, i.e. two-port networksMeasuring transient response
G01R 31/389 - Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
21.
MALFUNCTION DETECTION AND DETERIORATION ESTIMATION DEVICE
H01M 8/04313 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variablesProcesses for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
H01M 8/04992 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
A method for producing a polymeric nanofiber aggregate comprises the steps of: dispersing a specific water-insoluble self-assembly compound in one solvent of a specific organic solvent and a mixed solvent of the organic solvent and water to obtain a gel-like composition; replacing the organic solvent in the gel-like composition with water to obtain a water-replaced gel-like composition; squeezing the water-replaced gel-like composition by compressing the water-replaced gel-like composition in a plurality of directions substantially orthogonal to a longitudinal direction while setting the water-replaced gel-like composition free in the longitudinal direction to obtain a self-assembly fiber bundle; and polymerizing the self-assembly compound in the self-assembly fiber bundle to obtain an aggregate formed of polymeric nanofibers oriented in the longitudinal direction.
A means for resolution is a carbon fiber precursor containing a crosslinked diene-based polymer and having a gel fraction of 40% or more, and its application.
D01F 9/21 - Carbon filamentsApparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
24.
INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM, INFORMATION PROCESSING METHOD, AND INFORMATION PROCESSING PROGRAM
According to an aspect of the present invention, an information processing system is provided. This information processing system comprises at least one processor which can execute a program so that each of the following steps is performed. In an acquisition step, test conditions for a first deterioration test performed on a secondary battery and a test result of the first deterioration test are acquired. The test conditions include a test time for performing the first deterioration test. The test result includes a capacity deterioration amount of the secondary battery. In a rate calculation step, a capacity deterioration rate of the secondary battery is calculated in the test conditions on the basis of the capacity deterioration amount. In an estimation step, the capacity deterioration rate of the secondary battery is estimated on the basis of the calculated capacity deterioration rate in at least one of untested conditions that represent unacquired test conditions. In a map generation step, a deterioration rate map, which represents the correspondence relationship between the test conditions and the capacity deterioration rate, is generated on the basis of the calculated capacity deterioration rate and the estimated capacity deterioration rate. In a priority calculation step, the priority of each of the untested conditions under which a second deterioration test is to be performed is calculated on the basis of the generated deterioration rate map. In a candidate output step, a candidate of the second deterioration test in which at least one among the untested conditions is set to the test condition is output in an aspect selectable by a user on the basis of the calculated priority.
G01R 31/392 - Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
G01R 31/367 - Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
G01R 31/382 - Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
G01R 31/385 - Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
25.
MICROCHANNEL DEVICE FOR AEROSOL CAPTURE AND DETECTION, AND AEROSOL CAPTURE AND DETECTION METHOD
This microchannel device for aerosol capture and detection comprises an aerosol flowthrough section and at least one microwell. The aerosol flowthrough section is a microchannel through which flows an aerosol inflowing from the outside and which has a shape whereby, due to at least any of inertia, vortices, and turbulence generated by flow of the aerosol, aerosol particles in the aerosol collide with a channel wall. The at least one microwell, which is for holding in the interior thereof a detection solution for detecting the aerosol particles, is disposed continuous with the wall in the aerosol flowthrough section with which the aerosol particles collide.
Provided is an aluminum-based member having an anodized film that has excellent adhesion to an upper layer (anchor effect) and crack resistance at high temperature, for example. The present invention is an aluminum-based member in which at least part of a surface of an aluminum base material is coated with an anodized film. The anodized film has main pores that extend in a substantially straight tube shape from the aluminum base material side, and sub-pores that open on some of the sidewalls of the main pores. The anodized film has a porosity of 18-65%, measured by observing the top face of the anodized film, for example. The main pores have an opening diameter of 50-1000 nm, for example. The sub-pores may be more densely distributed on the opening side than on the bottom side of the main pores. Such an anodized film is obtained, for example, by energizing. under prescribed conditions, the aluminum base material, which has been put into contact with an electrolytic solution containing phosphoric acid.
An evaluation device includes: a first database that contains as data a measurement factor of a first type power storage device; a second database that contains as data a measurement factor of a second type power storage device which is different from the first type; and a conversion model that converts the data by machine learning. The evaluation device converts the data in the first database to the data in the second database using the conversion model, obtains a post-conversion database with data points greater in number than data points of the second database, and performs evaluation related to the second type power storage device using the post-conversion database.
A recovery method according to the present disclosure is for recovering an electrode active material from an electrode to be treated which includes an electrode mix comprising the electrode active material and a binder, the recovery method including a separation step in which a first treatment liquid, which comprises a reduced-state aromatic hydrocarbon compound and metal ions, and a second treatment liquid, which comprises water, are brought into contact with the electrode to be treated to thereby separate the electrode active material from the electrode being treated.
Provided is a thermally conductive material that can achieve high thermal conductivity. The present invention is a thermally conductive material in which a filler comprising spherical particles made from aluminum nitride and plate-like particles made from boron nitride is dispersed in a matrix made from a resin. The ratio of the volume of the plate-like particles to that of the spherical particles is, for example, 0.4 to 1.5. The ratio of the particle diameter of the plate-like particles to that of the spherical particles is, for example, 0.05 to 0.5. The ratio of the volume of the filler to the whole volume of the thermally conductive material is, for example, 73 to 93% by volume. The thermally conductive material that satisfies the above-mentioned requirements can exhibit remarkably high thermal conductivity. The thermally conductive material can be produced, for example, through a preparation step for producing a mixture in which spherical particles, plate-like particles and a resin are mixed together and a molding step for forming a molded body of the mixture. The preparation step may be divided into multiple stages.
C08K 7/00 - Use of ingredients characterised by shape
C08L 101/00 - Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
31.
C/SIC COMPOSITE PARTICLES AND THEIR MANUFACTURING METHOD, ELECTRODE CATALYST AND POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL COMPRISING THE C/SIC COMPOSITE PARTICLES
[Problem] To provide a practical solid polymer fuel cell having high cell performance and excellent durability.
[Problem] To provide a practical solid polymer fuel cell having high cell performance and excellent durability.
[Means for solving] The polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present invention includes: a membrane electrode assembly in which electrodes each including a catalyst layer are joined to both surfaces of an electrolyte membrane; and a peroxide decomposition catalyst which is fixed to the electrolyte membrane and/or the electrodes and includes a hardly soluble carbide, a boride, and/or a silicide. The peroxide decomposition catalyst preferably contains a carbide, a boride and/or a silicide of a rare earth element, a transition metal element or a typical metal element.
A route searching device may obtain map information including a plurality of roads. The route searching device may determine a reference position and a destination on the map information. The route searching device may determine a restricting condition for a mobile body to travel by departing from the reference position and reaching the destination. The route searching device may search a route from the reference position to the destination satisfying the restricting condition. The route searching device may identify a predetermined road from among the plurality of roads. The predetermined road may be a road on which the mobile body has travelled or which has been selected as the route before in the past. The route searching device may search the route such that a percentage at which the identified predetermined road is included in the route becomes low.
This electrode catalyst comprises catalyst particles and a carbon film that covers the surfaces of the catalyst particles. The carbon film includes micropores, and the average thickness of the carbon film is 3.5 nm to 9.5 nm. This electrode for a fuel cell comprises a catalyst layer that includes such an electrode catalyst and a catalyst layer ionomer. This fuel cell comprises an electrolyte membrane that comprises a solid polymer electrolyte, and electrodes that are joined to both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane, wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises such an electrode for a fuel cell.
An inflatable includes an inflation chamber. The inflation chamber has an outer surface, a first end, and a second end substantially opposite the first end. The inflation chamber is configured to be inflated from a deflated state to an inflated state. The inflation chamber is loadable and bendable in the inflated state. The inflatable also includes a reinforcement. The reinforcement has reinforcement sections corresponding to high-stress regions of the outer surface when the inflation chamber is in the inflated state. The reinforcement is attached to the outer surface and is configured to improve at least one of a loading strength and a bending capability of the inflation chamber when the reinforcement sections are placed on the high-stress regions of the outer surface. The reinforcement is shaped according to a Turing pattern that is based on the high-stress regions of the outer surface.
F15B 15/10 - Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to anotherGearing associated therewith characterised by the construction of the motor unit the motor being of diaphragm type
B32B 3/08 - Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shapeLayered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
B32B 3/10 - Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shapeLayered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. apertured or formed of separate pieces of material
B32B 5/02 - Layered products characterised by the non-homogeneity or physical structure of a layer characterised by structural features of a layer comprising fibres or filaments
B32B 5/26 - Layered products characterised by the non-homogeneity or physical structure of a layer characterised by the presence of two or more layers which comprise fibres, filaments, granules, or powder, or are foamed or specifically porous one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer also being fibrous or filamentary
B32B 27/08 - Layered products essentially comprising synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer next to another layer of a specific substance of synthetic resin of a different kind
B32B 27/12 - Layered products essentially comprising synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
An adhesive comprises a colloidal solution in which a coordination polymer containing a transition metal such as zinc or cobalt and an azole such as at least one kind of imidazoles is dispersed in a dispersion medium such as an alcohol.
C09J 187/00 - Adhesives based on unspecified macromolecular compounds, obtained otherwise than by polymerisation reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon-bonds
C09J 5/06 - Adhesive processes in generalAdhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers involving heating of the applied adhesive
36.
DETECTION DEVICE, MANAGEMENT APPARATUS, AND DETECTION METHOD
A detection device includes a detector and a controller. The detector has at least one resonator circuit applying at least one specific frequency vibration to a lithium-ion secondary battery, measures an attenuation characteristic of at least one resonant current, and outputs the attenuation characteristic as a detection signal. The controller detects lithium deposition and/or presence of foreign metal inside the lithium-ion secondary battery by using the detection signal of the attenuation characteristic acquired from the detector.
G01R 31/389 - Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
G01R 31/396 - Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
H01M 10/0525 - Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodesLithium-ion batteries
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
This chemical looping combustion system comprises: an air column that uses air to oxidize metal particles; a fuel tower that is supplied with a hydrocarbon as a fuel and supplied with a gas which contains oxidized metal particles and nitrogen from the air column and that uses the fuel to reduce the metal particles and discharge a mixed gas which contains carbon dioxide; and a separator that separates carbon dioxide and nitrogen which are contained in the mixed gas to extract the carbon dioxide.
B01D 53/04 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
Based on an operation condition φ(t) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell at a time t, the concentration distribution of a radical generation ion and the concentration distribution of a radical scavenging ion in an electrolyte membrane are estimated. Next, a load command p(t+Δt) at a time (t+Δt) is acquired. Next, a reference operation condition φref(t+Δt) under which the load command p(t+Δt) can be realized is acquired. Next, whether or not a judgment index exceeds a first threshold value ϵ1 is judged. When the judgment index exceeds ϵ1, an operation condition which is different from φref(t+≢t) and gives the judgment index of ϵ1 or less is selected as φ(t+Δt). On the other hand, when the judgment index does not exceed ϵ1, φref(t+Δt) is selected as φ(t+Δt). The fuel cell system has a control device for performing such treatments.
H01M 8/04992 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
This biological clock regulator contains, as an active ingredient, at least one among bergamot oil, geranium oil, cedarwood virginia oil, citral, and β-caryophyllene, and advances the phase of the expression rhythm of a clock gene.
Provided is a thermally conductive material capable of achieving substantially isotropic high thermal conductivity. The present invention is a thermally conductive material containing composite particles that have: substantially spherical base particles; and flat adherend particles adhered to the surfaces of the base particles via a resin layer. The composite particles may further have, on the surface side thereof, crosslinked particles having a larger particle size than the adherend particles. This thermally conductive material may be a filler containing composite particles or a composite material containing said filler in a matrix. The composite particles are obtained, for example, by pressurizing a mixture in which substantially spherical first particles, flat second particles, and a resin are mixed, and by pulverizing the molded body. In addition, the composite particles may be produced by mixing substantially spherical first particles, flat second particles, third particles having a larger particle size than the second particles, and a resin in multiple stages.
The exhaust gas purification device includes a substrate, a first catalyst layer, and a second catalyst layer. The substrate includes an upstream end and a downstream end. The first catalyst layer contains first catalyst particles and lies on the substrate across a first region extending between the upstream end and a first position. The first position is at a first distance from the upstream end toward the downstream end. The second catalyst layer contains second catalyst particles and lies on the first catalyst layer across the first region. The second catalyst layer is provided with pores. Pore connectivity of the second catalyst layer is 5% to 35%. A mean value of areas of the pores of the second catalyst layer in a cross-sectional backscattered electron image of the second catalyst layer may be 0.7 μm2 to 9.0 μm2.
Provided is a manufacturing method by which Al-based particles can be efficiently or easily obtained. According to the present invention, a particle-dispersed molten salt (an example of an Al substrate), in which Al-based particles (liquid phase) are dispersed in a molten salt, can be obtained by bringing an Al-based foil into contact with a molten salt. Through the particle-dispersed molten salt, for example, Al-based powder (an example of the Al substrate) comprising Al-based particles (solid phase) can be efficiently or easily obtained. By sorting the Al-based particle group, an Al-based powder with a desired particle size distribution may be obtained. The Al-based foil has a thickness of, for example, at most 0.5 mm, and even 0.1 mm. Preferably, the Al-based foil is supplied to a molten salt in the form of chopped foil pieces. Accordingly, it is possible to easily obtain Al-based powder having a particle size distribution including fine particles. For example, it is preferable that a mixed salt containing NaCl and KCl be used as the molten salt.
B22F 9/00 - Making metallic powder or suspensions thereofApparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
B22F 9/04 - Making metallic powder or suspensions thereofApparatus or devices specially adapted therefor using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
A heat-resistant member comprises: a substrate made of isotropic graphite; a single-layered dense low-emissivity layer covering part of surfaces of the substrate; and a single-layered or multi-layered dense high-emissivity layer covering all or part of the remaining surfaces of the substrate. The dense low-emissivity layer has an outermost surface with an emissivity of εA, and has a relative density of 97% or more. The dense high-emissivity layer has an outermost surface with an emissivity of εB (>εA), and has a high-density region with a relative density of 97% or more in any portion between the outermost surface and the interface with the substrate. Preferably, an emissivity difference (εB−εA) is 0.1 or more.
C30B 35/00 - Apparatus not otherwise provided for, specially adapted for the growth, production or after-treatment of single crystals or of a homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure
C30B 23/00 - Single-crystal growth by condensing evaporated or sublimed materials
A method for a fiber bundle, including a heating process of Joule-heating the fiber bundle by energization between at least a pair of electrodes. The fiber bundle is carried in contact with the electrodes and has electrical conductivity at least between the electrodes. At least one of the electrodes has an aggregating structure that aggregates the fiber bundle while being in contact with the outer surface of fiber bundle. The aggregating structure has a trench or cylindrical shape with a structural surface that narrows in the depth direction. When the electrodes are each composed of a rotating body, the aggregating structure is a trench provided on the outer surface of the rotating body. The trench has a bottom surface that narrows toward a rotation center side. The trench may have a widened portion on the outer peripheral edge side. The widened portion guides the fiber bundle to the bottom surface.
D01F 9/22 - Carbon filamentsApparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyacrylonitriles
The purpose of the present invention is to make a power conversion device more compact. In the present invention, at least one of two ends of each primary winding (18uv, 18vw, 18wu) is connected to a switching circuit that comprises three switching arms (12U, 12V, 12W). A load circuit is connected to a positive electrode terminal (16p) and a negative electrode terminal (16n) that serve as a pair of terminals of the switching circuit. Current flows, due to switching, in a plurality of current routes that pass through the primary windings, the switching circuit, an upper capacitor (Cu), and reactors (La, Lb, Lc), and then reach the tap of the primary windings corresponding to the reactors. The upper capacitor (Cu) is charged and discharged. Current flows, due to switching, in a plurality of current routes that pass through the primary windings, the switching circuit, a lower capacitor (Cd), and the reactors, and then reach the tap of the primary windings corresponding to the reactors. The lower capacitor (Cd) is charged and discharged.
H02M 3/28 - Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC
A homologous recombination method for deleting a specific DNA sequence from a DNA molecule, said method comprising: preparing a DNA molecule in which a pair of target sequences, which are the targets of a site-specific recombinase, are positioned in different directions from each other with the specific DNA sequence sandwiched therebetween, and a pair of homologous sequences, which are homologous DNA sequences, are positioned further outside of the pair of the target sequences positioned with the specific DNA sequence sandwiched therebetween; and treating the DNA molecule with the aforesaid site-specific recombinase to delete the specific DNA sequence together with the pair of the target sequences from the DNA molecule by homologous recombination between the pair of the homologous sequences.
A detection device for detecting a status of a lithium-ion secondary battery includes a control module that acquires real part of AC impedance at a frequency at which the real part of the AC impedance is increased 10 times or more than the real part of the AC impedance at 1 kHz due to a skin effect, and detects deposition of lithium and/or the presence of foreign metal inside the lithium-ion secondary battery by using the acquired real part of the AC impedance.
A separation method according to the present invention comprises a separation step in which ultrasonic processing is performed on an electrode 50 to be processed, the electrode 50 comprising a collector 52 and an electrode mixture 54, in water (a processing liquid 32), while sweeping the frequency of the ultrasonic wave, thereby separating the collector 52 and the electrode mixture 54 from each other. A separation device 10 comprises: a separation unit 60 which separates the collector 52 and the electrode mixture 54 from each other by performing ultrasonic processing on the electrode 50 to be processed in water; and a control unit 15 which controls the separation unit 60 so that the ultrasonic processing is performed, while sweeping the frequency of the ultrasonic wave.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Japan)
Inventor
Yamazaki Kiyoshi
Goto Yoshihiro
Kikugawa Masashi
Ishikawa Marie
Satou Akinori
Manaka Yuichi
Nanba Tetsuya
Matsumoto Hideyuki
Abstract
This ammonia synthesis catalyst contains: a catalyst carrier containing cerium oxide; and ruthenium carried on the catalyst carrier. The peak pore diameter of the ammonia synthesis catalyst measured by using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method is within a range of 8-16 nm. The pore volume for pore diameters in the range of 10-16 nm is 0.10 cm3/g or greater, and/or the pore volume for pore diameters in the range of 8-20 nm is 0.16 cm3/g or greater.
Porous oxide semiconductor particles have a connected structure in which porous primary particles having an aggregate of crystallites composed of an oxide semiconductor are connected to each other and have a specific surface area of 60 m2/g or more. The porous oxide semiconductor particles have preferably a pore diameter of 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less. The porous oxide semiconductor particles have preferably a tap density of 0.005 g/cm3 or more and 1.0 g/cm3 or less. The oxide semiconductor is preferably SnO2 or SnO2 doped with at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Sb, W, Ta, and Al.
[Technical Problem] An object is to provide a lubricant capable of forming a stable adsorption film on a sliding surface and stabilizing the sliding characteristics (for example, ensuring the wear resistance, etc.).
[Solution to Problem] The present invention provides a lubricant represented by the following chemical structural formula.
(R: a hydrocarbon group whose carbon number is 8 to 24, m and n: integers of 2 to 8) [Selected Figure] FIG. 5A
A fuel cell control command device including: a catalyst potential calculation unit for calculating a catalyst potential of a cathode catalyst; a coating state calculation unit for calculating an oxide film formation amount of the catalyst; a command value candidate calculation unit for calculating a plurality of command value candidates including a combination of an estimated current, estimated total voltage, and a candidate control parameter, from which a power command value is obtained; a loss amount calculation unit for calculating an estimated loss for each combination; a provisional catalyst potential calculation unit for calculating an estimated catalyst potential for each combination; a deterioration amount calculation unit for calculating an estimated deterioration amount for each combination; and a command value calculation unit for selecting a combination having a minimum comprehensive index including the estimated loss and/or the estimated deterioration amount and outputting the selected combination as a command value.
An operation mode of a secondary battery (BAT) is determined based on state of charge of BAT. A power generation provisional command value of fuel cell (FC) at time i is determined to maximize efficiency of FC based on system required power and state of charge of BAT at time i. An intermittent ON/OFF state at time i is determined such that switching of intermittent operation of FC is not continuous based on operation mode of BAT, the power generation provisional command value, and the system required power at time i, and an intermittent ON/OFF state at time (i−1). Further, when intermittent ON is determined at time i, the FC is stopped, and when intermittent OFF is determined at time i, a larger one is output, as the power generation command value for the FC at time i, between the power generation provisional command value and an intermittent OFF threshold.
EMOTION-INDUCING DEVICE, EMOTION-INDUCING METHOD, AND DATABASE AND ODOR CLASSIFICATION INDICATORS USED FOR SAID EMOTION-INDUCING DEVICE AND SAID EMOTION-INDUCING METHOD
Provided is an emotion-inducing device that uses an odor to induce an emotion expected of a person. The present invention is an emotion-inducing device comprising: an inference means that infers a current emotion; and an analysis means that, on the basis of a database in which an odor component and an induced emotion that can be produced by the odor component are associated, determines odor information which brings the current emotion closer to an expected emotion. The emotion-inducing device may also comprise an emission means that emits at least one type of odor component on the basis of the odor information. The database is obtained by, for example, arranging odor components in association with induced emotions. When so doing, two or more index values (axes) that can classify emotions may be used. The emotion-inducing device is realized by linking a computer for executing a program to a measurement device and an odor emitter.
This valve device is provided with: a first outer layer (Y11); a second outer layer (Y13); and an interlayer (Y12) forming a fluid chamber (Y19). A first flow hole (Y16) enabling communication with the fluid chamber is formed in either the first outer layer or the second outer layer. A second flow hole (Y17, Y171-Y175) enabling communication with the fluid chamber is formed in either the first outer layer or the second outer layer. The interlayer includes: drive parts (Y123, Y124, Y125) that are displaced when their own temperature changes depending on whether there is electrical conduction; a displacement amplification member (Y131) that is urged by the drive parts and also amplifies the displacement of the drive parts when the drive parts are displaced; a movable part (Y127) that receives at a force point (YV1) the displacement that has been amplified by the displacement amplification member and thereby rotates about a fulcrum (Y126); and a valve element (Y128) for adjusting the degree of opening of the second flow hole with respect to the fluid chamber, by being urged from an application point (YV3) of the movable part and moving within the fluid chamber when the movable part rotates.
An inertial force sensor may comprise: a base; a first block including an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to a base surface; a second block including an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to the base surface; a third block including an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to the base surface; a fourth block including an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to the base surface; and a connector configured to physically connect the first, second, third, and fourth blocks. In this inertial force sensor, the first and second blocks are aligned along a first direction parallel to the base surface with their inclined surfaces both facing inward or outward, and the third and fourth blocks are aligned along a second direction parallel to the base surface and orthogonal to the first direction with their inclined surfaces both facing inward or outward.
This design assistance device comprises: an acquisition unit for acquiring an initial image and a condition for image generation; an image generation unit for generating a candidate image from the acquired initial image, which is a candidate for an image having had its impression changed; an image determination unit for causing the generation of the candidate image by the image generation unit to be repeatedly executed until the candidate image generated by the image generation unit satisfies the condition; and an output control unit for causing the candidate image that satisfies the condition to be outputted.
G06F 3/04845 - Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range for image manipulation, e.g. dragging, rotation, expansion or change of colour
G06F 3/04847 - Interaction techniques to control parameter settings, e.g. interaction with sliders or dials
G06V 10/82 - Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using neural networks
A spot welding method including: a main energization step of energizing a pair of opposing electrodes in pressure contact with both outer surfaces of a set of sheets where multiple sheet materials are stacked, thereby to cause melting between facing surfaces of the sheet materials; and a pressing variation step of, prior to the main energization step, causing a pulsation of pressing force applied to the set of sheets from the electrodes. A resin material such as an adhesive or a sealant may be interposed between the facing surfaces of at least a pair of the sheet materials. The period of the pulsation is 0.01 to 0.7 seconds. The amplitude of the pulsation is 10% to 90% with respect to a reference value of the pressing force. The set of sheets may include a first and a second steel sheet, and an aluminum alloy sheet that are stacked in order.
An advantage of the present disclosure lies in distributing loads of information processes among system constituting elements in a system in which a battery management apparatus acquires information related to a battery. A battery characteristic measurement apparatus 14 generates a measurement signal in a battery 12, and produces from the measurement signal basic data including a discrete measurement signal value and a battery ID. A battery management apparatus 22 executes a data acquisition process in which the basic data are acquired from the battery characteristic measurement apparatus 14, and an analysis process in which the battery ID is acquired from the basic data and characteristic analysis data of the battery 12 are determined based on the basic data. The battery management apparatus 22 further executes an information production process in which battery analysis information in which the characteristic analysis data is correlated with the battery ID is produced, and a transmission process in which the battery analysis information is transmitted. The battery management apparatus 22 executes a request reception process in which request information transmitted from a user terminal 16 is received, and executes the transmission process, or the analysis process and the transmission process according to the request information.
B60L 53/66 - Data transfer between charging stations and vehicles
B60L 58/16 - Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to battery ageing, e.g. to the number of charging cycles or the state of health [SoH]
G01R 31/367 - Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
G01R 31/392 - Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
G06Q 10/20 - Administration of product repair or maintenance
A catalyst layer includes an electrode catalyst and an ionomer. The electrode catalyst includes: tin oxide-based particles having a structure (connected structure) in which porous primary particles are connected to each other in a bead shape and having a specific surface area of 30 m2/g or more; and Pt-based fine particles supported on the surface of the tin oxide-based particles. The conductivity of a green compact composed of the tin oxide-based particles is desirably 1×10−3 S/cm or more. As the tin oxide-based particles, those composed of Sb-doped SnO2 and having a specific surface area of 90 m2/g or more and a pore diameter of 5 nm or more and 8 nm or less are desired.
This condition-estimating device is provided with: a first means that updates parameters Pm[i] and internal conditions Qn[i] contained in a voltage estimation model for a solid polymer fuel cell; a second means that successively acquires current I[i] and measured-voltage values Vmes [i]; a third means that utilizes the voltage estimation model containing the updated Pm[i] and Qn[i] to compute estimated voltage values Vest[i]; and a fourth means that in order to lessen |Vmes[i] − Vest[i]|, calibrates a calibration coefficient CF[i] utilized in updating the Pm[i] and/or Qn[i]. This fault-determining device is provided with a fault-determining means that utilizes the Vest[i], Pm_est[i], and/or Qn_est[i] to carry out fault determination on the solid polymer fuel cell. This condition-estimating/fault-determining device comprises such condition-estimating device and fault-determining device.
H01M 8/04313 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variablesProcesses for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
A method of manufacturing a member for fastening by joining a nut with a tubular joint portion extending from a main body formed with an internal thread to a panel with a mounting hole for the nut on an aluminum base material. The joint portion has a rotation-preventing portion with a concave and convex shaped outer peripheral surface and a guide portion extending from the rotation-preventing portion to one side. After the guide portion is inserted into the mounting hole, the nut is energized by electrodes in contact with both nut end surface sides. The nut then generates heat, and the periphery of the mounting hole is heated and softened. When the nut is pressurized with the electrodes, the rotation-preventing portion bites into the mounting hole, and the one end portion of the guide portion is swaged to become a retaining portion on one surface side of the panel.
This environment recognition device is provided with: a three-dimensional position estimation unit that estimates the three-dimensional position of a lighting device in the environment from an image captured by an image capture device that is mounted on a moving body and that captures images of the environment surrounding the moving body; a position information acquisition unit that acquires position information of the moving body; a road surface reflection area estimation unit that, on the basis of the three-dimensional position of the lighting device as estimated from an image captured by the image capture device of the moving body at a first time point and on the basis of the position information of the moving body at a second time point, estimates a road reflection area that appears in an image captured by the image capture device at the second time point and that reflects illumination light emitted from the lighting device; and an environment recognition unit that recognizes the environment from the area of the image excluding the road surface reflection area, which reflects the illumination light.
A molding device may comprise a mold, a plate, and a ring. The mold may comprise: a lower surface; an upper surface parallel to the lower surface; a hole defined in a part of the upper surface; and a through hole extending from a bottom surface of the hole to the lower surface of the mold. The plate may comprise a surface with a gas outlet defined therein. The ring may be arranged between the lower surface of the mold and the surface of the plate and connecting the mold and the plate. The ring may surround the through hole exposed on the lower surface of the mold and the gas outlet exposed on the surface of the plate. In a region where the ring is not arranged, a space may be defined between the lower surface of the mold and the surface of the plate.
Provided is a control device for a hybrid vehicle. The control device calculates an engine torque that can be outputted from the engine according to an engine state quantity when the required torque for the hybrid vehicle is increased. If the calculated engine torque is short of the required torque, the control device selects an engine assist mode for a motor generator torque to be outputted by the motor generator to make up for the shortage, and if the charge amount of the secondary battery is less than or equal to a predetermined first reference charge amount, the control device shifts the mode to a charging mode to start charging the secondary battery immediately after the assist mode ends.
B60L 50/16 - Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
B60L 58/13 - Maintaining the SoC within a determined range
B60W 10/06 - Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
B60W 10/08 - Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
B60W 20/13 - Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limitsControlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
68.
BATTERY CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS APPARATUS, BATTERY CHARACTERISTIC MEASUREMENT APPARATUS, AND BATTERY ANALYSIS SYSTEM
An advantage of the present disclosure lies in measuring performance of a battery with a simple method. A battery characteristic analysis apparatus 14 acquires, from a damped oscillation circuit 24 which causes damped oscillation of a current which flows in a battery Bj to be analyzed (wherein j is an integer from 1 to n), damped oscillation data for a damped oscillation current of the battery Bj. The battery characteristic analysis apparatus 14 determines a real part of impedance of the battery Bj, or the real part of impedance and an output voltage of the battery Bj, based on the damped oscillation data. The battery characteristic analysis apparatus 14 determines a degree of degradation of the battery Bj based on the real part of impedance of the battery Bj, or the real part of impedance and the output voltage of the battery Bj.
A catalyst deterioration suppression device includes: a first device obtaining a fuel cell voltage V (=catalyst voltage Vcat) as a variable to estimate a response speed (time constant τ) at which a coverage ratio of an oxide film of catalyst particles contained in a fuel cell cathode changes; a second device reading out a time constant τt corresponding to the voltage V at a current time t from a pre-made map A representing a relationship between the voltage V and the time constant τ and corresponding to the catalyst particles; a third device generating a continuous-time type dynamic filter F(s, τ) by using the time constant τt and converting the continuous-time type dynamic filter F(s, τ) to a discrete-time type dynamic filter F(z, τ); and a fourth device inputting a target voltage Vr to the discrete-time type dynamic filter F(z, τ) and outputting a corrected target voltage Vr-fil.
H01M 8/04992 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
This map creation device comprises: an odometry information calculation unit for calculating odometry information indicating the movement amount of a vehicle; an initial value calculation unit for calculating, from the odometry information of the vehicle, an initial value of a homography matrix between a plurality of images obtained by imaging different sites by an on-vehicle camera; an optimum value calculation unit for, from the calculated initial value and brightness values of pixels included in road surface regions designated with respect to the plurality of images, calculating an optimum value of the homography matrix by repeat calculation; a camera position orientation calculation unit for calculating, by decomposing the optimum value, a change amount of camera position and a change amount of camera orientation regarding the on-vehicle camera; and a three-dimensional position calculation unit for calculating, from the change amount of camera position and the change amount of camera orientation, three-dimensional positions of feature points at the plurality of images.
A metal joined body has an iron base body and an aluminum base body that are joined together via a joint layer. The joint layer has a first layer composed of a first intermetallic compound formed on the iron base body side and a second layer composed of a second intermetallic compound formed on the aluminum base body side. The first layer has one or more first protrusions that merge integrally into the iron base body and extend in a pile shape into the first intermetallic compound. The second layer may have one or more second protrusions that are composed of a second intermetallic compound and extend in a columnar shape into the aluminum base body. The first intermetallic compound may contain Al5Fe2, and the second intermetallic compound may contain Al3Fe. The total thickness of the first layer and the second layer is, for example, 2 to 15 μm.
The carbon fiber precursor fiber of the disclosure includes an acrylamide-based polymer fiber; and a self-crosslinked product of a self-crosslinking silicone oil on a surface of the acrylamide-based polymer fiber.
D01F 9/21 - Carbon filamentsApparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
D01F 6/28 - Monocomponent man-made filaments or the like of synthetic polymersManufacture thereof from copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
D06M 15/643 - Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain
C01B 32/05 - Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups , , ,
73.
CARBON FIBER PRECURSOR, METHOD OF PRODUCING CARBON FIBER PRECURSOR, METHOD OF PRODUCING STABILIZED FIBER, AND METHOD OF PRODUCING CARBON FIBER
D01F 6/18 - Monocomponent man-made filaments or the like of synthetic polymersManufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polymers of unsaturated nitriles, e.g. polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene cyanide
D01F 9/22 - Carbon filamentsApparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyacrylonitriles
A recovery method according to the present disclosure is a recovery method for recovering the capacity of an electrode active material of an electricity storage device having an electrode on which an electrode mixture containing the electrode active material is formed and containing an electrolyte solution that is in contact with the electrode and that contains a metal ion as a carrier ion and an electrolyte solvent. The recovery method includes an electrode recovery step of immersing the electrode of the electricity storage device in a recovery agent to recover the capacity of the electrode active material while maintaining the state of the electrode, the recovery agent being a solution containing an aromatic hydrocarbon compound in a reduced state, a metal ion of the same type as the carrier ion, a recovery agent solvent of an ether compound different from the electrolyte solvent, and an electrolyte solution.
A high-pressure tank comprising: a resin liner for a high-pressure tank including at least one opening portion; an aluminum mouth portion attached to the opening portion; and a reinforcement layer formed on an outer surface of the liner, wherein an aluminum oxide coating is formed on a surface of the aluminum mouth portion, the aluminum oxide coating includes a porous surface layer in which columns with an average height of 10 to 100 nm are arranged in a dispersed state, an average value of a percentages of the protruding portion area of the columns in randomly sampled 400 nm square visual fields of the porous surface layer is 5.0 to 26.0%, and an average value of the numbers of the columns in randomly sampled 400 nm square visual fields of the porous surface layer is 500 to 2000.
A metal removal agent used when removing Mg from an aluminum alloy melt whose raw material is scrap or the like and used for formation of a molten salt layer that takes in Mg from an aluminum alloy melt. The metal removal agent contains: a specific metal element one or more of Cu, Zn, or Mn; a specific halogen element one or more of Cl or Br; and Mg. The metal removal agent may also contain: a base halide that serves as a base material of the molten salt layer; and a specific metal halide that is a compound of a specific metal element and a specific halogen element. When the molten salt layer formed using the agent and the aluminum alloy melt containing Mg are brought into contact with each other, Mg is taken into the molten salt layer side from the aluminum alloy melt side and efficiently removed.
A method with which Mg can be removed from aluminum alloy melt whose raw material is scrap or the like. Metal removal method includes processing step of forming molten salt layer in contact with aluminum alloy melt containing Mg which covers at least part of the surface of the aluminum alloy melt. This method allows Mg to be taken in from aluminum alloy melt to molten salt layer and removed. Molten salt layer contains specific halogen element that is one or more of Cl or Br and specific metal element that is one or more of Cu, Zn, or Mn. The specific metal element is supplied as an oxide of the specific metal element to the molten salt layer. At that time, the molten salt layer contains Mg. The step of removing Mg is performed by disposing a conductor that bridges the aluminum alloy melt and the molten salt layer.
A Mg removal agent is composed of a chloride and copper oxide. The chloride contains at least Mg and one or more base metal elements selected from K, Na, and Ca. The chloride contains, for example, 0.2 to 60 mass % of MgCl2 and/or 40 to 99.8 mass % of KCl with respect to the chloride as a whole. The compounding ratio that is a mass ratio of the chloride to the copper oxide is, for example, 0.15 or more. The chloride may be a re-solidified salt or a mixed salt. At least a part of the chloride may be a mineral containing the base metal elements and Mg or a mineral-derived chloride. A preferred example of the Mg removal agent is granular flux introduced into the aluminum alloy molten metal.
A cathode electrode for a gas diffusion electrolytic flow cell that produces a carbon dioxide reduction product by reducing carbon dioxide, wherein the cathode electrode comprises a catalyst layer having a metal complex catalyst, a carbon material and an alkali metal salt, and a gas diffusion layer disposed on the catalyst layer.
C25B 11/091 - Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalysts material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compoundElectrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalysts material consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
This evaluation device comprises: a first database including, as data, a measured factor for a first type of accumulation device; a second database including, as data, a measured factor for a second type of accumulation device different from the first type; and a conversion model for converting data through machine learning. The evaluation device acquires a post-conversion database by increasing the number of data points in the second database through the use of the conversion model to convert the first database data into second database data. The evaluation device uses the post-conversion database to evaluate the second type of accumulation device.
G01R 31/367 - Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
G01R 31/387 - Determining ampere-hour charge capacity or SoC
G01R 31/389 - Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
G01R 31/392 - Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
H01M 10/42 - Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
81.
CHARGING/DISCHARGING DEVICE AND BATTERY CONNECTION DEVICE
The present invention has a purpose of performing bidirectional electric power transmission between a secondary battery and an electric power supply grid according to the state of the electric power supply grid. A charging/discharging connector (16) is connected to a DC electric power grid (14), and performs non-contact electric power transmission with a battery unit (18). The charging/discharging connector (16) is provided with a charging/discharging switching circuit (40) for non-contact electric power transmission. The charging/discharging connector (16) determines a target value for electric power to be transmitted to a battery (26) on the basis of a DC grid voltage provided by the DC power supply grid (14), switches the charging/discharging switching circuit (40) according to the target value for electric power to be transmitted, generates a switching signal for performing switching control of the battery unit (18) according to the target value for electric power to be transmitted, and transmits the switching signal to the battery unit (18) by non-contact communication.
H02J 50/80 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
B60L 55/00 - Arrangements for supplying energy stored within a vehicle to a power network, i.e. vehicle-to-grid [V2G] arrangements
H02J 3/32 - Arrangements for balancing the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
H02J 50/10 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
H02J 50/40 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
82.
C/SIC COMPOSITE PARTICLES AND THEIR MANUFACTURING METHOD, ELECTRODE CATALYST AND POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL COMPRISING THE C/SIC COMPOSITE PARTICLES
C/SiC composite particles include porous carbon particles and SiC particles distributed on inner wall surfaces of pores of the porous carbon particles. Such C/SiC composite particles can be obtained by: producing a silica/carbon composite A by precipitating carbon in pores of porous silica particles; producing a silica/carbon composite B by removing a part of the silica from the silica/carbon composite A; heat-treating the silica/carbon composite B and graphitizing the carbon; and simultaneously generating SiC. An electrode catalyst includes C/SiC composite particles and catalyst particles supported on the surfaces of the C/SiC composite particles. Further, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell includes such an electrode catalyst as a cathode catalyst or an anode catalyst.
A detection device includes a detector and a controller. The detector has at least one resonator circuit applying at least one specific frequency vibration to a lithium-ion secondary battery, measures an attenuation characteristic of at least one resonant current, and outputs the attenuation characteristic as a detection signal. The controller detects lithium deposition and/or presence of foreign metal inside the lithium-ion secondary battery by using the detection signal of the attenuation characteristic acquired from the detector.
A structure body includes a free-standing structure including a fibrous member and/or a shell. The fibrous member and/or a shell are each a layered body formed of at least one light-absorbing layer and at least one dielectric layer. The light-absorbing layer includes a light-absorbing material that has an absorption in a visible light region, and the dielectric layer includes a dielectric material. The fibrous member and/or the shell have a three-dimensionally continuous configuration.
A metal purifying method having: a local heating step of heating an aluminum-based molten metal in a first region on a molten metal surface of the aluminum-based molten metal; and a local low pressure step of lowering the pressure in a second region on the molten metal surface to a pressure lower than the pressure in the first region. The second region is different from the first region. This allows a specific element to be vaporized from the second region to purify the aluminum-based molten metal. The specific element is one or more of Zn, Mg, or Pb having a saturated vapor pressure higher than that of Al. This is effective not only in a purifying method for removing a specific element from an aluminum-based molten metal but also in a method of recovering a specific element, which can be a resource, from an aluminum-based molten metal.
In the present invention, the concentration distribution of radical-producing ions and the concentration distribution of radical-scavenging ions in an electrolyte membrane are estimated on the basis of an operating condition φ(t) at time t of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Subsequently, a load command p(t+Δt) at time (t+Δt) is acquired. Subsequently, a reference operating condition φref111, an operating condition φ(t+Δt) that is different from φref111, φref(t+Δt) is selected as φ(t+Δt). A fuel cell system comprises a control device for executing such processing.
H01M 8/04992 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
A holder has a protrusion which protrudes from a side surface at a side opposite in an axial direction with respect to a rolling element held in a pocket toward the side opposite in the axial direction. An oil supply hole which penetrates through the holder from the side surface to a surface at a side of the rolling element in the axial direction is formed in the holder. When the holder rotates, the protrusion guides oil into the oil supply hole, and the oil is introduced from the side surface of the holder to the surface on the side of the rolling element.
F16C 33/66 - Special parts or details in view of lubrication
F16C 19/06 - Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly with a single row of balls
A model learning apparatus is configured to learn a model that shows a relationship between an input variable u input into a system and an output variable y output from the system. The model learning apparatus includes a storage that stores store a model used to learn a nonlinear equation of state for predicting the output variable y by using the input variable u; and a processor programmed to learn the equation of state by using the model and an input-output data set including a set of data of a steady-state value of the output variable y and data of the input variable u corresponding to the data of the steady-state value. The model is an equation of state including a bijective mapping ϕ that uses the output variable y as an input thereof.
G06F 30/27 - Design optimisation, verification or simulation using machine learning, e.g. artificial intelligence, neural networks, support vector machines [SVM] or training a model
G06N 3/04 - Architecture, e.g. interconnection topology
D01F 9/21 - Carbon filamentsApparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
C30B 23/06 - Heating of the deposition chamber, the substrate, or the materials to be evaporated
C04B 35/52 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbon, e.g. graphite
A power supply system including: a DC power trunk line; a demand-side device; a supply-side device that is configured to supply electric power and that is connected with the DC power trunk line to output a DC power to the demand-side device that is connected with the DC power trunk line to receive a DC power, and a calculator that is configured to: set a power-feeding voltage of the supply-side device on a supply side; set a power-receiving voltage of the demand-side device on a demand side; and regard a charge amount or a time integration of current value supplied from the supply-side device to the DC power trunk line, as well as a charge amount or a time integration of current value supplied from the DC power trunk line to the demand-side device, as an amount of power interchange.
H02J 9/06 - Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over
A detection device of the present disclosure detects the state of a lithium ion secondary battery, and comprises a control unit which acquires the real part of an AC impedance at a frequency that is higher by 10 times or more than the real part of the AC impedance of 1 kHz due to the skin effect, and detects the precipitation of lithium and/or the presence of foreign metal inside the lithium ion secondary battery, by using the acquired real part of the AC impedance.
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
G01R 31/389 - Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
G01R 31/392 - Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
Inflatable structures, or aeromorphs, are provided with reinforcing member shape controlling features. The inflatable structure includes a bladder formed of a programmable substrate and defining an outer perimeter. The bladder includes a plurality of seams and a plurality of foldable segments defined by the plurality of seams. At least one hinge is provided, located adjacent each foldable segment. The hinge is configured to permit a folding movement of the respective foldable segment. At least one reinforcing member is provided, secured to the bladder and configured to guide a directional movement of at least one of the plurality of foldable segments, control a shape of the inflatable structure, and determine a sequence of folding. In various aspects, the reinforcing member includes a thermoplastic polyurethane, and is secured to a surface of the bladder with additive manufacturing techniques, such as 3-D printing.
B31D 5/00 - Multiple-step processes for making three-dimensional articles
B65D 81/05 - Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents
F16K 15/20 - Check valves specially designed for inflatable bodies, e.g. tyres
This fuel cell control command device is provided with: a catalyst potential calculating means for calculating the catalyst potential of a cathode catalyst; a coated state calculating means for calculating an amount of oxide film formed on the cathode catalyst; a command value candidate calculating means for calculating a plurality of command value candidates comprising a combination of an estimated value of electric current, an estimated value of total voltage, and a candidate value of a control parameter, with which an electric power command value can be obtained; a loss amount calculating means for calculating an estimated value of the loss for each combination of command value candidates; a provisional catalyst potential calculating means for calculating an estimated value of the catalyst potential for each combination of command value candidates; a deterioration amount calculating means for calculating an estimated value of an amount of deterioration for each combination of command value candidates; and a command value calculating means for selecting the combination of command value candidates with which a comprehensive index including the estimated value of loss and/or the estimated value of the amount of deterioration is minimized, and outputting the same as command values.
H01M 8/04313 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variablesProcesses for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
H01M 8/04992 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
95.
CARBON FIBER PRECURSOR FIBER BUNDLE, THERMALLY-STABILIZED FIBER BUNDLE, PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING CARBON FIBER BUNDLE
A carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle includes: acrylamide-based polymer fibers, wherein the carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle contains single fibers having a circular cross section in a proportion of 30 to 100%, wherein the circular cross section has a ratio of a major axis to a minor axis of 1.0 to 1.3 in a cross section orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the single fiber, and a fineness of the single fiber is 0.1 to 7 dtex.
D01F 9/21 - Carbon filamentsApparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
C01B 32/318 - Preparation characterised by the starting materials
According to the present invention, an operation mode of a secondary battery (BAT) is determined on the basis of a charging rate of the BAT. Next, a power generation temporary command value of a fuel cell (FC) at a time i is determined on the basis of a system required power and the charging rate of the BAT at the time i so that the efficiency of the FC is maximized. Next, an intermittent ON/OFF state at the time i is determined so that switching of an intermittent operation of the FC is not continuous, on the basis of an operation mode of the BAT at the time i, the power generation temporary command value and the system required power, and an intermittent ON/OFF state at a time (i-1). Furthermore, when the intermittent ON is determined at the time i, the FC is stopped, and when the intermittent OFF is determined at the time i, the larger of the power generation temporary command value and the intermittent OFF threshold is output as a power generation command value of the FC.
H01M 8/04228 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-downDepolarisation or activation, e.g. purgingMeans for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
H01M 8/04303 - Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
These porous oxide semiconductor particles are equipped with a beaded structure in which porous primary particles comprising an aggregate of crystallites of an oxide semiconductor are linked, and the porous oxide semiconductor particles comprise particles with a specific surface area of 60 m2/g or more. The pore diameter of the porous oxide semiconductor particles is preferably 1-20 nm. The tap density of the porous oxide semiconductor particles is preferably at least 0.005 g/cm3and no more than 1.0 g/cm3222 doped with one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Nb, Sb, W, Ta, and Al.
An object provides a power generation apparatus performing the purification of an Al alloy melt using scrap as raw material. A power generation apparatus includes: a container body with aluminum alloy melt and molten salt in a liquid junction with the aluminum alloy melt; an anode which is in contact with the aluminum alloy melt; and a cathode which is in contact with the molten salt. DC power is obtained from between the anode and the cathode by an anode reaction on the aluminum alloy melt side and a cathode reaction on the molten salt side. When the aluminum alloy melt and the molten salt are separated by a separator allowing ionic conduction between the aluminum alloy melt and molten salt, the power generation efficiency is enhanced. The amount of a reactant in the Al alloy melt is monitored by measuring the electrical quantity associated with the power generation.
H01M 4/46 - Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
H01M 4/48 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
H01M 4/58 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFySelection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
H01M 6/50 - Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance, e.g. for maintaining operating temperature
99.
MODEL LEARNING APPARATUS, CONTROL APPARATUS, MODEL LEARNING METHOD AND COMPUTER PROGRAM
A model learning apparatus is configured to learn a model that shows a relationship between an input variable v input into a system and an output variable y output from the system. The model learning apparatus includes a storage that stores a model used to learn a nonlinear equation of state for predicting the output variable y by using the input variable v, and a processor programmed to learn the equation of state by using the model and an input-output data set including multiple sets of input variable data and output variable data with respect to the model. The model is an equation of state including a bijective mapping ψ that uses the input variable v as an input thereof and a bijective mapping ϕ that uses the output variable y as an input thereof.
A novel spot welding method for steel sheets and an aluminum alloy sheet, includes stacked sheet materials from a pair of opposing electrodes to join the sheet materials by resistance heating. The pair of opposing electrodes are in pressure contact with both outer surfaces of the sheet sets. The sheet sets include at least a first and second steel sheet, and an aluminum alloy sheet stacked in this order. A first energization step forms a molten pool between facing surfaces of the first and second steel sheets without melting the aluminum alloy sheet. A second energization step causes a melting reaction between facing surfaces of the second steel sheet and the aluminum alloy sheet. The first and second steel sheets are joined via a first nugget. The second steel sheet and the aluminum alloy sheet are joined via a second nugget including an intermetallic compound generated by the melting reaction.
