A slide plate 10 for a slide 1 for Geldart group C materials with a longitudinal axis 2, an up-facing surface 11 for supporting the Geldart group C material, a lower surface 13, a front-side surface 12 and a rear-side surface 14 may have a significantly reduced slope if the slide plate 10 is made of a ceramic refractory, wherein the slide plate has a number of through holes 20 providing a fluid communication between fluid inlets 23 in the lower surface 13 and fluid outlets 21 in the up-facing surface 11.
B65G 51/03 - Transport des objets par écoulement direct de gaz, p. ex. fiches, feuilles, bas, réceptacles, pièces à usiner sur une surface plane ou dans des caniveaux
B65G 53/38 - Modification des parois en contact avec le matériaux afin d'aider à la fluidification
A calciner 100 for a cement clinker manufacturing line, comprising a duct 110 with a raw meal inlet 111 and a raw meal outlet 112 being in fluid communication via a duct volume 113 and further comprising a conduit 120 with a heat carrier fluid inlet 121 and a heat carrier fluid outlet 122 being in fluid communication via a conduit volume 123, is very cost efficient and stable if it further comprises a wall 140 made of a wall material having a duct facing surface 141 at a duct facing side and a first conduit facing surface 142 at a conduit facing side, wherein the duct facing surface 141 and the conduit facing surface 142 are separated by the wall material and wherein the duct volume 113 is delimited by the duct facing surface 141 and the conduit volume 123 is delimited by the conduit facing surface 142 of said first wall 140.
A calcined clay cooler 100 with a rotatably supported clay conduit having a clay conduit wall enclosing a clay conduit volume with an upstream clay inlet and a downstream clay outlet provides an improved coolant handling as well as reduced operating costs, if the clay conduit wall comprises at least one coolant channel with a channel wall enclosing a channel volume and defining a channel inlet and a channel outlet.
A slide plate (10) for a slide (1) for Geldart group C materials with a longitudinal axis (2), an up-facing surface (11) for supporting the Geldart group C material, a lower surface (13), a front-side surface (12) and a rear-side surface (14) may have a significantly reduced slope if the slide plate (10) is made of a ceramic refractory, wherein the slide plate has a number of through holes (20) providing a fluid communication between fluid inlets (23) in the lower surface (13) and fluid outlets (21) in the up-facing surface (11).
09 - Appareils et instruments scientifiques et électriques
11 - Appareils de contrôle de l'environnement
19 - Matériaux de construction non métalliques
37 - Services de construction; extraction minière; installation et réparation
42 - Services scientifiques, technologiques et industriels, recherche et conception
Produits et services
Building materials and construction elements of metal;
buildings of metal; buildings, transportable, of metal;
scaffolding of metal. Supporting structures of metal; machines and machine parts
for the production of cement clinker; machines and machine
parts for industrial process engineering; machines and
machine parts for conveying bulk goods and/or gases and/or
liquids [industrial process engineering]; grate drives
[machine parts]; rotary kiln drives [machine parts]; grate
bearings and rotary kiln bearings [machine parts]; rollers
for rotary kilns [machine parts]; mills and comminution
machines; crushers; wear parts for mills and comminution
machines; turbines, other than for land vehicles;
electricity generators; cyclones; cyclone separators; pumps
[machines]; compressors; fans [machine parts]; mufflers
[parts of machines]; heat exchangers [machine parts]; drums
[parts of machines]. Electronic controllers; pneumatic control apparatus;
hydraulic control apparatus; control panels [electricity];
industrial automation controls; control stations for
manufacturing apparatus, having at least one of the
following goods: control desks [electricity], apparatus and
instruments for controlling, regulating, conducting and
controlling electricity, electrical and mechanical display
devices, sensors for recording measurement data, data
processing devices, computers, data transmission devices,
data receiving devices, screens, software; remote
maintenance systems for industrial systems, having at least
one of the following goods: control desks [electricity],
apparatus and instruments for controlling, regulating,
conducting and controlling electricity, electrical and
mechanical display devices, sensors for recording
measurement data, data processing devices, computers, data
transmission devices, data receiving devices, screens,
software; electrical remote monitoring installations for
industrial installations, having at least one of the
following goods: control desks [electricity], apparatus and
instruments for controlling, regulating, conducting and
monitoring electricity, electrical and mechanical display
devices, sensors for recording measurement data, data
processing devices, computers, data transmission devices,
data receiving devices, screens, software; maintenance
software; measuring, detecting, monitoring and controlling
devices; electrostatic precipitators. Flues and installations for conveying exhaust gases;
burners, boilers and heaters; fireplaces; industrial
treatment installations; industrial ovens and furnaces [not
for food or beverages]; gas filters and purifiers; chemical
processing equipment; apparatus for co2 separation;
regulating and safety accessories for water and gas
installations; filters for industrial applications; drying
apparatus; refrigerating and freezing equipment; cement
clinker coolers; tertiary air ducts for cement clinker
plants and parts thereof [as far as comprised in this
class]; reactors for gas-solid reactions; reactors for gas-
gas reactions; reactors for gas-fluid reactions; reactors
for fluid-fluid reactions; reactors for fluid-solid
reactions; reactors for solid- solid reactions; linings for
firings; rotary kilns and parts thereof; calciners for
cement clinker production [reactors]; clinker cooler inlet
grates [industrial installations] and grate elements for
these grates; cooling grates [industrial installations] for
cement clinker and other bulk goods and parts therefor,
included in this class; steam generators; scrubbers;
electrostatic precipitators for gas cleaning; electrically
heated reactors; waste incineration apparatus for industrial
purposes; waste disposal incinerators; lime and magnesia
plants [industrial installations]; chemical apparatus
[industrial installations]; heat exchangers, other than
parts of machines; heat regenerators; heat transport systems
[industrial installations]; cooling and heating systems for
processing chemical products and mining products; chemical
processing equipment [industrial installations];
calcium-looping apparatus [industrial installations]; direct
and indirect heat exchangers for calcining and/or burning
limestone; indirect heat exchange reactors; manufacturing
lines for calcined clays and other cementitious materials
[industrial installations]; heat exchangers for waste heat
recovery; dehumidifiers [dryers] for mining products and
chemical products; apparatus for the implementation of
oxyfuel processes [industrial installations]. Refractory construction materials, not of metal; refractory
shapes [non-metallic]; refractory furnace linings
[non-metallic]; refractory linings, not of metal; refractory
castable mixtures, not of metal; structures and
transportable buildings not of metal; scaffolding, non
metallic; structures, not of metal. Construction, assembly, maintenance, monitoring and repair
of cement clinker factories, clinker coolers, calciners,
clinker kilns, classifiers, heat exchangers, exhaust gas
cleaning installations, crushers, turbines, electric
generators, installations for implementing oxyfuel processes
and parts for the aforesaid goods; factory construction;
plant maintenance; construction of test facilities. Engineering; scientific and technological services;
construction planning services for industrial plants and
industrial buildings; development, planning and design of
cement clinker factories and parts thereof; technological
planning services; technical consultation services [all
fields]; civil engineering; advisory services for EU and
research project applications [technical and scientific
advice]; planning and construction of test facilities;
process simulations and studies; inspection of plant and
machinery; development, planning, design of oxyfuel
processes and plants for the implementation of oxyfuel
processes.
09 - Appareils et instruments scientifiques et électriques
11 - Appareils de contrôle de l'environnement
19 - Matériaux de construction non métalliques
37 - Services de construction; extraction minière; installation et réparation
42 - Services scientifiques, technologiques et industriels, recherche et conception
Produits et services
Building materials and construction elements of metal, namely metal panels, building wall framing made of metal, supports, shores, poles and composite panels primarily of metal, Fireplace grates of metal, ducts of metal for ventilation installations, ducts of metal for flue gas, ducts of metal for primary and tertiary air in clinker plants, ducts of metal for heat carrier fluids; portable buildings of metal; buildings, transportable, of metal; scaffolding of metal; clinker cooler support, supports for grate plates in clinker coolers, clay cooler supports, calciner supports, heat-exchanger supports, grate bar supports, grate bars for supporting bulk materials; machines and machine parts for the production of cement clinker, namely catalytic converters, calciners, electric fan units, grate bars for clinker coolers, industrial chemical reactors, kilns, calciners, filters and precipitators for dedusting gases, air-separation units, bulk material classifiers, comminution machines, carbon dioxide separation units and parts for the aforementioned machines; machines and machine parts for industrial process engineering, namely clay mills and clay heaters for converting clay to pozzolana, carbon dioxide separators, carbonators, raw meal mills, exhaust gas treatment plants; machines and machine parts for conveying bulk goods, gases, liquids in industrial process engineering; grate drives being machine parts; rotary kiln drives being machine parts; Grate bearings and rotary kiln bearings being machine parts; rollers for rotary kilns being machine parts; mills and comminution machines for milling or crushing stone, clay and clinker; Stone, clay and clinker crushers; wear parts for mills and comminution machines, namely roller bearings, crusher rolls, segments of crusher rolls, crushing hammers, breaker plates crusher drives, crusher transmissions; turbines, other than for land vehicles; electricity generators; cyclones; cyclone separators; heat carrier fluid pumps; gas pumps; gas compressors; fans being machine parts, namely fans for gaseous coolants, fans for exhaust gas, fans for gaseous heat carrier fluids; mufflers being parts of machines for gas conduits in cement and pozzolan plants; heat exchangers being machine parts; drums being parts of machines, namely ball mill drums. electronic controllers for drives and valves of clinker plants, pozzolan plants, exhaust gas treatment units and for fan drives, for conveyor drives, for control valves, for kiln drives; pneumatic system control apparatus for controlling the gas flow in a clinker plant, in a pozzolan plant, in an air separation unit and in a carbon dioxide separator; hydraulic system control apparatus for controlling liquid flow in a clinker plant, in a pozzolan plant, in an air separation unit and in a carbon dioxide separator; electric control panels ; Industrial automation controls; control stations for manufacturing apparatus consisting primarily of electronic control desks, apparatus and instruments for controlling, regulating, conducting and controlling electricity, electrical and mechanical display devices, sensors for recording measurement data, data processing devices, computers, data transmission devices, data receiving devices, screens, recorded and downloadable software; remote maintenance systems for industrial systems, having at least one of the following goods: electronic control desks, apparatus and instruments for controlling, regulating, and conducting electricity in the nature of relays, switches, control circuits, electrical and mechanical display devices, sensors for recording measurement data, data processing devices, computers, data transmission devices, data receiving devices, computer screens, recorded and downloadable software, namely software for operating and manipulation of controllers in a cement clinker plant, a pozzolana plant, an air separation unit and in a carbon dioxide separator; electrical remote monitoring installations for industrial installations consisting primarily of electronic control desks, apparatus and instruments for controlling, regulating and conducting electricity in the nature of relays, switches, control circuits, electrical and mechanical display devices, sensors for recording measurement data, data processing devices, computers, data transmission devices, data receiving devices, computer screens, downloadable and recorded software for industrial process monitoring and industrial process controlling in cement clinker plants; recorded and downloadable maintenance software for controllers in a cement clinker plant, a pozzolana plant, an air separation unit and in a carbon dioxide separator; measuring, detecting, monitoring and controlling devices namely gas sensors, temperature sensors for reactors and fluid streams in a cement clinker plant, a pozzolana plant, an air separation unit and in a carbon dioxide separator; electrostatic emission control devices, namely electrostatic precipitators for reducing particulate emission in industrial applications Chimney flues for cement plants exhaust gas and pozzolana plants exhaust gas; installations for conveying exhaust gases, in the nature of ventilating exhaust fans, exhaust gas ducts; gas, oil and coal burners, boilers and heaters; fireplaces; industrial exhaust gas treatment installations; industrial calcination, sintering, tempering and gas heating ovens and furnaces, not for food or beverages; gas filters and purifiers; chemical processing equipment, namely industrial chemical reactors, scrubbers, evaporators and condensers ; apparatus for CO2 separation in the nature of exhaust gas treatment installations; regulating and safety accessories for water and gas installations, namely safety valves, pressure regulators, check valves; Exhaust gas and process gas filters for industrial applications; drying apparatus for fluids, raw meal for clinker plants and raw meal for pozzolan plants; Refrigerating and freezing equipment, namely process gas coolers, pozzolana coolers; cooling units for industrial purposes in the nature of cement clinker coolers; industrial reactors for chemical gas-solid reactions in the nature of carbonators, heavy metal absorbers, chloride absorbers, coal dust burners, fluidized bed reactors, gasifiers; reactors for chemical gas-gas reactions in the nature of gas burners; industrial reactors for chemical gas-fluid reactions in the nature of gas scrubbers, fluid fuel burners and pressure vessels; industrial reactors for fluid-fluid reactions in the form of precipitators, fluid mixing vessels and pressure vessels; industrial reactors for chemical fluid-solid reactions in the form of dissolvers; reactors for chemical solid-solid reactions in the form of fluidized bed reactors ; linings for firings being sold as parts of ovens; rotary kilns and parts thereof; calciners for cement clinker production in the nature of reactors; cooling grates being sold as part of cement clinker coolers or pozzolana coolers or calcium oxide coolers; steam generators; gas scrubbers; industrial electrically heated chemical reactors; waste incinerators for industrial purposes; waste disposal incinerators; industrial installations in the nature of lime and magnesia manufacturing plants; heat exchangers, other than parts of machines; heat regenerators; heat transport systems consisting of a first heat exchanger configured to withdraw heat from a heat source and in turn heat a heat carrier fluid, a hot heat carrier fluid conduit connecting the hot heat carrier fluid outlet of the first heat exchanger with a hot heat carrier fluid inlet of a second heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from the hot heat carrier fluid to a heat sink and in turn cool the heat carrier fluid down and a cold heat carrier fluid conduit connecting a cold heat carrier fluid outlet of the second heat exchanger with a cold heat carrier fluid inlet of the first heat exchanger, wherein the heat transport system is an industrial installation; cooling and heating systems for processing chemical products and mining products; calcium-looping apparatus namely industrial apparatus for reacting Calcium between its carbonate form CaCO_3 and its oxide form CaO to separate carbon dioxide CO_2 from other gases coming from either power generation or an industrial plant; direct and indirect heat exchangers for calcining and burning limestone other than parts of machines; indirect heat exchange reactors; industrial installations in the nature of plants for the manufacture of calcined clay and other cementitious material; heat exchangers for waste heat recovery other than parts of machines; dehumidifiers for drying mining products and chemical products; Refractory construction materials, not of metal; refractory shapes not of metal; refractory furnace linings not of metal; refractory linings for furnaces, kilns, chemical reactors, not of metal; refractory castable mixtures, not of metal, namely ceramic mixtures and cement; structures and transportable buildings not of metal; scaffolding, non-metallic; structures, not of metal, namely pre-fabricated foundations consisting mainly of concrete, pozzolana and cementitious materials. Construction, assembly, maintenance and repair of cement clinker factories, clinker coolers, calciners, clinker kilns, bulk material classifiers, heat exchangers, exhaust gas cleaning installations, raw material crushers, pozzolana crushers, clinker crushers, stone crushers, turbines, electric generators, installations for implementing oxyfuel processes and parts for the aforesaid goods; factory construction; cement plant maintenance; pozzolana plant maintenance; construction of test facilities for cement manufacturing processes, pozzolana manufacturing processes, oxyfuel combustion processes, carbon looping processes, carbon dioxide capturing and storage processes Engineering; science and technology services namely scientific research, analysis and testing in the field of cement manufacturing, pozzolana manufacturing, oxyfuel combustion, carbon looping, carbon dioxide capturing and storage; drafting of construction plans for industrial plants and industrial buildings; development, planning and design of cement clinker factories and parts thereof; technological planning services in the field of cement manufacturing, pozzolana manufacturing, oxyfuel combustion, carbon looping, carbon dioxide capturing and storage; technical consultation services in the field of cement manufacturing, pozzolana manufacturing, oxyfuel combustion, carbon looping, carbon dioxide capturing and storage; civil engineering; drafting of construction plans of process diagrams of test facilities for cement manufacturing, pozzolana manufacturing, oxyfuel combustion, carbon looping, carbon dioxide capturing and storage; conducting process simulations and studies in the field of cement manufacturing, pozzolana manufacturing, oxyfuel combustion, carbon looping, carbon dioxide capturing and storage; inspection of plants for cement manufacturing, pozzolana manufacturing, oxyfuel combustion, carbon looping, carbon dioxide capturing and storage and machinery for quality and operational safety purposes; developmentand design of oxyfuel processes and plants for the implementation of oxyfuel processes.
The invention relates to a grate bar front section and a matching grate bar rear section and to a grate bar comprising the grate bar front section and/or the grate bar rear section. By releasably connecting the grate bar front section to the grate bar rear section, manufacture and maintenance costs can be reduced.
F23H 1/02 - Grilles à barreaux pleins avec amenée d'air ou réchauffage de l'air, p. ex. caissons d’amenée d'air ou de soufflage faisant partie de la structure de la grille ou lui servant de support
F23H 3/02 - Grilles à barreaux creux refroidies intérieurement
F23H 7/08 - Grilles inclinées à barreaux mobiles disposés parallèlement à la direction d'arrivée du combustible à mouvement alternatif selon leur axe
F23H 17/02 - Agencement d'extrémité sur les barreaux
F23G 5/00 - Procédés ou appareils, p. ex. incinérateurs, spécialement adaptés à la combustion de déchets ou de combustibles pauvres
F26B 17/26 - Machines ou appareils à mouvement progressif pour le séchage d'un matériau en vrac, à l'état plastique ou sous forme fluidisée, p. ex. granulés, fibres brutes le mouvement étant réalisé par des transporteurs à mouvement alternatif ou oscillant propulsant le matériau sur des surfaces fixesMachines ou appareils à mouvement progressif pour le séchage d'un matériau en vrac, à l'état plastique ou sous forme fluidisée, p. ex. granulés, fibres brutes le mouvement étant réalisé par des tablettes, tamis ou plateaux à mouvement alternatif ou oscillant
A conveyor grate for conveying bulk material (preferably cement clinker) in a conveying direction, which has at least two conveying means and at least one motor for advancing such conveying means in the conveying direction and for retracting the conveying means, The grate can be installed and operated at reduced costs, if a first of these conveying means is coupled via a first clutch to the motor and a second of these conveying means is coupled via a second clutch to the same motor.
B65G 25/06 - Transporteurs comportant un porte-charges ou un impulseur à mouvement cyclique, p. ex. à va-et-vient, désengagé de la charge pendant le mouvement de retour le porte-charges ou l'impulseur ayant des courses aller et retour identiques, p. ex. transporteurs à mouvement alternatif à porte-charges, p. ex. des courroies
A conduit for a calciner (10) of a cement clinker plant, having an enclosed reaction space (20) being enclosed by a side wall defining an inlet (12) in and an outlet (13) of the enclosed reaction space (20), enabling a flow (3) of a fluid via the enclosed reaction space (20) along a trajectory (2) from the inlet (12) to the outlet (13) provides an improved fuel economy and an enhanced homogeneity of the fluid if the conduit has a first section (30) with at least one first surface portion (31) being inclined towards the trajectory (2) and a second surface portion (32) being inclined away from the trajectory (2).
A grate bar (for forming a plank of a conveyor grate for transporting bulk material) includes at least an up-facing surface for supporting bulk material, a down-facing surface for supporting the grate bar on at least one grate bar rest, front end and rear-end sides, first and second profiled narrow sides. The first and second profiled narrow sides are complementary to one another and form a moving gap therebetween if and/or when the first profiled narrow side of the chosen grate bar is positioned adjacent to the second profiled narrow side of a neighboring grate bar (that is identical to the chosen grate bar at least with respect to the profile of the second profiled narrow side). The grate bar can be easily replaced if a front edge between the up-facing surface and the front-end side has a front edge curvature, a rear edge between the up-facing surface and the rear-end side has a rear edge curvature and the rear edge curvature is complementary to the front edge curvature.
F23H 7/08 - Grilles inclinées à barreaux mobiles disposés parallèlement à la direction d'arrivée du combustible à mouvement alternatif selon leur axe
F23H 7/14 - Grilles inclinées à barreaux mobiles disposés perpendiculairement à la direction d'arrivée du combustible à mouvement alternatif selon leur axe
B65G 25/06 - Transporteurs comportant un porte-charges ou un impulseur à mouvement cyclique, p. ex. à va-et-vient, désengagé de la charge pendant le mouvement de retour le porte-charges ou l'impulseur ayant des courses aller et retour identiques, p. ex. transporteurs à mouvement alternatif à porte-charges, p. ex. des courroies
11.
CLINKER COOLER AND METHOD FOR OPERATING A CLINKER COOLER
A conveyor grate (10) for conveying bulk material, preferably cement clinker, in a conveying direction, wherein the conveyor grate (10) has at least two conveying means (11, 12) and at least one motor for advancing the at least two conveying means (11, 12) in the conveying direction and for retracting the at least two conveying means 10, 11 can be installed and operated at reduced costs, if a first of the at least two conveying means (11, 12) is coupled via a first clutch (115) to the motor and a second of the at least two conveying means (11, 12) is coupled via a second clutch (125) to the same motor.
F27B 7/38 - Aménagement des dispositifs de refroidissement
B65G 25/06 - Transporteurs comportant un porte-charges ou un impulseur à mouvement cyclique, p. ex. à va-et-vient, désengagé de la charge pendant le mouvement de retour le porte-charges ou l'impulseur ayant des courses aller et retour identiques, p. ex. transporteurs à mouvement alternatif à porte-charges, p. ex. des courroies
A grate bar 100 for forming a plank of a conveyor grate 1 for transporting bulk material comprising at least an up facing surface (140) for supporting the bulk material, a down facing surface (130) for supporting the grate bar (100) on at least one grate bar rest (200), a front end side (110), a rear end side (120), a first profiled narrow side (150) and a second profiled narrow side (160), wherein the first profiled narrow side (150) is complementary to the second profiled narrow side (160) for forming a moving gap (10) there between if the first profiled narrow side (150) of the grate bar (100) is positioned adjacent to the second profiled narrow side (160) of a further grate bar (100), the further grate bar (100) being identical to said grate bar (100) at least with respect to the profile of the second profiled narrow side (160), can be replaced easily, if a front edge (141) between the up facing surface (140) and the front end side (110) has a front edge curvature, a rear edge (142) between the up facing surface (140) and the rear end side (120) has a rear edge curvature, wherein the rear edge curvature is complementary to the front edge curvature.
A clinker inlet distribution grate for feeding a conveyor grate with clinker, previously discharged from a kiln onto the clinker inlet distribution grate wherein the clinker inlet distribution grate comprises at least a chute with at least two grate elements being arranged one besides the other providing a chute enables to easily remove clinker agglomerations, so called snowmen if at least a first of said at least two grate elements is static and that at least a second of said at least two grate elements is movable orthogonally to the cross direction of the chute.
A clinker inlet distribution grate for feeding a conveyor grate with clinker previously discharged from a kiln onto the clinker inlet distribution grate wherein the clinker inlet distribution grate comprises at least a chute with at least two grate elements being arranged one besides the other providing a chute enables to easily remove clinker agglomerations, so called snowmen if at least a first of said at least two grate elements is static and that at least a second of said at least two grate elements is movable orthogonally to the cross direction of the chute.
F27B 7/38 - Aménagement des dispositifs de refroidissement
B65G 25/06 - Transporteurs comportant un porte-charges ou un impulseur à mouvement cyclique, p. ex. à va-et-vient, désengagé de la charge pendant le mouvement de retour le porte-charges ou l'impulseur ayant des courses aller et retour identiques, p. ex. transporteurs à mouvement alternatif à porte-charges, p. ex. des courroies
A metal ceramic compound incinerator grate with grate bars (1) comprising a reinforcement structure (20) of sheet metal can be manufactured at reduced cost but provides reduced wear and enhanced resistivity to heat and corrosives.
A conveyor floor (1) for conveying bulk material like cement clinker in a conveying direction from a bulk material inlet to a bulk material outlet, with longitudinal reciprocating planks (100) which extend in parallel to the conveying direction and are arranged one besides of the other with moving gaps in between provides enhanced conveying at lower costs, if each plank (100) has a mean coefficient of friction Cf for moving of the bulk material in the conveying direction relative to planks (100) being significantly lower than the mean coefficient of friction Cb for moving of the bulk material against the conveying direction relative to the respective plank.
A conveyor grate for the transport and cooling of bulk material, for example cement clinker, comprises a grate floor having multiple planks (12), adjacently situated transverse to the direction of transport on associated support structures and operationally moved longitudinally relative to one another individually or in groups, with moving gaps (14) designed as blow openings situated therebetween, and a method for operating such a conveyor grate. The mutually facing side edges or side edge regions of two adjacent planks (12) form two complementary, mutually engaging profiles between which the moving gap (14) is formed. In the method according to the invention, at least a quantity of the cooling air is blown through the moving gaps (14) which is sufficient to blow the moving gaps (14) completely open.
