Disclosed is a method of making methacrylic acid, or a carboxylic derivative thereof, from itaconic acid, isomers, or precursors thereof. A starting material comprising an acid selected from the group consisting of itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, isocitric acid and mixtures thereof, is subjected to contact with 0.1 eq. to 3.0 eq. of a base, at a temperature of 150° C. to 350° C., under the influence of a transition metal-containing heterogeneous catalyst. A better yield at lower temperatures is achieved.
C07C 51/38 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par élimination d'hydrogène ou de groupes fonctionnelsPréparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par hydrogénolyse de groupes fonctionnels par décarboxylation
A stamp for making a microarray of biomolecules, wherein the stamp has a stamp body having a stamping surface for stamping the biomolecules onto a substrate, a plurality of reservoirs for liquids having the biomolecules, wherein each of the reservoirs has a bottom wall and a plurality of channels extending between each of the bottom wall and the stamping surface, wherein each of the reservoirs and the channels has a macroporous hydrogel and wherein the stamping surface is provided with a hydrophobic coating.
Plasticized, unpigmented and pigmented PVC films are described which utilize a biobased, phthalate ester alternative primary plasticizer. The films show comparable color performance to the phthalate ester-plasticized unpigmented or pigmented PVC films, even where the neat biobased plasticizer has a much higher Pt—Co color as measured according to DIN-6271 (ASTM D 1209) compared to the neat phthalate ester plasticizer. Biobased primary plasticizers in the form of diesters of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid are especially contemplated, and provide increased thermal stability to the PVC films as an added benefit.
An enzymatic process for reducing CO2 to methanol, the process comprising: (a) exposing CO2 to at least one formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzyme; and (b) exposing formaldehyde produced from CO2 in (a) to at least one alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) or methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme; wherein the concentration of FDH enzyme in (a) is greater than the concentration of any formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FaldDH) and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) enzyme which may be present or wherein FaldDH and/or AldDH enzyme is substantially absent from (a). Use of an FDH enzyme for reduction of formate to formaldehyde.
C12P 7/04 - Préparation de composés organiques contenant de l'oxygène contenant un groupe hydroxyle acycliques
C12N 9/04 - Oxydoréductases (1.), p. ex. luciférase agissant sur des groupes CHOH comme donneurs, p. ex. oxydase de glucose, déshydrogénase lactique (1.1)
C12N 9/02 - Oxydoréductases (1.), p. ex. luciférase
C12N 11/00 - Enzymes fixées sur un support ou immobiliséesCellules microbiennes fixées sur un support ou immobiliséesLeur préparation
A switch to haploid embryogenesis is controlled by the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Blocking HDAC activity with HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), e.g. trichostatin A (TSA), in Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. oleracea, Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsicum annuum male gametophytes leads to a large increase in the proportion of cells that undergo embryogenic growth. In B. napus, treatment with one specific HDACi (SAHA) improves the conversion (i.e. germination) of these embryos into seedlings. Existing methods of culturing microspores of angiosperm plants following stress to produce haploid embryos, haploid plants and double haploid plants can be improved by adding HDACi to the culture medium. Advantageously, species hitherto recalcitrant to haploid embryogenesis via microspore culture are rendered useful when using HDACi. Haploid and double haploid plants are of industrial application in the plant breeding programmes.
A switch to haploid embryogenesis is controlled by the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Blocking HDAC activity with HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), e.g. trichostatin A (TSA), in Brassica napus, B. rapa, Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsicum annuum male gametophytes leads to a large increase in the proportion of cells that undergo embryogenic growth. In B. napus, treatment with one specific HDACi (SAHA) improves the conversion (i.e. germination) of these embryos into seedlings. Existing methods of culturing microspores of angiosperm plants following stress to produce haploid embryos, haploid plants and double haploid plants can be improved by adding HDACi to the culture medium. Advantageously, species hitherto recalcitrant to haploid embryogenesis via microspore culture are rendered useful when using HDACi. Haploid and double haploid plants are of industrial application in the plant breeding programmes.
Disclosed is a method of making methacrylic acid, or a carboxylic derivative thereof, from itaconic acid, isomers, or precursors thereof. A starting material comprising an acid selected from the group consisting of itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, isocitric acid and mixtures thereof, is subjected to contact with 0.1 eq. to 3.0 eq. of a base, at a temperature of 150°C to 350°C, under the influence of a transition metal-containing heterogeneous catalyst. A better yield at lower temperatures is achieved.
C07C 51/38 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par élimination d'hydrogène ou de groupes fonctionnelsPréparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par hydrogénolyse de groupes fonctionnels par décarboxylation
Disclosed is a method of making methacrylic acid, or a carboxylic derivative thereof, from itaconic acid, isomers, or precursors thereof. A starting material comprising an acid selected from the group consisting of itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, isocitric acid and mixtures thereof, is subjected to contact with 0.1 eq. to 3.0 eq. of a base, at a temperature of 150°C to 350°C, under the influence of a transition metal-containing heterogeneous catalyst. A better yield at lower temperatures is achieved.
C07C 51/38 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par élimination d'hydrogène ou de groupes fonctionnelsPréparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par hydrogénolyse de groupes fonctionnels par décarboxylation
C12P 7/46 - Acides dicarboxyliques ayant au plus quatre atomes de carbone, p. ex. acide fumarique, acide maléique
C12P 7/48 - Acides tricarboxyliques, p. ex. acide citrique
9.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE VASE LIFE OR STORAGE HISTORY OF ONE OR MORE CUT FLOWERS, WHEREIN THE METHOD COMPRISES ASSAYING XYLOSE CONCENTRATION OR BETA-XYLOSIDASE EXPRESSION/ACTIVITY
A method for determining the vase life or storage history of one or more cut flowers, wherein the method comprises assaying a test sample obtained from the one or more cut flowers for one or more of: (a) an indicator representative of xylose concentration; (b) an indicator representative of β-xylosidase expression; and (c) an indicator representative of β-xylosidase activity; to determine a value for (each of) the one or more indicators in the test sample.
C12Q 1/68 - Procédés de mesure ou de test faisant intervenir des enzymes, des acides nucléiques ou des micro-organismesCompositions à cet effetProcédés pour préparer ces compositions faisant intervenir des acides nucléiques
C12Q 1/48 - Procédés de mesure ou de test faisant intervenir des enzymes, des acides nucléiques ou des micro-organismesCompositions à cet effetProcédés pour préparer ces compositions faisant intervenir une transférase
G01N 33/00 - Recherche ou analyse des matériaux par des méthodes spécifiques non couvertes par les groupes
G01N 33/50 - Analyse chimique de matériau biologique, p. ex. de sang ou d'urineTest par des méthodes faisant intervenir la formation de liaisons biospécifiques par ligandsTest immunologique
The invention relates to environmentally friendly methods of reducing and/or preventing fouling on a surface of a component that is in contact with water. The invention further relates to a cooling system that is suited for employing the methods of the invention, and to a power plant, comprising such cooling system.
Title: Bunyaviruses with segmented glycoprotein precursor genes and methods for generating these viruses Abstract: The invention relates to a bunyavirus, in which separated (NSm)Gn and Gc coding regions are functionally present on two different genome segments, preferably a bunyavirus that comprises a total of at least 4 genome segments. The invention further relates to methods for producing said bunyavirus, and to a composition comprising said bunyavirus and a suitable excipient.
The invention relates to methods for producing a propagation- competent strain of a mutant Reoviridae virus, and to a propagation- competent strain of a mutant Reoviridae virus that is obtainable by a method of the invention. The invention further relates to a propagation-competent strain of a mutant Reoviridae virus, comprising a deletion of a genetic region that is relevant for propagation of the virus, and to a vaccine, comprising a propagation-competent strain of a mutant Reoviridae virus.
Disclosed is a method of making 5-formyl-2-furoic acid and furan- 2,5-dicarboxylic acid. The method involves the use of 5-keto-aldonic acids as intermediates, as these can be subjected to ring formation by a cyclodehydration reaction under mild conditions. The 5-formyl-2-furoic acid or carboxylic derivative thereof is subjected to oxidation so as to form furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid. The 5-keto-aldonic acid intermediates can be obtained by isomerization of uronic acids which can be obtained from sugar beet pulp, chicory pulp, fruit peals including orange peels, or non- terrestrial sources like seaweeds. A preferred source is sugar beet pulp.
C07D 307/56 - Composés hétérocycliques contenant des cycles à cinq chaînons comportant un atome d'oxygène comme unique hétéro-atome du cycle non condensés avec d'autres cycles comportant deux ou trois liaisons doubles entre chaînons cycliques ou entre chaînons cycliques et chaînons non cycliques avec des hétéro-atomes ou avec des atomes de carbone comportant trois liaisons à des hétéro-atomes, avec au plus une liaison à un halogène, p. ex. radicaux ester ou nitrile, liés directement aux atomes de carbone du cycle
14.
Production of isopropanol by improved recombinant strains
The expression vector includes: the nucleic acids coding for the polypeptides forming a polypeptide complex having an enzyme activity allowing acetoacetyl-CoA to be converted to acetoacetate; optionally, at least one nucleic acid coding for a polypeptide having an enzyme activity allowing acetoacetate to be converted to acetone; and at least one nucleic acid coding for a polypeptide having an enzyme activity allowing acetone to be converted to isopropanol; the expression of the nucleic acids being controlled by a single constitutive promoter located upstream of the abovementioned nucleic acids.
C12N 9/04 - Oxydoréductases (1.), p. ex. luciférase agissant sur des groupes CHOH comme donneurs, p. ex. oxydase de glucose, déshydrogénase lactique (1.1)
A catalytic method is disclosed for the valorization of lignin. The method comprises subjecting lignin to a catalyzed hydrothermal conversion reaction, said reaction being conducted in the presence of water at an alkaline pH > 8 and a temperature of 200°C-300°C, under the influence of a noble metal catalyst comprising a carbon support. The same reaction can also be applied to subsequently defunctionalize one or more phenolic compounds, notably guaiacol, so as to produce six-membered cyclic hydrocarbons, such as phenol.
C07C 37/54 - Préparation de composés comportant des groupes hydroxyle ou O-métal liés à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons par des réactions diminuant le nombre d'atomes de carbone par scission de composés polyaromatiques, p. ex. de polyphénolalcanes par hydrolyse de lignine ou de lessive résiduaire de sulfite
C07C 41/18 - Préparation d'éthers par des réactions ne formant pas de liaisons sur l'oxygène de la fonction éther
C10G 3/00 - Production de mélanges liquides d'hydrocarbures à partir de matières organiques contenant de l'oxygène, p. ex. huiles, acides gras
16.
CRAWLING INSECT COUNTING DEVICE, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INDICATING CRAWLING INSECT INFESTATION AND DETERMINING A MOMENT FOR TREATMENT AND/OR CONTROL OF SAID INSECTS
A crawling insect counting device for determining a number of insects, such as poultry red mite, for instance in a poultry facility, during a time period, wherein the device (2) comprises a receiving section (10) configured for receiving insects and for enabling the displacement of the insects, the insect counting device (2) further comprising a sensor device (11) arranged adjacent an exit opening (12) of the receiving section (10), wherein the sensor device (11) is adapted to count individual insects leaving the receiving section (10) through the exit opening (12) and passing said sensor device. The invention further relates to a system and method for indicating crawling insect infestation and determining a moment for treatment and/or control of said insects.
Benzenesulfonamide compounds potentiate 2,4-D induced embryogenesis in plants. In particular, 4-chloro-N-methyl-N-(2-methylphenyl) benzenesulfonamide and analogs induce somatic embryogenesis in plants. Methods of inducing somatic embryogenesis comprise exposing selected plant tissues, e.g. seed embryos, to auxins, e.g. 2.4-D and the benzenesulfonamide compounds. Compounds can be prepared by reacting sulfonyl chloride, an amine and pyridine in CH2CI2. Crude product is suspended in ethyl acetate and washed in sodium and potassium hydrogen sulphates and brine, then dried and filtered.
C07C 311/21 - Sulfonamides ayant des atomes de soufre de groupes sulfonamide liés à des atomes de carbone de cycles aromatiques à six chaînons ayant l'atome d'azote d'au moins un des groupes sulfonamide lié à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons
A01H 4/00 - Reproduction de plantes par des techniques de culture de tissus
A01N 43/38 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec un atome d'azote comme unique hétéro-atome du cycle des cycles à cinq chaînons condensés avec des carbocycles
A01N 43/40 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec un atome d'azote comme unique hétéro-atome du cycle des cycles à six chaînons
A01N 43/84 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec des atomes d'azote et des atomes d'oxygène ou de soufre, comme hétéro-atomes du cycle des cycles à six chaînons avec un atome d'azote et soit un atome d'oxygène, soit un atome de soufre, en positions 1,4
A01P 21/00 - Régulateurs de croissance des végétaux
C07C 311/29 - Sulfonamides, le squelette carboné de la partie acide étant substitué de plus par des atomes d'oxygène liés par des liaisons simples ayant l'atome de soufre d'au moins un des groupes sulfonamide lié à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons
C07C 311/44 - Sulfonamides, le squelette carboné de la partie acide étant substitué de plus par des atomes d'azote liés par des liaisons simples, ne faisant pas partie de groupes nitro ou nitroso ayant l'atome de soufre d'au moins un des groupes sulfonamide lié à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons ayant des atomes de soufre de groupes sulfonamide et des groupes amino liés à des atomes de carbone de cycles aromatiques à six chaînons du même squelette carboné ayant l'atome d'azote d'au moins un des groupes sulfonamide lié à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons
Cyclopentyl 2,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-4-(4-pyridinyl)-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3- quinolinecarboxylate and similar compounds are potentiators of auxin-induced somatic embryogenesis in plants. In particular, the inventors have discovered certain of these compounds induce somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis in the presence of 2,4-D. Also tested is BAY K 8644. Methods of inducing somatic embryogenesis comprise exposing selected plant tissues, e.g. seed embryos, to auxins, e.g. 2.4-D and the compounds.
C07D 401/04 - Composés hétérocycliques contenant plusieurs hétérocycles comportant des atomes d'azote comme uniques hétéro-atomes du cycle, au moins un cycle étant un cycle à six chaînons avec un unique atome d'azote contenant deux hétérocycles liés par une liaison directe de chaînon cyclique à chaînon cyclique
A01H 4/00 - Reproduction de plantes par des techniques de culture de tissus
A01N 43/40 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec un atome d'azote comme unique hétéro-atome du cycle des cycles à six chaînons
A01N 43/42 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec un atome d'azote comme unique hétéro-atome du cycle des cycles à six chaînons condensés avec des carbocycles
A01P 21/00 - Régulateurs de croissance des végétaux
C07D 215/54 - Atomes de carbone comportant trois liaisons à des hétéro-atomes avec au plus une liaison à un halogène liés en position 3
The invention relates to a stamp for making a microarray of biomolecules, wherein the stamp comprises a stamp body comprising: a stamping surface for stamping the biomolecules onto a substrate; a plurality of reservoirs for liquids comprising the biomolecules, wherein each of the reservoirs has a bottom wall and; a plurality of channels extending between each of the bottom wall and the stamping surface, wherein each of the reservoirs and the channels comprises a macroporous hydrogel and wherein the stamping surface is provided with a hydrophobic coating.
Dover sole (Solea solea) which are farmed in an aquaculture system such as sea ranching show a slower growth rate and the system has a lower productivity than expected from sole living in a more natural marine environment. The addition of a source of heme and optionally a source of vitamin B12 to the diet of the fish results in an increase in daily growth rate and therefore an increase in productivity of a fish farming or ranching system. The addition or heme and vitamin B12 to the diet has the effect of reducing an anaemic growth suppressing effect of normal commercial fish food diets on sole. Medicaments for fish for preventing or treating anaemia and to increase haematocrit and haemoglobin include heme and optionally also vitamin B12.
The invention relates to an elongate membrane assembly having a length, a width and a height, the assembly comprising a microporous membrane layer supported on a liquid-impermeable support layer and the assembly being suitable for lateral flow of a liquid through the membrane layer under the action of capillary forces, wherein the assembly has a constant height and at least part of the membrane layer has a first thickness in the range of from 20 to 80 µm over the entire width of the assembly. The invention further relates to a lateral flow immunoassay device comprising such membrane assembly.
G01N 33/543 - Tests immunologiquesTests faisant intervenir la formation de liaisons biospécifiquesMatériaux à cet effet avec un support insoluble pour l'immobilisation de composés immunochimiques
G01N 33/558 - Tests immunologiquesTests faisant intervenir la formation de liaisons biospécifiquesMatériaux à cet effet utilisant la diffusion ou la migration de l'anticorps ou de l'antigène
22.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE HEAT TREATMENT OF TREES TO STOP DISEASE PROGRESSION
Some bacterial species are major pathogens of trees. Establishment, growth and the quality of trees can be affected by these disease outbreaks. Infected trees exhibit extensive necrosis of phloem and cambium, which can ultimately lead to dieback. The endophytic localization of and ability of these pathogens to create a protective matrix render them poorly accessible to control agents. The present invention provides methods and apparatus for controlling or stopping bacterial infections in trees by heat-treatment comprising incubation of plants or plant parts at about 39 °C for a period not less than 48 hours.
A01G 7/06 - Traitement des arbres ou des plantes en cours de croissance, p. ex. pour prévenir la décomposition du bois, pour teinter les fleurs ou le bois, pour prolonger la vie des plantes
A61L 2/04 - Procédés ou appareils de désinfection ou de stérilisation de matériaux ou d'objets autres que les denrées alimentaires ou les lentilles de contactAccessoires à cet effet utilisant des phénomènes physiques de la chaleur
23.
IMPROVED STABILIZED FLEXIBLE PVC COMPOSITIONS AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROM
Plasticized, unpigmented and pigmented PVC films are described which utilize a biobased, phthalate ester alternative primary plasticizer. The films show comparable color performance to the phthalate ester-plasticized unpigmented or pigmented PVC films, even where the neat biobased plasticizer has a much higher Pt-Co color as measured according to DIN-6271 (ASTM D 1209) compared to the neat phthalate ester plasticizer. Biobased primary plasticizers in the form of diesters of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid are especially contemplated, and provide increased thermal stability to the PVC films as an added benefit.
LIGNOCELLULOSE PRESERVATIVE COMPOSITION, PROCESS USING SUCH COMPOSITION, PRESERVED LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL OBTAINABLE BY SUCH PROCESS AND PRODUCT COMPRISING SUCH MATERIAL
The invention relates to a lignocellulose preservative composition comprising in the range of from 50 to 98 wt% of a pyrolysis oil obtainable by pyrolysis of lignocellulosic material, a polymerisable furan compound and a catalyst for polymerising the furan compound in a catalytically effective amount. The invention further relates to a process for producing preserved lignocellulosic material comprising impregnating lignocellulosic material by immersion in such composition and subsequently curing the impregnated material and to preserved lignocellulosic material obtainable by such process and to an engineered wood or non- wood product comprising such lignocellulosic material.
A01N 61/02 - Huiles minéralesHuiles de goudronGoudronsLeurs produits de distillation, d'extraction ou de conversion
A01N 43/08 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec un ou plusieurs atomes d'oxygène ou de soufre comme uniques hétéro-atomes du cycle avec un hétéro-atome des cycles à cinq chaînons avec l'oxygène comme hétéro-atome du cycle
B27K 3/50 - Mélanges de différents agents d'imprégnation organiques
Disclosed is the oxidation of uronic acids, such as galacturonic acid, to the corresponding aldaric acids (characterized by the formula HOOC-(CHOH)n-COOH, with n being an integer of from 1 to 5) such as galactaric acids. The starting material comprising the uronic acid is subjected to oxygen under the influence of a supported gold catalyst and in the presence of a base. The oxidation occurs in good selectivity and yield, under unexpectedly mild conditions. A source of galacturonic acids is pectin, such as that derived from sugar beet pulp.
C07C 51/235 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par oxydation avec l'oxygène moléculaire de groupes contenant de l'oxygène en groupes carboxyle de groupes —CHO ou de groupes alcool primaire
C07C 59/285 - Acides polyhydroxydicarboxyliques avec au moins cinq atomes de carbone, p. ex. acides sacchariques
The invention relates to an apparatus for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product to a heating temperature by means of resistive heating, the apparatus comprising at least two vertically mounted, longitudinal, heating chambers that are arranged in series. The invention further relates to a process for fast and homogeneously heating a liquid product to a heating temperature by means of resistive heating in such apparatus comprising (a) continuously supplying the liquid product to the first heating chamber in series and flowing the liquid product continuously through the at least two heating chambers; (b) continuously generating an electrical current through the liquid product flowing through the heating chambers by continuously applying an electrical potential over each heating chamber, wherein the direction of the current is continuously alternated with a frequency of at least 500 Hz, to obtain heated liquid product; and (c) continuously discharging heated liquid product from the last heating chamber in series, wherein the liquid product has an electrical conductivity of at least 0.03 S/m.
H05B 3/60 - Dispositions pour le chauffage dans lesquelles le courant de chauffage circule dans un matériau granuleux, en poudre ou fluide, p. ex. pour fours à bains de sel, chauffage électrolytique
A23B 5/01 - Conservation par chauffage par irradiation ou traitement électrique
A23L 3/005 - Conservation des aliments ou produits alimentaires, en général, p.ex. pasteurisation ou stérilisation, spécialement adaptée aux aliments ou produits alimentaires par chauffage au moyen d'irradiation ou d'un traitement électrique
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of isoidide from isosorbide. An aqueous solution of isosorbide is subjected to epimerization in the presence of hydrogen under the influence of a catalyst comprising ruthenium on a support, preferably a carbon support. The process of the invention can be conducted using a relatively low hydrogen pressure, and leads to a desired distribution of epimers, favoring isoidide over isomannide and isosorbide.
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A MIXTURE OF 2,4- FURANDICARBOXYLIC ACID AND 2,5- FURANDICARBOXYLIC ACID (FDCA) VIA DISPROPORTIONATION REACTION, MIXTURE OF 2,4-FDCA AND 2, 5 - FDCA OBTAINABLE THEREBY, 2, 4 - FDCA OBTAINABLE THEREBY AND USE OF 2,4- FDCA
The present invention refers to a process for production of a mix¬ ture comprising 2,4-furandicarboxyiic acid (2,4-FDCA) and 2,5 furandicar- boxyiic acid (2,5-FDCA) through the disproportionation route, using as base compounds oxidation products of furfural. This invention also relates to a process for production of 2,4-FDCA as a result of a disproportionation route and the use of 2,4- FDCA as a monomer or comonomer to synthesize esters or any compounds which can generate macromolecules, such as polyesters.
The present invention relates to an expression vector including: nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides forming a polypeptide complex having an enzymatic activity suitable for converting acetoacetyl-CoA into acetoacetate; optionally at least one nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having an enzymatic activity suitable for converting acetoacetate into acetone; and at least one nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having an enzymatic activity suitable for converting acetone into isopropanol, the expression of said nucleic acids being controlled by a single constitutive promoter located upstream from the aforementioned nucleic acids.
C07C 29/04 - Préparation de composés comportant des groupes hydroxyle ou O-métal liés à un atome de carbone ne faisant pas partie d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons par addition de groupes hydroxyle à des liaisons carbone-carbone non saturées, p. ex. à l'aide de H2O2 par hydratation de liaisons doubles carbone-carbone
C07C 31/10 - Alcools monohydroxyliques acycliques contenant trois atomes de carbone
C12P 7/04 - Préparation de composés organiques contenant de l'oxygène contenant un groupe hydroxyle acycliques
A substituted benzene derivative is prepared in a process, which comprises reacting a furan derivative of formula (I): wherein R is an alkyl group, with an olefin of formula (II): wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -CN, -CHO and -COOR3, wherein R3 is selected from hydrogen or an alkyl group, or R1 and R2 together form a -C(O)-O-(O)C- group, with the proviso that R1 and R2 are not both hydrogen, to produce a bicyclic ether; and dehydrating the bicyclic ether to obtain a benzene derivative. The benzene derivative thus obtained can suitably be converted to a benzene carboxylic acid compound by oxidation.
C07C 51/275 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par oxydation avec des oxydes d'azote ou des acides minéraux contenant de l'azote de groupes hydrocarbyle
CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (C.N.R.S) (France)
UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG (France)
Inventeur(s)
Verdelho Trindade Van, Gerven, Luisa Miguel
Gronemeyer, Hinrich
Pattabhiraman, Shankara Narayanan
Abrégé
The present invention provides materials and methods for DNA amplification, in particular linear amplification methods using RNA polymerase. These methods permit high- throughput sequencing of pictogram amounts of DNA and are of use in a range of applications including genome-wide profiling of transcription factors and epigenetic DNA and histone modifications, global transcript profiling, mapping of chromatin conformations, as well as for forensic use and archaeological studies.
C12Q 1/68 - Procédés de mesure ou de test faisant intervenir des enzymes, des acides nucléiques ou des micro-organismesCompositions à cet effetProcédés pour préparer ces compositions faisant intervenir des acides nucléiques
32.
SERRATIA PLYMUTHICA FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BACTERIAL PLANT PATHOGENS
STICHTING VOOR DE TECHNISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN (Pays‑Bas)
Inventeur(s)
Van Der Wolf, Jean, Martin
Czajkowski, Robert, Lukasz
Van Veen, Johannes, Antonie
Abrégé
Serratia plymuthica strain A30, BCCM Deposit No. LMG P-26170, its analogues or functionally equivalent strains thereto, provides a biological control agent against plant disease caused by a bacterial pathogen, particularly a soft rot, e.g. blackleg. The pathogen is Dickeya spp., Pectobacterium spp., and Ralstonia spp.; including Dickeya sp. biovar 3 strain. The deposited strain and its variants are formulated in an agriculturally or horticulturally acceptable diluent, carrier, filler or adjuvant. Plants or plant parts, particularly potato tubers, containing the deposited strain provide useful propagation material free of soft rot or blackleg disease.
A device (20) for generating energy on the basis of sunlight, which is destined to be applied in a building such as a greenhouse (1), comprises a number of elongated spectral reflectors (21) extending alongside each other like lamellae, which have spectral selective characteristics, wherein the reflectors (21) are capable of allowing visible light to pass and reflecting heat radiation. Furthermore, the device (20) comprises a single absorber (22) for receiving the heat radiation reflected by the spectral reflectors (21). A surface (23) of the spectral reflectors (21) which is destined to face the absorber (22) has a concave shape, as seen along the width of the reflectors (21), in order to achieve good focus of the reflected heat radiation, so that the absorber (22) can be as small as possible, whereby costs are saved. The absorber (22) may be equipped with any suitable circuit of solar cell modules.
A01G 9/24 - Dispositifs de chauffage, d'aération, de régulation de la température ou d'irrigation dans les serres, les châssis ou les installations similaires
34.
METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLYCOSIDES FROM BULBS AND USE OF THE GLYCOSIDES THUS PRODUCED
The present invention relates to a method for the production of sugars, in particular glycosides, from bulbs, comprising the steps of a) inducing gummosis in a bulb;b) optionally separating the gum from the bulb to obtain the gum;c) optionally extracting the sugar from the gum under polar or semipolar conditions.
A01N 43/16 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec un ou plusieurs atomes d'oxygène ou de soufre comme uniques hétéro-atomes du cycle avec un hétéro-atome des cycles à six chaînons avec l'oxygène comme hétéro-atome du cycle
A01N 65/42 - Aloeaceae [famille de l'aloès] ou Liliaceae [famille du lys], p. ex. aloès, vératre, oignon, ail ou ciboulette
A01P 15/00 - Biocides utilisés à des fins particulières non prévues dans les groupes
A01N 43/08 - Biocides, produits repoussant ou attirant les animaux nuisibles, ou régulateurs de croissance des végétaux, contenant des composés hétérocycliques comportant des cycles avec un ou plusieurs atomes d'oxygène ou de soufre comme uniques hétéro-atomes du cycle avec un hétéro-atome des cycles à cinq chaînons avec l'oxygène comme hétéro-atome du cycle
There is described herein a marker device for recording the location of one or more objects. The device comprises a visual display which defines a window for displaying a map and a location indicator positioned on the map for indicating a location to be stored. The marker device further comprises an input device for receiving input from a user indicative of a desired relative positioning of the location indicator and the map and a data storage device configured to store location data indicative of the location of an object as indicated by the position of the location indicator on the map in response to input from the user. The position of the location indicator is fixed relative to the window of the visual display and, in use, input from the user via the input device causes the map to move relative to the window of the visual display.
Disclosed is a method that allows obtaining succinic acid or succinic anhydride from biomass, with good yield, under mild conditions and yet avoiding fermentative processes. The method comprises obtaining levulinic acid from biomass, and converting the levulinic acid into succinic acid. According to the invention, the latter process is conducted by subjecting succinic acid to elevated temperature in the presence of nitric acid. Preferably vanadium pentoxide is added as a catalyst.
C07C 51/27 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par oxydation avec des oxydes d'azote ou des acides minéraux contenant de l'azote
C07D 307/60 - Deux atomes d'oxygène, p. ex. anhydride succinique
The invention relates to methods of producing infectious bunyavirus replicon particles. These bunyavirus replicon particles are safe and can be used outside a biosafety containment. The invention further relates to recombinant bunyavirus replicon particles and uses of these recombinant bunyavirus replicon particles.
The present invention relates to modified α-gliadins, comprising the three T cell epitopes DQ2-Glia-α1, DQ2-Glia-α2 and DQ2-Glia-α3, wherein the amino acid in position 3 and/or 8 of the DQ2-Glia-α1 epitope P1{ F/Y}2P3Q4P5{Q/E}6L7P8Y9 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably serine, the amino acid in position 3 and/or 8 of the DQ2-Glia-α2 epitope { P/F}1Q2P3{Q/E}4L5P6Y7P8Q9 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably serine, and the amino acid in position 3 and/or 8 of the DQ2-Glia-α3 epitope F1R2P3Q4Q5P6Y7P8Q9 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably serine. In addition to this the amino acid in position 7 of all three epitopes may be replaced by another amino acid. The invention further relates to plants that comprise in their genome, a polynucleotide encoding the modified α-gliadins, and to grains and food products that comprise the α-gliadins.
C12N 15/82 - Vecteurs ou systèmes d'expression spécialement adaptés aux hôtes eucaryotes pour cellules végétales
A23J 1/12 - Préparation des compositions à base de protéines pour l'alimentationOuverture des œufs par grandes quantités et séparation du jaune du blanc à partir des céréales, de la farine, du son ou des mélasses
39.
ATTRACTANT COMPOSITIONS FOR WEEVILS OF THE GENUS OTIORHYNCHUS AND USES THEREOF
The present invention relates to formulations of volatile organic compounds having effects on Otiorhynchus weevils e.g., Otiorhynchus sulcatus. In some embodiments, volatile organic compounds selected from (E)-2-hexenol, (Z)-2-pentenol, methyl eugenol and a combination thereof are effective for attracting Otiorhynchus weevils. The invention also relates to traps and particularly to a "weevil trap" combined with any one or more of the disclosed volatile organic compounds selected from (E)-2-hexenol, (Z)-2-pentenol, methyl eugenol, and light which are effective for monitoring and controlling Otiorhynchus weevils.
The present invention relates to a protein and/or a nucleic acid encoding such a protein that is responsible for providing tomato with a lack of fruit smoky flavour phenotype. Also part of the invention are methods for marker-assisted breeding tomato plants either having or lacking the gene or allele encoding for said protein, thereby providing respectively the absence or the presence of the smoky flavour phenotype.
C12N 15/82 - Vecteurs ou systèmes d'expression spécialement adaptés aux hôtes eucaryotes pour cellules végétales
A01H 5/00 - Angiospermes, c.-à-d. plantes à fleurs, caractérisées par leurs parties végétalesAngiospermes caractérisées autrement que par leur taxonomie botanique
41.
USE OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS-BASED VECTOR FOR INDUCING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MAMMALS
The invention relates to methods of stimulating an immune response against an antigenic protein in a mammalian subject. More specifically, the invention relates to routes of administration of a hybrid Newcastle Disease Virus-vector (NDV-vector) for eliciting an immune response against an antigenic protein that is encoded by the hybrid NDV-vector.
A61K 48/00 - Préparations médicinales contenant du matériel génétique qui est introduit dans des cellules du corps vivant pour traiter des maladies génétiquesThérapie génique
42.
METHOD FOR PROVIDING FERTILE PLANTS VIA INDUCTION OF BBM DURING TRANSFORMATION
The present invention relates to a method for providing a transgenic plant, comprising transforming a plant cell or plant material with a nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for a BBMprotein, wherein activity of the BBM protein is induced during transformation and/or regeneration of the transformed plant cell or plant material, and wherein the plant cell or plant material originates from a recalcitrant plant. In addition, the invention relates to a transgenic plant or material thereof comprising a BBM protein, wherein the transgenic plant is a recalcitrant plant.
C12N 15/82 - Vecteurs ou systèmes d'expression spécialement adaptés aux hôtes eucaryotes pour cellules végétales
C07K 14/415 - Peptides ayant plus de 20 amino-acidesGastrinesSomatostatinesMélanotropinesLeurs dérivés provenant de végétaux
A01H 5/00 - Angiospermes, c.-à-d. plantes à fleurs, caractérisées par leurs parties végétalesAngiospermes caractérisées autrement que par leur taxonomie botanique
A01H 4/00 - Reproduction de plantes par des techniques de culture de tissus
Disclosed is a method for the combined synthesis of at least two vinylic monomers, at least one of which being an acrylic compound, comprising subjecting a monoconjgated alkene-1-carboxylic compound to reaction with a C2-C4 alkene under conditions of olefin cross-metathesis. The invention is particularly useful for extracting value from protein side streams. Upon protein hydrolysis, suitable amino acids (preferably phenylalanine or tyrosine) are subjected to reductive amination so as to form the corresponding alkene-1-carboxylic acid. Preferably after esterification and separation, this is used in cross-metathesis for the concomitant production of styrene resp. hydroxy styrene, and acrylates. The invention is applicable more widely, to the synthesis of olefins on the basis of carbohydrates, naturally occurring phenolic components, natural protein resources, or amino acids obtained from fermentations.
C07C 51/353 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par isomérisationPréparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par modification de la taille du squelette carboné
C07C 6/04 - Réactions de métathèse sur une liaison carbone-carbone non saturée sur une double liaison carbone-carbone
C07C 67/08 - Préparation d'esters d'acides carboxyliques par réaction d'acides carboxyliques ou d'anhydrides symétriques avec le groupe hydroxyle ou O-métal de composés organiques
C07C 67/475 - Préparation d'esters d'acides carboxyliques par ouverture de liaisons carbone-carbone suivie d'un réarrangement, p. ex. par dismutation ou migration de groupes entre différentes molécules
C07C 59/52 - Composés non saturés contenant des groupes hydroxyle ou O-métal un groupe hydroxyle ou O-métal étant lié à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons
C07C 51/377 - Préparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par élimination d'hydrogène ou de groupes fonctionnelsPréparation d'acides carboxyliques, de leurs sels, halogénures ou anhydrides par des réactions ne créant pas de groupes carboxyle par hydrogénolyse de groupes fonctionnels
C12P 7/46 - Acides dicarboxyliques ayant au plus quatre atomes de carbone, p. ex. acide fumarique, acide maléique
44.
METHOD AND SYSTEM TO TRANSFER A VOLATILE SUBSTANCE
Method and system for transferring a volatile substance from a first liquid to a second liquid. The system includes: - at least one first reservoir (1) for receiving first liquid (A); - at least one second reservoir (2) for receiving second liquid (B); - at least one airtight transfer space (3) overhead of the at least one first and at least one second reservoir (1,2); -at least a first liquid conveyor (5) for generating a film of first liquid (A) from liquid received in said first reservoir (1), and for conveying that film along said airtight transfer space (3); and -at least a second liquid conveyor (6) for generating a film of second liquid (B) from liquid received in said second reservoir (2), and for conveying that film along said airtight transfer space (3).
B01D 53/18 - Unités d'absorptionDistributeurs de liquides
B01D 47/18 - Dispositifs comportant des moyens rotatifs, autres que des ajutages rotatifs, pour atomiser le liquide épurateur à arbres disposés horizontalement
B01D 3/34 - Distillation ou procédés d'échange apparentés dans lesquels des liquides sont en contact avec des milieux gazeux, p. ex. extraction avec une ou plusieurs substances auxiliaires
Method and apparatus for digestion of biomass for the production of biogas. The method comprises feeding biomass into a reactor comprising bacteriae for conversion of the biomass into biogas and digestate, and monitoring process physical variables including at least biogas yield and biomass feed into the reactor. The method further comprises determining a relationship forecasting biogas yield as a function of biomass feed, providing at least one process external variable to the processing unit, determining on the basis of the relationship and the at least one process external variable a desired biogas yield, determining, on the basis of the desired biogas yield and the relationship, a desired biomass feed, and adjusting the biomass feed according to the desired biomass feed.
C12M 1/107 - Appareillage pour l'enzymologie ou la microbiologie avec des moyens pour recueillir les gaz de fermentation, p. ex. le méthane
46.
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING PLANT MATERIAL QUALITY USING IMAGES CONTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY AND THE TIME RESPONSE OF THE PHOTOSYNTHTIC SYSTEM
The present invention relates to a method for determining the quality of plant material by irradiating said plant material with a beam consisting of several consecutive light pulses of electromagnetic radiation comprising one or more such wavelengths, that at least a part of the chlorophyll present is excitated by at least a part of the radiation, and for each light pulse measuring the fluorescence radiation originating from the plant material and associated with the chlorophyll transition with an imaging detector for obtaining the chlorophyll fluorescence images. The invention also relates to calculating characteristic chlorophyll fluorescence images from the chlorophyll fluorescence images that contain information about the quantum efficiency and the time response of the photosynthetic activity of the photosynthetic system of the plant material. The invention further relates to a device for recording and processing the chlorophyll fluorescence images and to methods and devices for sorting and separating plant material.
G01N 21/63 - Systèmes dans lesquels le matériau analysé est excité de façon à ce qu'il émette de la lumière ou qu'il produise un changement de la longueur d'onde de la lumière incidente excité optiquement
The invention relates to an air mixing system for a poultry house or broiler house, comprising a set of air mixing devices (4), said air mixing devices each comprising a shaft with an inlet (6) for air and an outlet (8) for air, connecting means (7) for connecting said shaft vertically in a poultry house or broiler house, a propulsion unit (10) in said shaft between said inlet and said outlet for propelling air from said inlet to said outlet, an ionization unit arranged in said shaft for in operation charging particles carried in a flow of air running from said inlet to said outlet, and a particle collecting surface arranged near said outlet for in operation capturing said charged particles.
B03C 3/12 - Installations alimentées en électricité de l'extérieur du type par voie sèche caractérisées par la séparation des postes ionisants et collecteurs
F24F 3/16 - Systèmes de conditionnement d'air dans lesquels l'air conditionné primaire est fourni par une ou plusieurs stations centrales aux blocs de distribution situés dans les pièces ou enceintes, blocs dans lesquels il peut subir un traitement secondaireAppareillage spécialement conçu pour de tels systèmes caractérisés par le traitement de l'air autrement que par chauffage et refroidissement par purification, p. ex. par filtrageSystèmes de conditionnement d'air dans lesquels l'air conditionné primaire est fourni par une ou plusieurs stations centrales aux blocs de distribution situés dans les pièces ou enceintes, blocs dans lesquels il peut subir un traitement secondaireAppareillage spécialement conçu pour de tels systèmes caractérisés par le traitement de l'air autrement que par chauffage et refroidissement par stérilisationSystèmes de conditionnement d'air dans lesquels l'air conditionné primaire est fourni par une ou plusieurs stations centrales aux blocs de distribution situés dans les pièces ou enceintes, blocs dans lesquels il peut subir un traitement secondaireAppareillage spécialement conçu pour de tels systèmes caractérisés par le traitement de l'air autrement que par chauffage et refroidissement par ozonisation
48.
METHOD FOR THE PRESERVATION OF WOOD BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION
Disclosed is a method for the preservation of wood by chemical modification. In the method wood is impregnated with a liquid preservation agent, and modified by activating the preservation agent. The preservation agent according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of oils comprising at least one conjugated fatty acid chain, modified oils comprising a Diels –Alder adduct of a conjugated fatty acid chain and a dienophilic unsaturated cyclic anhydride, such as maleic anhydride, and mixtures thereof. The activation comprises subjecting the oil to curing under the influence of heat during or after impregnation. Preferably the conjugated fatty acid chains involved are conjugated trienoic fatty acid chains, and particularly are based on calendula oil.
Statistical approach for optimal use of genetic information collected on historical pedigrees, genotyped with dense marker maps, into routine pedigree analysis of active maize breeding populations
This invention provides a novel means of predicting plant phenotypes that incorporates previously unusable dense marker data derived from historical pedigrees. The method operates by collecting information from a population pertaining to one or more loci, which is used to build one or more matrices by calculating, for the alleles present at the measured loci, the probability that the alleles are identical by descent. These matrices are then used to develop a second set of one or more matrices in which each value represents the probability that a certain individual in the population descended from a certain ancestral (founder) genotype. This set of second matrices can then be used as part of a breeding program for selecting and breeding individuals from the population or can be used to better classify the individuals in the population, leading to improved plant phenotypes.
G06F 19/00 - Équipement ou méthodes de traitement de données ou de calcul numérique, spécialement adaptés à des applications spécifiques (spécialement adaptés à des fonctions spécifiques G06F 17/00;systèmes ou méthodes de traitement de données spécialement adaptés à des fins administratives, commerciales, financières, de gestion, de surveillance ou de prévision G06Q;informatique médicale G16H)
A01H 1/00 - Procédés de modification des génotypes
50.
METHOD FOR THE COMBINED PRODUCTION OF BUTANOL AND HYDROGEN
The invention relates to a process for the combined production of butanol and hydrogen from biomass, comprising the steps of fermenting biomass to obtain butanol in a first reaction mixture; removing the butanol and hydrogen from the first reaction mixture to obtain effluent; and using the effluent as a substrate in a second reaction mixture in a process using low substrate concentrations, in particular a hydrogen production process. Preferably, the process using low substrate concentrations is a hydrogen production process and at least part of the end products of the hydrogen production process is removed from the second reaction mixture for obtaining an effluent that comprises organic acid, which effluent is returned to the first reaction mixture.
Disclosed is a block co-polypeptide comprising at least two blocks T and at least one block S, with blocks T and S alternating, wherein each T independently denotes a Trimerizing Block being a polypeptide block capable of forming a thermoreversible collagen-like triple helix structure, and whereineach S independently denotes a Spacer Block S being a polypeptide neither forming a collagen-like triple helix. The block co-polypeptide is capable of forming a gel, and is useful as an animal-free, biocompatible substitute for gelatin. Uniquely, the polypeptide allows the independent controlling of the melting temperature of the gel, the stiffness and crosslink density of the gel, the lower critical gel-forming concentration related to the length of the molecules, and unrelated (e.g. biological, physiological, pharmaceutical or signalling) functions of the molecule.
The invention relates to a method for producing electricity and conversion products such as ethanol, comprising the steps of: i) separating a starch source into a starch-rich fraction and a residual fraction; ii) heating the starch-rich fraction for the purpose of gelling the starch; iii) releasing the gelled starch from the starch-rich fraction; iva) converting the gelled starch enzymatically into sugars; ivb) converting the sugars fermentatively into the conversion products; v) further processing the conversion products from the conversion medium; vi) generating biogas from residual fraction; vii) generating electricity and heat from biogas and/or residual fraction via cogeneration of heat and electricity; and viii) using the generated heat in one or more steps i) to vi).
The present invention relates to nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides with cis-aconitic decarboxylase activity, the cells transformed with such nucleotide sequences, preferably fungal or plant cells, and to methods wherein such transformed cells are use for the production of itaconic acid.
The invention relates to control of pathogen caused diseases on leaves, fruits and ears in plants, such as apple scab (Venturia inaequalis by treatment of plant with an isolate of Cladosporium cladosporioides. The treatment is effective in both prevention and treatment of the fungal infection.
A01N 63/04 - Champignons microscopiques; Substances produites par, ou obtenues à partir de champignons microscopiques
C12P 1/02 - Préparation de composés ou de compositions, non prévue dans les groupes , utilisant des micro-organismes ou des enzymesProcédés généraux de préparation de composés ou de compositions utilisant des micro-organismes ou des enzymes utilisant des champignons
The invention relates to a specific use of a microbial fuel cell for fermenting a substrate into a product, wherein said product is oxidised compared to the substrate present in the microbial fuel cell and wherein electrical energy i s produced.
The invention relates to a method for the production of a fermentation product from lignocellulosic biomass, to a reactor to carry out the method and to use of the reactor to produce a fermentation product.
C12P 7/40 - Préparation de composés organiques contenant de l'oxygène contenant un groupe carboxyle
C12N 1/22 - Procédés utilisant de la cellulose ou ses hydrolysats ou milieux de culture en contenant
C12M 1/36 - Appareillage pour l'enzymologie ou la microbiologie comportant une commande sensible au temps ou aux conditions du milieu, p. ex. fermenteurs commandés automatiquement