An array includes a support substrate, surface structures protruding from a surface of the support substrate formed from or coated with a first material, a second material deposited on at least some of the surface structures such that the second material is in contact with the first material; and wherein the first material, the second material or the first and second material is conducting or semiconducting, and wherein the first and second material at least partially form a composite.
An array includes a support substrate, surface structures protruding from a surface of the support substrate formed from or coated with a first material, a second material deposited on at least some of the surface structures such that the second material is in contact with the first material; and wherein the first material, the second material or the first and second material is conducting or semiconducting, and wherein the first and second material at least partially form a composite.
An array includes a support substrate, surface structures protruding from a surface of the support substrate formed from or coated with a first material, a second material deposited on at least some of the surface structures such that the second material is in contact with the first material; and wherein the first material, the second material or the first and second material is conducting or semiconducting, and wherein the first and second material at least partially form a composite.
This invention relates to a method of selection of an electrocatalyst array for a desired product outcome. The method comprises exposing an electrocatalyst system to an active agent dissolved or suspended in a conductive solution; and applying a voltage to the electrocatalyst system. The voltage sufficient to cause a multi-electron oxidation or multi-electron reduction of the active species; the electrocatalyst system comprises a counter electrode; and an electrocatalyst array. The array comprising a support substrate; uniformly sized surface structures protruding from a surface of the support substrate; the uniformly sized surface structures have edges and/or apices comprising a catalyst. When the uniformly sized surface structures are of a micrometer scale a first product ratio is produced, when the uniformly sized surface structures are of a nanometer scale a second product ratio is produced, wherein the first and second product ratios are different; the second product ratio requires a higher order electron process compared to producing the first product ratio.
C25B 11/051 - Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
C25B 11/093 - Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalysts material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compoundElectrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalysts material consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
Disclosed are electrode arrays and methods of focusing charge density (voltage or current) at a functional surface on electrode arrays. An example method comprises: a. providing an electrode array comprising: i. a support substrate; ii. at least one surface structure protruding from an upper surface of the support substrate wherein the surface structure includes an electrode layer; iii. a functional surface on the electrode layer, wherein the functional surface is on an upper portion of the at least one surface structure and wherein the functional surface is adapted to contact an active species in a conductive solution; b. exposing the surface structure to the conductive solution comprising an active species, in which a counter electrode is positioned; c. establishing a current or voltage between the functional surface on the electrode layer and the counter electrode such that the charge density is focussed at the functional surface on the electrode layer.
This invention relates to a method of selection of an electrocatalyst array for a desired product outcome. The method comprises exposing an electrocatalyst system to an active agent dissolved or suspended in a conductive solution; and applying a voltage to the electrocatalyst system. The voltage sufficient to cause a multi-electron oxidation or multi-electron reduction of the active species; the electrocatalyst system comprises a counter electrode; and an electrocatalyst array. The array comprising a support substrate; uniformly sized surface structures protruding from a surface of the support substrate; the uniformly sized surface structures have edges and/or apices comprising a catalyst. When the uniformly sized surface structures are of a micrometer scale a first product ratio is produced, when the uniformly sized surface structures are of a nanometer scale a second product ratio is produced, wherein the first and second product ratios are different; the second product ratio requires a higher order electron process compared to producing the first product ratio.
This invention relates to a method of selection of an electrocatalyst array for a desired product outcome. The method comprises exposing an electrocatalyst system to an active agent dissolved or suspended in a conductive solution; and applying a voltage to the electrocatalyst system. The voltage sufficient to cause a multi-electron oxidation or multi-electron reduction of the active species; the electrocatalyst system comprises a counter electrode; and an electrocatalyst array. The array comprising a support substrate; uniformly sized surface structures protruding from a surface of the support substrate; the uniformly sized surface structures have edges and/or apices comprising a catalyst. When the uniformly sized surface structures are of a micrometer scale a first product ratio is produced, when the uniformly sized surface structures are of a nanometer scale a second product ratio is produced, wherein the first and second product ratios are different; the second product ratio requires a higher order electron process compared to producing the first product ratio.
A method of forming a material includes presenting a formable material to a space between opposing forming surfaces of opposed forming tools from whence said material is carried as said opposing forming surfaces advance in a machine direction. The method includes pressurising, as said opposing forming surfaces advance, said material between said opposing forming surfaces in a reduced space between said opposing forming surfaces defining at least in part a pressure forming zone, said reduced space between said opposing forming surfaces being maintained constant until a form of at least one of said opposing forming surfaces is profiled into said material and is retainable thereon. The method also includes releasing the profiled material from between the said opposing forming surfaces, as the space of the pressure forming zone increases between said opposing forming surfaces as the opposing forming surfaces advance.
B29C 43/00 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor
B29C 43/06 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using movable moulds continuously movable
B30B 11/14 - Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses or tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space co-operating with moulds on a movable carrier other than a turn-table or a rotating drum
The invention is directed to a method of focussing charge density (voltage or current) at a functional surface on an electrode array, the method comprising the steps of: a. providing an electrode array comprising: i. a support substrate; ii. at least one surface structure protruding from an upper surface of the support substrate wherein the surface structure includes an electrode layer; iii. a functional surface on the electrode layer, wherein the functional surface is on an upper portion of the at least one surface structure and wherein the functional surface is adapted to contact an active species in a conductive solution; b. exposing the surface structure to the conductive solution comprising an active species, in which a counter electrode is positioned; and c. establishing a current or voltage between the functional surface on the electrode layer and the counter electrode such that the charge density is focussed at the functional surface on the electrode layer. The invention is also directed to electrode arrays that may be used in that method.
The invention is directed to a method of focussing charge density (voltage or current) at a functional surface on an electrode array, the method comprising the steps of: a. providing an electrode array comprising: i. a support substrate; ii. at least one surface structure protruding from an upper surface of the support substrate wherein the surface structure includes an electrode layer; iii. a functional surface on the electrode layer, wherein the functional surface is on an upper portion of the at least one surface structure and wherein the functional surface is adapted to contact an active species in a conductive solution; b. exposing the surface structure to the conductive solution comprising an active species, in which a counter electrode is positioned; and c. establishing a current or voltage between the functional surface on the electrode layer and the counter electrode such that the charge density is focussed at the functional surface on the electrode layer. The invention is also directed to electrode arrays that may be used in that method.
This invention relates to methods for forming a polymer, including continuously depositing a polymer extrudate that is above its glass transition temperature onto a lower molding surface of a first mold in a manner that reduces shear stress in the polymer extrudate, heating the lower molding surface to maintain the polymer extrudate above the glass transition temperature, applying an upper molding surface of a second mold to at least the exposed upper surface of the polymer, allowing the polymer to transition to below the glass transition temperature while within or between the upper and lower molding surfaces, and providing heat sinks spaced relative to each other through the pressure forming zone, wherein a heat sink more advanced through the pressure forming zone is controlled to a lower temperature to progressively reduce the temperature of the polymer as it advances through the pressure forming zone.
B29C 47/00 - Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor (extrusion blow-moulding B29C 49/04)
B29C 43/02 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
A method of forming a material includes presenting a formable material to a space between opposing forming surfaces of opposed forming tools from when said material is carried as said opposing forming surfaces advance in a machine direction. The method includes pressurizing, as said opposing forming surfaces advance, said material between said opposing forming surfaces in a reduced space between said opposing forming surfaces defining at least in part a pressure forming zone, said reduced space between said opposing forming surfaces being maintained constant until a form of at least one of said opposing forming surfaces is profiled into said material and is retainable thereon. The method also includes releasing the profiled material from between the said opposing forming surfaces, as the space of the pressure forming zone increases between said opposing forming surfaces as the opposing forming surfaces advance.
B29C 43/00 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor
B29C 43/06 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using movable moulds continuously movable
B30B 11/14 - Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses or tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space co-operating with moulds on a movable carrier other than a turn-table or a rotating drum
B29C 47/00 - Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor (extrusion blow-moulding B29C 49/04)
B29C 43/32 - Component parts, details or accessoriesAuxiliary operations
The present invention relates to method of forming a material, including the steps of, presenting a formable material to a space from where the material can be carried by and/or between opposing surfaces of the space, as the opposing surfaces advance in an advancing direction. Also pressurising, as the opposing surfaces advance, the material between the opposing surfaces in a reduced space between the opposing surfaces defining at least in part a pressure forming zone. The reduced space between the opposing surfaces being maintained at least substantially constant until such time as the form of at least one of the opposing surfaces is profiled into the material and is retainable thereon. Thereafter releasing the now profiled material from between the opposing surfaces, as the space increases between the opposing surfaces as the surfaces advance. The relative movement between adjacent tools of at least one set of forming tools over the zone before the pressure forming zone is only towards the forming tools of the other opposing surface.
B29C 43/06 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using movable moulds continuously movable
B30B 11/14 - Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses or tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space co-operating with moulds on a movable carrier other than a turn-table or a rotating drum
B29C 43/00 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor
B29C 47/00 - Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor (extrusion blow-moulding B29C 49/04)
A forming apparatus for forming a formable material. Each forming tool of a second forming tool set is adapted to co-act with one or more forming tools of a first forming tool set, or vice versa, to form a co-acting forming tool in a pressure forming zone. There is a first forming tool set guide or guides about which the first forming tool set can be moved about a first circuit. There is also a second forming tool set guide or guides about which the second forming tool set can be moved about a second circuit. A drive drives the tools in a machine direction. At least on part of the circuit, adjacent forming tools of one the forming tool sets are movably supported such that the only relative movement of the adjacent forming tools is towards or away from the forming tools of the other forming tool set.
B29C 43/44 - Compression means for making articles of indefinite length
B29C 55/22 - Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a dieApparatus therefor of tubes
B29C 43/00 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor
B30B 11/14 - Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses or tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space co-operating with moulds on a movable carrier other than a turn-table or a rotating drum
B29C 43/06 - Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding materialApparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using movable moulds continuously movable
B29C 47/00 - Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor (extrusion blow-moulding B29C 49/04)
This invention relates to methods for forming polymer(s) comprising heating of a polymer to be formed to a temperature above its glass transition temperature, continuously depositing (preferably by flowing or laying) the polymer onto a moulding surface (herein after "lower moulding surface") of a first mould, (preferably in a manner that reduces, eliminates or minimises shear stress or other stress in said polymer so deposited), the polymer remaining above the glass transition temperature, applying a moulding surface (herein after "upper surface") of a second mould to at least the exposed surface (herein after "upper surface") of the polymer while the polymer remains at a temperature above the glass transition temperature, and allowing the polymer to transition to below the glass transition temperature while within or between the upper and lower moulding surfaces, wherein the polymer is removed from the moulding surfaces. Apparatus is also provided.
B29C 39/06 - Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressureApparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using movable moulds continuously movable, e.g. along a production line
This invention relates to methods for forming polymer(s) comprising heating of a polymer to be formed to a temperature above its glass transition temperature, continuously depositing (preferably by flowing or laying) the polymer onto a moulding surface (herein after "lower moulding surface") of a first mould, (preferably in a manner that reduces, eliminates or minimises shear stress or other stress in said polymer so deposited), the polymer remaining above the glass transition temperature, applying a moulding surface (herein after "upper surface") of a second mould to at least the exposed surface (herein after "upper surface") of the polymer while the polymer remains at a temperature above the glass transition temperature, and allowing the polymer to transition to below the glass transition temperature while within or between the upper and lower moulding surfaces, wherein the polymer is removed from the moulding surfaces. Apparatus is also provided.
B29C 39/06 - Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressureApparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using movable moulds continuously movable, e.g. along a production line
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