The invention relates to the analysis of measurement data, in particular frequency spectra, by means of a with respect to the signal with the highest or lowest frequency contained in the transformation. Known methods reach their limits if there are only a few measurement points and/or the contained signals are not clearly separated from one another. The measurement data can be, for example, measurement data of received radio signals or acoustic vibrations or vibrations in components, or of sonar. The invention addresses the problem of allowing a fast and reliable, if not mathematically exact, statement about the lowest or highest frequency in the transformation and/or the location/orientation of a transponder, transmitter and/or receiver, in particular when there is little measurement data. This problem is solved by processing at least one frequency spectrum by means of a neural network.
G01S 7/41 - Details of systems according to groups , , of systems according to group using analysis of echo signal for target characterisationTarget signatureTarget cross-section
G01S 13/75 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders
G01S 13/76 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein pulse-type signals are transmitted
G01S 13/931 - Radar or analogous systems, specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of land vehicles
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 7/00 - Details of systems according to groups , ,
2.
METHOD FOR A RADIO-BASED DISTANCE MEASUREMENT, FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION, TIME SYNCHRONIZATION, AND A DETECTION AND/OR PREVENTION OF RELAY ATTACKS WITH A SELECTION OF THE RADIO SIGNALS TO BE USED
A method for radio-based distance measurement and in addition also to a method for detecting and/or preventing relay attacks and a method for time and/or frequency synchronisation. The method does not require coherence information, in particular neither phase-coherent switching nor switching in such a way that the phase after switching is known relative to the phase position before switching is required. The change in phase does not have to be determined locally, in particular at the transmitter before transmission and/or at the receiver with respect to the PLL of the receiver, and this change does not have to be corrected in the calculation. The object is achieved by a time synchronisation or a corresponding correction.
The application relates to the position finding of an active or passive radio node against a network of at least two anchors, the object of the present invention is to make such methods simpler, more reliable, more flexible and/or faster. This can be achieved in particular by dispensing with time synchronization between the anchors and the radio node, while the anchors are time-synchronized with one another. In addition, the necessary communication can be further reduced by unidirectional ranging. A unidirectional transmission with frequency change from the radio node to at least two anchors or from at least two anchors to the radio node is sufficient. By contrast with the known unidirectional ranging between an active and a passive object, time synchronization between active and passive objects can be dispensed with if either two time-synchronized active objects or one active and two time-synchronized passive objects are used.
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
G01S 13/75 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders
4.
IMPROVED SPATIAL SMOOTHING METHOD FOR GENERATING AN AUTOCORRELATION MATRIX OF RADIO SIGNAL MEASUREMENT VALUES
A method for providing an autocorrelation matrix of measurement values of wireless signals between a first and a second object for determining at least one property of the signal propagation of the wireless signals between the first and the second object having f, frequency measurement value vectors, each frequency measurement value vectors having a coordinates with a>=1 and with f>1 which are provided. An autocorrelation matrix with a frequency vector number smaller than f is formed from the set of frequency measurement value vectors by means of spatial smoothing for performing spatial smoothing, a plurality of subspace matrices each having a number of frequency measurement value vectors are formed and wherein the subspace matrices are each correlated with themselves and the subspace matrices correlated with themselves are added up.
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
5.
DETECTION OF ATTACKS ON RADIO AUTHORIZATION SYSTEMS
A design for secure radio authorization system for a discovery of an attack on the radio authorization system. The radio authorization system is for access restriction systems, for example for securing radio keys, such as automobiles. The design of the secure radio authorization system can also be used in simpler systems and can be combined with the numerous known solutions, such as complex release signals. The focus is not on the direct prevention of an attack, but rather on the determination of whether or not a signal is an original signal of the radio authorization system. The signal and not (only) with reference to the content encoded in the signal, wherein samplings of a signal characteristic are compared over the course of time of an input signal with a target relation in order to determine whether a deviation from the target relation lies within a pre-defined tolerance.
The invention relates to a method for detecting and/or preventing relay attacks. The object is achieved by a method for detecting a relay attack, wherein radio signals with different frequencies are transmitted between a first and a second object and phase measurements and propagation time measurements are made on these radio signals and the change in the phase measurements when the frequency is changed is compared with the signal propagation measurements or their change, and wherein a relay attack is assumed if a predetermined deviation or a deviation determined from measurements on the radio signals is exceeded, wherein a measurement series is formed based on the phase measurements and/or a reference measurement series is formed based on the signal propagation time measurements, and the filtered and/or smoothed measurement series is compared with the at least one signal propagation time measurement or its change and/or the reference measurement series as a reference, and/or wherein the measurement series or its change is compared with the filtered and/or averaged reference measurement series.
G01S 13/82 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
H04W 12/122 - Counter-measures against attacksProtection against rogue devices
G07C 9/00 - Individual registration on entry or exit
7.
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR SECOND NODE SUPPORTED AMBIGUITY DECISION
A method and system for eliminating ambiguity in phase measurements or phase relationships (integer ambiguity fixing). Such methods and systems are widely known from the prior art. An ambiguity search function is known from GPS, because the elimination of the phase ambiguities to an integer is crucial for achieving high accuracy with GPS, particularly with short measurement times. The method and system disclosed herein improve the decision-making to fix the phase ambiguity (integer ambiguity fixing). All receivers receiving the signal regardless of their location make the same decision and the decision is better or worse depending on the reception conditions. The reception conditions can be determined in particular by the received signal quality, amplitude and/or power. By using several receivers and their decisions it is therefore possible to make a better decision, which then applies to all receivers.
G01S 19/07 - Cooperating elementsInteraction or communication between different cooperating elements or between cooperating elements and receivers providing data for correcting measured positioning data, e.g. DGPS [differential GPS] or ionosphere corrections
8.
POSITION FINDING BY DETERMINATION OF DISTANCES IN THE SPECTRUM
The invention relates to the determination of the position of an object arranged in a space. The method according to the invention is characterized by the radio signal transmitted containing at least one frequency pair with a respective frequency difference, and changes in phase changes between the at least two frequencies of a frequency pair being determined and signal components of at least two signal paths with different signal path lengths of the received radio signal being determined from the changes. According to the invention, at least one possible starting position, wherein the at least one possible starting position is determined in such a way that a radio signal hypothetically transmitted from the at least one possible starting position can propagate to the second object via signal paths whose signal path lengths correlate with those of the at least two determined signal paths.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
H04W 64/00 - Locating users or terminals for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
9.
METHOD FOR A RADIO-BASED DISTANCE MEASUREMENT, FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION, TIME SYNCHRONIZATION, AND A DETECTION AND/OR PREVENTION OF RELAY ATTACKS WITH A SELECTION OF THE RADIO SIGNALS TO BE USED
The invention relates to a method for a radio-based distance measurement and additionally a method for detecting and/or preventing relay attacks. The invention also relates to a method for a time and/or frequency synchronization. The aim of the invention is to provide a method with which no coherence information is necessary, in particular neither a phase-coherent switching nor a switching is necessary such that the phase after the switching process is known relative to the phase position prior to the switching process, nor must the change of the phase be determined locally, i.e. in particular in the transmitter prior to the transmission and/or in the receiver with respect to the PLL of the receiver, nor must the change be corrected in the calculation. This is achieved by a time synchronization or a corresponding correction.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
10.
METHOD FOR LOCALISATION RELATIVE TO AN ANCHOR NETWORK BY MEANS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMMUNICATION
byby dispensing with time synchronisation between the anchors (A1, A2) and the radio node (FK) while the anchors are time synchronised with each other. In addition, one-way ranging can further reduce the required communication. It is sufficient, if a one-way transmission with frequency change is carried out from the radio node to at least two anchors, or from at least two anchors to the radio node. In contrast to the known one-way ranging between an active and a passive object, time synchronisation between active and passive objects can be dispensed with if either two time-synchronised active objects or one active and two time-synchronised passive objects are used.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
11.
METHOD FOR RADIO-BASED DISTANCE MEASUREMENT AND FOR DETECTING AND/OR PREVENTING RELAY ATTACKS BY SELECTING THE RADIO SIGNALS TO BE USED
The invention relates to a method for radio-based distance measurement and, furthermore, to a method for detecting and/or preventing relay attacks. The invention addresses the problem of providing a method in which no coherence information is required, in particular in which neither phase-coherent switching nor switching in such a way that the phase after switching is known relative to the phase position before switching is required, and also the change in phase does not have to be determined locally, in particular at the transmitter before transmission and/or at the receiver with respect to the PLL of the receiver, and this change does not have to be corrected in the calculation. The problem is solved by a time-based synchronisation or a corresponding correction.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
12.
METHOD FOR DECIDING THE DISTANCE THRESHOLD FOR A PLURAITY OF TRANSPONDERS
A temporal optimization of a distance threshold decision for a plurality of transponders is disclosed in which it may be determined as rapidly as possible whether at least one of the transponders falls below a preset distance, particularly to a query node. A decision is to be made regarding the release with high probability, particularly in less than 500 ms, even if a plurality of authorized transponders are present in querying range and the necessary measurements and/or calculations are time-intensive. The disclosure introduces an estimation phase occurring before a first phase. In the estimation phase it is initially estimated with high probability which one or several of the transponders are the one or several with the shortest distance(s). Afterwards, the actual distance determination begins and is executed such that initially the distance is determined for at least one of the transponders having the smallest distance with the greatest probability.
The invention relates to a method for detecting and/or preventing relay attacks. The object is achieved by a method for detecting a relay attack, wherein radio signals at different frequencies are transmitted between a first and a second object and phase measurements and propagation time measurements are performed on these radio signals, and the change in the phase measurements for a change in the frequency is compared with the signal propagation measurements or their change, and, if a predetermined difference or a difference determined from measurements on the radio signals is exceeded, it is assumed that a relay attack is taking place.
H04W 12/128 - Anti-malware arrangements, e.g. protection against SMS fraud or mobile malware
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
The invention relates to the process of determining an IQ offset, in particular at low intermediate frequencies, in a receiver for electromagnetic radiation, in particular for digital data transmission. The aim of the invention is to provide a simple manner for determining the IQ offset, in particular quickly, reliably, and/or at low intermediate frequencies. According to the invention, this is achieved in particular in that the analog-digital converter is separated from the receiving devices and is electrically connected to at least one resistor by means of a switch in order to determine the IQ offset. While the analog-digital converter is connected to the resistor and not to the receiving devices, digital IQ values are obtained by means of the analog-digital converter. The digital IQ values obtained while the converter is connected to the resistor are used to determine the IQ offset.
A method for one-sided radio-based distance measurement. The object is to speed up the determination of the distance between a first object and a second object, to enable greater accuracy and/or to enable or improve the determination, even in the event of interference, particularly in the case of one-sided and/or asymmetric interference in the radio connection. The method is carried out largely without radio signals in a transmission direction. The method includes use of a transit time measurement between the first object and the second object to eliminate the ambiguity of the distance measurement; the distance measurement being carried out on the basis of a change in the phase shift, in particular relative to the frequency change, of the signal propagation from the first object to the second object as a result of a frequency change.
The invention relates to calibrating a device or a system for signal-transit-time measurement or signal-transit-time-measurement-based distance measurement on the basis of at least one phase measurement. A method for calibrating at least one system for carrying out a signal-transit-time measurement where the system is designed, in cooperation with a first object, to carry out a distance measurement on the basis of a phase measurement, at least one first distance measurement to the first object being carried out by means of phase measurement, particularly by phase shifting and/or modifying a phase shift by the frequency, and at least one signal-transit-time measurement or a second distance measurement carried out on the basis of at least one signal-transit-time measurement to or via the first object. The system is calibrated on the basis of at least one signal-transit-time measurement by means of the at least one first phase measurement.
The invention relates to a method for a one-sided radio-based distance measurement. The inventor has ascertained that, surprisingly, between time-synchronized objects, in particu-lar with a phase-coherent frequency change, it is possible to ob-viate the need for a transmission direction. This is achieved by a method for measuring distances between two objects, wherein the two objects are time-synchronized to IO ns or better, a first and/or second of the two objects emits signals at multiple frequen-cies, and the distance between the first and second object is deter-mined. The invention is characterized in that the method includes the process of deciding whether/which signals of the first object or the second object are used, in particular on the basis of at least one estimation or determination of the influence of interference on the reception of both objects.
A method for radio-based distance measurement in which, between time-synchronised objects, particularly during phase-coherent frequency change, an aggregation of autocorrelation matrices determined for each transmission direction leads to improved fault immunity. This ensures that frequency hopping of a first object followed by frequency hopping of a second object occurs. The method determines between two time-synchronised objects and wherein a first and/or a second of the two objects emit signals at a plurality of frequencies and the distance between the first and the second object is determined. The method includes the formation of a first and a second autocorrelation matrix of the measurements and the aggregation of the first and the second autocorrelation matrix to form an aggregated autocorrelation matrix. The distance between the objects is calculated on the basis of the aggregated autocorrelation matrix.
The invention relates to a method for determining a distance using a high-resolution method based on signal propagation time measurements. The process of determining distances from wireless signals with a high degree of precision using mathematical methods is known, for example using MUSIC or CAPON or methods such as those from EP 3 564 707, EP 3 502 736 A1, or EP 2 212 705. These methods, however, normally require phase measurements. The aim of the invention is to allow such methods to be used even purely with propagation time measurements. This is achieved in that complex numbers are constructed from propagation time measurements and amplitude mea-surements or power measurements, said complex numbers allowing the use of known methods.
A method for determining a distance between two objects with the involvement of a third object. The first object can be an authorization means, such as a key fob or a mobile telephone. In the method, a first object transmits one or more first-object signals with different first-object frequencies and at least one third object transmits at least one third-object signal. A second object receives the first-object signal and the third-object signal, and on the basis thereof the distance between the first object and the second object is determined. The second object and the third object are clock- and/or time-synchronized. The method includes the feature that the third object and/or the first object switches between at least two frequencies such that phase coherence is maintained or such that the phase jump is known.
G01S 11/08 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using synchronised clocks
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
21.
IMPROVED SPATIAL SMOOTHING METHOD FOR GENERATING AN AUTOCORRELATION MATRIX OF RADIO SIGNAL MEASUREMENT VALUES
The invention relates to a method for determining a distance between a plurality of objects. The first object can be, in particular, an authorization means, such as a key fob or a mobile telephone. The problem is solved, inter alia, by means of a method for determining the spacing between a plurality of objects (1, 2), wherein a first of the objects, for example a key, transmits at least one, in particular a plurality of first-object signals with different first-object frequencies, at least one third object (3) transmits at least one, in particular a plurality of third-object signals, and the at least one second of the objects receives the first- and third-object signals of the first object and of the at least one third object and, therefrom or on the basis thereof, the distance between the first object and the second object is determined, characterized in that the third object and/or the first object switches between at least two of the first-object and/or third-object signals such that phase coherence is maintained or such that the phase jump is known.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 5/00 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
G01S 5/06 - Position of source determined by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements
23.
DETECTION OF ATTACKS ON RADIO AUTHORIZATION SYSTEMS
The invention relates to a novel design for secure radio authorization systems in respect of a discovery of an attack on the radio authorization system, in particular for access restriction systems, for example for securing radio keys, for example for automobiles. The object of the invention is to disclose a design for secure radio authorization systems, which design can also be used in simpler systems and in particular can be combined with the numerous known solutions, such as for example complex release signals, that, in particular from a design point of view, is not dependent on the assumption of limited computing power. This problem is solved by a design, in which the focus is not on the direct prevention of an attack, but rather on the determination of whether or not a signal is an original signal of the radio authorization system, specifically with reference to the signal and not (only) with reference to the content encoded in the signal, wherein samplings of a signal characteristic are compared over the course of time of an input signal with a target relation in order to determine whether a deviation from the target relation lies within a predefined tolerance.
The invention relates to the process of determining an IQ offset, in particular at low intermediate frequencies, in a receiver for electromagnetic radiation, in particular for digital data transmission. The aim of the invention is to provide a simple manner for determining the IQ offset, in particular quickly, reliably, and/or at low intermediate frequencies. According to the invention, this is achieved in particular in that the analog-digital converter is separated from the receiving devices and is electrically connected to at least one resistor by means of a switch in order to determine the IQ offset. While the analog-digital converter is connected to the resistor and not to the receiving devices, digital IQ values are obtained by means of the analog-digital converter. The digital IQ values obtained while the converter is connected to the resistor are used to determine the IQ offset.
A design for secure radio authorization systems in respect of a discovery of an attack on a radio authorization system, in particular for access restriction systems, for example for securing radio keys, for example for automobiles. The design can be used in simpler systems and can be combined with the numerous known solutions, such as complex enabling signals, that, from a design point of view, are not dependent on the assumption of limited computing power. This object is achieved by a design in which the focus is not on the direct prevention of an attack, but rather on a determination of whether or not a signal is an original signal of the radio authorization system, specifically with reference to the signal and not (only) with reference to the content encoded in the signal, by checking whether a metric of the spectral distribution lies within a predetermined range.
The invention relates to calibrating a device or a system for signal-transit-time measurement or signal-transit-time-measurement-based distance measurement on the basis of at least one phase measurement. It has surprisingly been found that devices for phase-based distance measurement have much less fluctuation within a series than those for signal-transit-time-based distance measurement. The problem is solved by a method for calibrating at least one system for carrying out a signal-transit-time measurement, the system also being designed, in particular in cooperation with a first object, to carry out a distance measurement on the basis of a phase measurement, at least one first distance measurement to the first object being carried out by means of phase measurement, in particular by phase shifting and/or modifying a phase shift by the frequency, and at least one signal-transit-time measurement or a second distance measurement being carried out on the basis of at least one signal-transit-time measurement to or via the first object, characterised in that the system for carrying out additional signal-transit-time measurements or distance measurements is calibrated on the basis of at least one signal-transit-time measurement by means of the at least one first phase measurement.
G01S 11/02 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
27.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING DISTANCES BETWEEN A PLURALITY OF OBJECTS
The invention relates to a method for determining a distance between a plurality of objects. The first object can be, in particular, an authorization means, such as a key fob or a mobile telephone. The problem is solved, inter alia, by means of a method for determining the spacing between a plurality of objects (1, 2), wherein a first of the objects, for example a key, transmits at least one, in particular a plurality of first-object signals with different first-object frequencies, at least one third object (3) transmits at least one, in particular a plurality of third-object signals, and the at least one second of the objects receives the first- and third-object signals of the first object and of the at least one third object and, therefrom or on the basis thereof, the distance between the first object and the second object is determined, characterized in that the third object and/or the first object switches between at least two of the first-object and/or third-object signals such that phase coherence is maintained or such that the phase jump is known.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 11/08 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using synchronised clocks
G07C 9/00 - Individual registration on entry or exit
28.
METHOD FOR A ONE-SIDED RADIO-BASED DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
The invention relates to a method for a one-sided radio-based distance measurement. The inventor has ascertained that, surprisingly, between time-synchronized objects, in particular with a phase-coherent frequency change, it is possible to obviate the need for a transmission direction. This is achieved by a method for measuring distances between two objects, wherein the two objects are time-synchronized to 10 ns or better, a first and/or second of the two objects emits signals at multiple frequencies, and the distance between the first and second object is determined. The invention is characterized in that the method includes the process of deciding whether/which signals of the first object or the second object are used, in particular on the basis of at least one estimation or determination of the influence of interference on the reception of both objects.
The invention relates to a method for determining a distance using a high-resolution method based on signal propagation time measurements. The process of determining distances from wireless signals with a high degree of precision using mathematical methods is known, for example using MUSIC or CAPON or methods such as those from EP 3 564 707, EP 3 502 736 A1, or EP 2 212 705. These methods, however, normally require phase measurements. The aim of the invention is to allow such methods to be used even purely with propagation time measurements. This is achieved in that complex numbers are constructed from propagation time measurements and amplitude measurements or power measurements, said complex numbers allowing the use of known methods.
The invention relates to a method for radio-based distance measurement. The inventor has identified that, between time-synchronised objects, in particular during phase-coherent frequency change, an aggregation, in particular summation, of the autocorrelation matrices determined for each transmission direction leads to improved fault immunity. This also ensures that, without dispensing with precision, frequency hopping of an object followed by frequency hopping of a second of the objects can be carried out. The problem is solved by a method for determining the spacing between two objects, wherein the two objects are time-synchronised and wherein a first and/or a second of the two objects emit signals at a plurality of frequencies and the distance between the first and the second object is determined. The method includes the formation of a first and a second autocorrelation matrix of the measurements and the aggregation of the first and the second autocorrelation matrix to form an aggregated autocorrelation matrix, in particular by summation, and in that the distance between the first and the second object is calculated on the basis of the aggregated autocorrelation matrix.
The invention relates to a method for one-sided radio-based distance measurement. In order to speed up the determination of the distance and/or to increase the accuracy of the determination of the distance between two objects and/or in the event of reception interference, it is desirable to carry out the distance determination largely without the radio signals in a transmission direction. The object of the present invention is to speed up the determination of the distance, to enable greater accuracy and/or to enable or improve the determination even in the event of interference, in particular in each case one-sided and/or asymmetric interference, in the radio connection. The object is achieved by the use of a transit time measurement between a first and a second object to eliminate the ambiguity of a distance measurement, the distance measurement being carried out on the basis of the change in the phase shift, in particular relative to the frequency change, of the signal propagation from the first to the second object as a result of a frequency change.
G01S 11/08 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using synchronised clocks
G01S 1/02 - Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmittersReceivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
32.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING A DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS WITH THE INVOLVEMENT OF A THIRD OBJECT
The invention relates to a method for determining a distance between two objects with the involvement of a third object. The first object can be, more particularly, an authorization means, such as a key fob or a mobile telephone. The problem is solved, inter alia, by means of a method for determining the spacing between two objects, in which method a first of the objects, for example a key, transmits at least one, more particularly a plurality of first-object signals with different first-object frequencies, at least one third object transmits at least one, more particularly a plurality of third-object signals, the at least one second of the objects receives the first-object and third-object signals of the first object and of the at least one third object and, therefrom or on the basis thereof, the distance between the first and the second object is determined, the second object and the third object being clock- and/or time-synchronized, characterized in that the third object and/or the first object switches between at least two frequencies such that phase coherence is maintained or such that the phase jump is known.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 11/08 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using synchronised clocks
G07C 9/00 - Individual registration on entry or exit
The invention relates to a method for detecting and/or preventing relay attacks. The object is achieved by a method for detecting a relay attack, wherein radio signals at different frequencies are transmitted between a first and a second object and phase measurements and propagation time measurements are performed on these radio signals, and the change in the phase measurements for a change in the frequency is compared with the signal propagation measurements or their change, and, if a predetermined difference or a difference determined from measurements on the radio signals is exceeded, it is assumed that a relay attack is taking place.
Method for determining a first virtual frequency switching time between a first frequency of a first signal emitted by a first object having a first phase progression and a first further frequency of a first further signal emitted from the first object. First virtual frequency switching time is determined as a time at which, at a second object, the phase relationship between an interpolated or received phase position of the first signal and an interpolated or received phase position of the first further signal corresponds to a first phase relationship between the first further phase progression and first phase progression.
G01S 11/08 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using synchronised clocks
35.
Method for detecting the time of the earliest reception of a signal change, in particular for measuring delay time or for defense against relay attacks
The present invention relates to detecting the time of the earliest reception of a signal change. In particular, the method according to the invention allows early detection of the signal change, which significantly reduces the timespan available for an undetected relay attack and can thus prevent such an attack or at least make it significantly more difficult, without the data transmission systems that consist of the transmission technology, such as UMTS, LTE, or Bluetooth, having to be modified for this purpose or ultra-wideband signals being required. The object is achieved in that the earliest time at which there is a statistically significant signal change is selected as the time of the earliest reception, wherein the threshold of the statistical significance is determined from the signal itself.
H04L 7/033 - Speed or phase control by the received code signals, the signals containing no special synchronisation information using the transitions of the received signal to control the phase of the synchronising-signal- generating means, e.g. using a phase-locked loop
The invention relates to the temporal optimization of the process of deciding the distance threshold for a plurality of transponders. In the process, it should be determined as quickly as possible whether at least one of the transponders of the plurality falls short of a specified distance, in particular to a request node. In particular, a decision regarding the clearance is to be made within 500 ms, preferably within 200 ms, with a high degree of probability, even when a plurality of authorized transponders are in the request coverage and the required measurements and/or calculations are time-consuming. For this purpose, the invention proposes an estimation phase which lies ahead of the first phase and in which it is first estimated which of the transponders is/are those with the shortest distance(s) with a very high degree of probability. Only then is the process of determining the distance carried out, said process being carried out such that the distance of at least one of the transponders, in particular one transponder, which have/has the shortest distance(s) with a very high degree of probability, is first determined.
The invention relates to a novel design for secure radio authorization systems in respect of a discovery of an attack on the radio authorization system, in particular for access restriction systems, for example for securing radio keys, for example for automobiles. It is an object of the invention to demonstrate a design for secure radio authorization systems, which design can also be used in simpler systems and in particular can be combined with the numerous known solutions, such as for example complex enabling signals, that, in particular from a design point of view, is not dependent on the assumption of limited computing power. This object is achieved by a design in which the focus is not on the direct prevention of an attack, but rather on the determination of whether or not a signal is an original signal of the radio authorization system, specifically with reference to the signal and not (only) with reference to the content encoded in the signal, by checking whether a dimension of the spectral distribution lies within a predetermined range.
The invention relates to synchronisation, range finding and other measuring in radio systems, which are able to carry out a frequency switch with knowledge of the phase position. The object of the invention is to simplify known methods, uses and devices and to enable a simpler and faster and/or more accurate measurement. The object is achieved by a method for determining at least one first virtual frequency switching time (t1.1) between a first frequency (f1) of a first signal (S1) emitted from a first object and having a first phase progression and at least one first further frequency (f1w.n) of a first further signal (S1w.n) emitted from the first object and having a first further phase progression, wherein the at least one first virtual frequency switching time (t1) is determined as a time, at which the phase relationship between an interpolated and/or received phase position of the first signal (S1) and an interpolated and/or received phase position of the first further signal (S1w.n) corresponds with a predetermined and/or known and/or determined first phase relationship (phi1.1) between the first further phase progression and the first phase progression. The method also includes determining, in an analogue manner, a second virtual frequency switching time (t2.1) between a second frequency (f2) of a second signal (S2) emitted from the second object and having a second phase progression and at least one second further frequency (f2w.n) of a second further signal (S2w.n) emitted from the second object and having a second further phase progression.
G01S 3/46 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems
39.
METHOD FOR DETECTING THE TIME OF THE EARLIEST RECEPTION OF A SIGNAL CHANGE, IN PARTICULAR FOR MEASURING DELAY TIME OR FOR DEFENCE AGAINST RELAY ATTACKS
The present invention relates to detecting the time of the earliest reception of a signal change. In particular, the method according to the invention allows early detection of the signal change, which significantly reduces the timespan available for an undetected relay attack and can thus prevent such an attack or at least make it significantly more difficult, without the data transmission system that consists of the transmission technology, such as UMTS, LTE or Bluetooth, having to be modified for this purpose or ultra-wideband signals being required. The problem is solved in that the earliest time at which there is a statistically significant signal change is selected as the time of the earliest reception. The threshold of the statistical significance is determined from the signal itself.
H04L 7/033 - Speed or phase control by the received code signals, the signals containing no special synchronisation information using the transitions of the received signal to control the phase of the synchronising-signal- generating means, e.g. using a phase-locked loop
40.
Method for improving transit time and/or phase measurement
The invention relates to a method for improving transit time and/or phase measurement and/or for synchronization in digital transmission systems. According to the invention, at least one first, particularly digital, piece of information in at least one first analog signal is transmitted in encoded form between two objects by means of the transmission system and at least one first sample value of the at least one first analog signal is used to determine a temporal position and/or phase relationship. The at least one first sample value lies in a rising or falling edge of the at least one first analog signal and/or of the at least one first received analog signal, which can be recognized, for example, from the sample value itself and/or the characteristic of adjacent sample values.
A method, device, system and use for determining a distance, location and/or orientation including the at least relative determination of a position of at least one object using at least two active anchors. A first signal is emitted by a first of the two anchors and is received at the object and by a second of said two anchors. A phase measurement is performed at said second anchor and wherein a distance determination with respect to said first anchor is performed and/or the distance from said first anchor to said second anchor is known. A second, particularly electromagnetic, signal is emitted from said second anchor, and information on phase measurement and distance between said first and second anchors is made available to a computation unit and at least one phase measurement respectively of said first and second signal is performed at said object and made available to said computation unit.
G01S 5/10 - Position of receiver fixed by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements
G01S 3/14 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
G01S 3/48 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems the waves arriving at the antennas being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 11/02 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
G01S 11/10 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using Doppler effect
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
H04W 4/02 - Services making use of location information
G01S 17/74 - Systems using reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. IFF, i.e. identification of friend or foe
A method, device, system and use for determining a distance, location and/or orientation including the at least relative determination of a position of at least one object using at least two active anchors. A first signal is emitted by a first of the two anchors and is received at the object and by a second of said two anchors. A phase measurement is performed at said second anchor and wherein a distance determination with respect to said first anchor is performed and/or the distance from said first anchor to said second anchor is known. A second, particularly electromagnetic, signal is emitted from said second anchor, and information on phase measurement and distance between said first and second anchors is made available to a computation unit and at least one phase measurement respectively of said first and second signal is performed at said object and made available to said computation unit.
G01S 5/10 - Position of receiver fixed by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements
G01S 3/14 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
G01S 3/48 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems the waves arriving at the antennas being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 11/02 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
G01S 11/10 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using Doppler effect
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
H04W 4/02 - Services making use of location information
G01S 17/74 - Systems using reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. IFF, i.e. identification of friend or foe
A method, device, system and use for determining a distance, location and/or orientation including the at least relative determination of a position of at least one object using at least two active anchors. A first signal is emitted by a first of the two anchors and is received at the object and by a second of said two anchors. A phase measurement is performed at said second anchor and wherein a distance determination with respect to said first anchor is performed and/or the distance from said first anchor to said second anchor is known. A second, particularly electromagnetic, signal is emitted from said second anchor, and information on phase measurement and distance between said first and second anchors is made available to a computation unit and at least one phase measurement respectively of said first and second signal is performed at said object and made available to said computation unit.
H04M 11/04 - Telephonic communication systems specially adapted for combination with other electrical systems with alarm systems, e.g. fire, police or burglar alarm systems
H04W 24/00 - Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
G01S 5/10 - Position of receiver fixed by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements
G01S 3/14 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
G01S 3/48 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems the waves arriving at the antennas being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 11/02 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
G01S 11/10 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using Doppler effect
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
H04W 4/02 - Services making use of location information
G01S 17/74 - Systems using reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. IFF, i.e. identification of friend or foe
The present invention relates to a process for determining a position change or the resting and/or a speed of an object and a corresponding process for supporting an inertial measurement system. In the process at least one radio signal (FS) is received on the object (O) at at least one first and one second point in time, particularly continuously, and the change of the phase of said radio signal is determined for a determination of a relative movement between source (U) of said signal or a reference location and said object (O), and the relative movement between source (U) of said signal or the reference location and said object (O) is detected.
G01S 13/58 - Velocity or trajectory determination systemsSense-of-movement determination systems
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 11/02 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
G01C 21/16 - NavigationNavigational instruments not provided for in groups by using measurement of speed or acceleration executed aboard the object being navigatedDead reckoning by integrating acceleration or speed, i.e. inertial navigation
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
A method, device, system and use for determining a distance, location and/or orientation including the at least relative determination of a position of at least one object using at least two active anchors. A first signal is emitted by a first of the two anchors and is received at the object and by a second of said two anchors. A phase measurement is performed at said second anchor and wherein a distance determination with respect to said first anchor is performed and/or the distance from said first anchor to said second anchor is known. A second, particularly electromagnetic, signal is emitted from said second anchor, and information on phase measurement and distance between said first and second anchors is made available to a computation unit and at least one phase measurement respectively of said first and second signal is performed at said object and made available to said computation unit.
H04W 24/00 - Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
H04M 11/04 - Telephonic communication systems specially adapted for combination with other electrical systems with alarm systems, e.g. fire, police or burglar alarm systems
H04W 4/02 - Services making use of location information
G01S 3/14 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
G01S 3/48 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems the waves arriving at the antennas being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
G01S 11/02 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
G01S 11/10 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using Doppler effect
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
46.
PROCESS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF A POSITION CHANGE OR RESPECTIVELY RESTING AND/OR SPEED OF AN OBJECT
The present invention relates to a process for determining a position change or respectively the resting and/or a speed of an object, respectively a corresponding process for supporting an inertial measurement system. Many processes for the determination of a position are known. Thus for example satellite based processes are known which can determine a position by evaluating radio signals. This is how also on the basis of several measurements and corresponding differences, position changes, or respectively, when taking into account the time periods elapsed between the measurements, speeds can be determined. It is an object of the present invention, however, to provide an alternative system which can provide reliable results with less effort and which particularly makes a direct detection of a location change possible. This problem is solved by providing a process, in which respectively at least one radio signal (FS) is received on the object (O) at at least one first and one second point in time, particularly continuously, and the change of the phase of said radio signal is determined for a determination of a relative movement between source (U) of said signal or a reference location and said object (O), and the relative movement between source (U) of said signal or the reference location and said object (O) is detected.
G01S 11/02 - Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
G01C 25/00 - Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments or devices referred to in the other groups of this subclass
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
The invention relates to a method, device, system and use for the determination of a distance, location and/or orientation. Known systems of such type or respectively infrastructures, come with the disadvantage that either the receivers are complex and expensive, do not work or work only insufficiently within closed buildings. It therefore is an object of the invention to provide a method, or respectively suitable anchors, a system or a use which makes it possible to accurately determine the position of, particularly a multiplicity of, objects in a simple and reliable way. This object is solved by a method for the at least relative determination of a position of at least one object using at least two active anchors, wherein a first, signal is emitted by a first of the at least two anchors and is received at the object and by at least a second of said at least two anchors, wherein a phase measurement is performed at least at said at least one second anchor and wherein at least also at said at least one second anchor a distance determination with respect to said first anchor is performed and/or the distance from said first anchor to said at least one second anchor is known, wherein a second, particularly electromagnetic, signal is emitted from said at least one second anchor, wherein an information on the phase measurement and the distance between said first and said at least one second anchor is made available to a computation unit and wherein at least one phase measurement respectively of said first and said at least one second signal is performed at said object and made available to said computation unit.
G01S 5/00 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
G01S 5/10 - Position of receiver fixed by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements
48.
METHOD TO IMPROVE A DISTANCE MEASUREMENT BETWEEN MOVING OBJECTS
This invention relates to a method, device, System and use to improve distance measurement between moving objects. It is known for distance measurements on the basis of phase angles, to realize movement corrections on the basis of several emissions which are performed simultaneously and on different frequencies from one object. This, however, requires synchronous emissions and simultaneous reception at the objects on different frequencies, which leads to an increase of the requirements of the respective objects or hard- and/or software respectively. It therefore is an object of the present invention, to provide a correction of movement influences in distance measurement on the basis of phase angles which can do without simultaneously emitting several waves or several frequencies respectively. This object is solved by a method for the correction of an influence to a distance measurement between at least two objects wherein from each of said at least two objects, particularly from all objects, at any given time only one signal is emitted, wherein the distance change and/or the change of the phase shift due to the distance change between said objects is determined between the individual transmissions and is taken into consideration in the determination of the distance.
The invention relates to a method, a device and a system, as well as to the use for the determination of a propagation direction of signals from an emitter to a receiver, particularly of the orientation and/or location of the receiver and/or of the emitter. Known methods have in common that direction of incidence or positions of only a limited number of emitters can be determined in a given time interval. Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a method, system and a device as well as a use, by means of which an easy position determination of as many devices, as desired, particularly of pure receivers is possible within a short time interval. This object is achieved by a method for the analysis of a wave field, wherein from at least one emission-device arrangement of an emitter, m signal sequences which are de-correlated against each other with A signals respectively, with a known phase relation to each other, are emitted via s different emission devices and/or from different places and/or orientations through an emission device of the emission-device arrangement, wherein s is greater than or equal to two, wherein A is greater than or equal to two and wherein particularly m is greater than or equal to two, and wherein at at least one, particularly mobile, receiver, particularly with only one reception device, reception is made, wherein an emission characteristic of the emission-device arrangement is being used, particularly in the form of at least one matrix, in order to determine the propagation direction of the signals to the receiver, particularly location and/or orientation of the receiver and/or of the sender, as seen relatively from the emitter.
G01S 3/14 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
G01S 3/48 - Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using antennas spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems the waves arriving at the antennas being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
The invention relates to a method, device and system for the determination of a distance between two objects. It is known to repeatedly perform phase measurements, on the basis of a basis frequency, and, in the process, to increase the frequency in discrete steps and to thus exclude ambiguities, and to eventually obtain a distance-measurement value. The object of the present invention is to provide a corresponding method which makes a relatively accurate measurement possible, even with short measuring times, and even with objects which are moving with respect to one another, as occurs in practical applications. This is achieved by a method for distance measurement wherein from each of said at least two objects several signals are being emitted and analyzed with reference to their phase angel, said signals being at least partially emitted at different frequencies,said method being performed in at least two stages,wherein in a first stage at least one measurement with a frequency difference between frequencies is performed,said frequency differences being selected from a start-measurement frequency difference range and selection of a measurement-frequency difference range on the basis of such at least one measurement in said first stage, wherein in a second stage at least one measurement with a frequency difference between frequencies is performed,wherein said frequency differences are selected from the selected measurement-frequency difference range.
G01S 5/00 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
G01S 13/84 - Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systemsAnalogous systems wherein continuous-type signals are transmitted for distance determination by phase measurement
The invention relates to a method for the analysis of a wave field, wherein an autocorrelation matrix calculated from measured values and an array response obtained by way of computation or calibration measurements are used in order to determine to determine the direction of incidence, polarization, phase and/or curvature of one or more wave field fractions by way of distance computation, particularly projection, and to a device for the analysis of a wave field. By using a multi-dimensional array response according to the invention, or by computing the upper performance limits according to the invention on the basis of the eigenvalues of the autocorrelation matrix of measured values, it is possible to save computation time and storage space and as a result to compute better analyses of wave fields more cost effectively and/or on a smaller space.
G01S 3/74 - Multi-channel systems specially adapted for direction-finding, i.e. having a single antenna system capable of giving simultaneous indications of the directions of different signals
patents
