Process for grinding heterogeneous matrices comprising fragile materials and plastic materials, comprising the steps of: (i) introducing in a mill or similar device a heterogeneous matrix comprising plastic materials and fragile materials of variable dimension; (ii) applying, by suitable moving actuator means, kinetic energy to said heterogeneous matrix, by projecting the materials of the matrix at high speed against suitable fixed stop means provided on said mill; (ill) proceeding to grinding under the effect of impacts occurring between the material projected by the actuator means and the material accumulated on said stop means; (iv) discharging the portion of processed material reduced under a prefixed maximum diameter, characterized in that said stop means are configured so that they can hold removably the material projected against the same in an outer region with respect to the volume interested by the movement of said actuator means.
Process for grinding heterogeneous matrices comprising fragile materials and plastic materials, comprising the steps of: (i) introducing in a mill or similar device a heterogeneous matrix comprising plastic materials and fragile materials of variable dimension; (ii) applying, by suitable moving actuator means, kinetic energy to said heterogeneous matrix, by projecting the materials of the matrix at high speed against suitable fixed stop means provided on said mill; (ill) proceeding to grinding under the effect of impacts occurring between the material projected by the actuator means and the material accumulated on said stop means; (iv) discharging the portion of processed material reduced under a prefixed maximum diameter, characterized in that said stop means are configured so that they can hold removably the material projected against the same in an outer region with respect to the volume interested by the movement of said actuator means.
Oxycombustion process wherein low ranking, gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in an amount by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, for producing energy, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a water-soluble salt, the combustor being refractored and isotherm or quasi isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures comprised between 1,250° C. and 1,450° C. and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant is oxygen, the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam such that the ratio by moles oxidant:(water-steam) is comprised between about 1:0.4 and about 1:3 or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water, the molar ratio oxidant:(water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the low ranking hydrocarbon fraction containing vanadium is fed in admixture with water or steam, such that the amount of water/steam in the mixture is at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.
F23G 7/00 - Procédés ou appareils, p. ex. incinérateurs, spécialement adaptés à la combustion de déchets particuliers ou de combustibles pauvres, p. ex. des produits chimiques
F23J 7/00 - Aménagement des dispositifs d'introduction de produits chimiques dans le foyer
Oxycombustion process wherein a combustor is fed with a fuel, a comburent and compounds under the form of coherent aggregates having Young modulus =104 MPa,the combustor being isothermal and flameless.
F23L 7/00 - Alimentation du foyer en liquides ou gaz non combustibles autres que l'air, p. ex. oxygène, vapeur d'eau
C10L 10/00 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux
F23C 9/00 - Appareils à combustion caractérisés par des dispositions pour renvoyer les produits de combustion ou les gaz de fumée dans la chambre de combustion
Oxycombustion process wherein a combustor is fed with a fuel, a comburent and compounds under the form of coherent aggregates having Young modulus ≥104 MPa,the combustor being isothermal and flameless.
F23C 9/00 - Appareils à combustion caractérisés par des dispositions pour renvoyer les produits de combustion ou les gaz de fumée dans la chambre de combustion
F23L 7/00 - Alimentation du foyer en liquides ou gaz non combustibles autres que l'air, p. ex. oxygène, vapeur d'eau
F23J 7/00 - Aménagement des dispositifs d'introduction de produits chimiques dans le foyer
C10L 10/00 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux
3 ranges from 2:1 to 6:1; the combustor being refractored, isotherm or quasi-isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures in the range 1,250°-1,450° C. and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam, the ratio by moles oxidant:(water/steam) being comprised between about 1:0.4 and about 1:3, or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water/steam amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water to the recycled flue gases, the molar ratio oxidant:(water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the hydrocarbon fraction being fed in admixture with water or steam, the amount of water/steam being at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.
Oxycombustion process wherein low ranking, gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in an amount by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, for producing energy, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a water- soluble salt, the combustor being refractored and isotherm or quasi isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures comprised between 1,250°C and 1,450°C and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant is oxygen, the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam such that the ratio by moles oxidant: (water-steam) is comprised between about 1:0,4 and about 1:3 or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water, the molar ratio oxidant: (water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the low ranking hydrocarbon fraction containing vanadium is fed in admixture with water or steam, such that the amount of water/steam in the mixture is at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.
Oxycombustion process wherein low ranking, gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in an amount by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, for producing energy, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a water- soluble salt, the combustor being refractored and isotherm or quasi isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures comprised between 1,250°C and 1,450°C and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant is oxygen, the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam such that the ratio by moles oxidant: (water-steam) is comprised between about 1:0,4 and about 1:3 or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water, the molar ratio oxidant: (water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the low ranking hydrocarbon fraction containing vanadium is fed in admixture with water or steam, such that the amount of water/steam in the mixture is at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.
Oxycombustion process for producing energy wherein low ranking gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in amounts by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, and alkaline metals Ma in amounts from 20 to 10,000 ppm, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a magnesium compound forming MgO in the combustion process, or mixtures thereof and a silico-aluminate wherein the molar ratio SiO2:Al2O3 ranges from 2:1 to 6:1; the combustor being refractored, isotherm or quasi-isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures in the range 1,250°-1,450°C and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam, the ratio by moles oxidant: (water/steam) being comprised between about 1:0.4 and about :3, or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water/steam amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water to the recycled flue gases, the molar ratio oxidant: (water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the hydrocarbon fraction being fed in admixture with water or steam, the amount of water/steam being at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.
Oxycombustion process for producing energy wherein low ranking gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in amounts by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, and alkaline metals Ma in amounts from 20 to 10,000 ppm, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a magnesium compound forming MgO in the combustion process, or mixtures thereof and a silico-aluminate wherein the molar ratio SiO2:Al2O3 ranges from 2:1 to 6:1; the combustor being refractored, isotherm or quasi-isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures in the range 1,250°-1,450°C and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam, the ratio by moles oxidant: (water/steam) being comprised between about 1:0.4 and about :3, or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water/steam amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water to the recycled flue gases, the molar ratio oxidant: (water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the hydrocarbon fraction being fed in admixture with water or steam, the amount of water/steam being at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.
A steam generator comprising water/steam tubes passing through the steam generator from the water inlet to the superheated steam outlet, horizontally arranged in tube banks, preferably flat tube banks, perpendicularly crossed by the fumes, the tubes ascend along the steam generator axis from one tube bank the other, with an oblique path so to expose the tube to the fume flow in different positions at each tube bank, the tubes are divided into two or more separate branches, each branch fed by a header distinct from the others, the steam generator being once-through in pure counter-current, vertical or horizontal, the headers of the outlet superheated steam are grouped at direct contact in a bundle, and they are thermally insulated from the outside.
F22B 29/06 - Chaudières à vapeur du type à circulation forcée du type à circulation ouverte, c.-à-d. composées de tubes admettant de l'eau à une extrémité et dégageant de la vapeur surchauffée à l'autre extrémité
F22B 35/10 - Systèmes de commande pour chaudières à vapeur pour chaudières à vapeur du type à circulation forcée du type à circulation ouverte
A steam generator comprising: - water/steam tubes passing through the steam generator from the water inlet (62, 63, 64) to the superheated steam outlet (68, 69, 610), horizontally arranged in tube banks, preferably flat tube banks, perpendicularly crossed by the fumes (61), - the tubes ascend along the steam generator axis from one tube bank to the other, with an oblique path so to expose the tube to the fume flow (61) in different positions at each tube bank, - the tubes are divided into two or more separate branches (65, 66, 67), each branch fed by a header distinct from the others, - the steam generator being once-through in pure counter-current, vertical or horizontal, - the headers (61, 69, 610)of the outlet superheated steam are grouped at direct contact in a bundle, and they are thermally insulated from the outside.
F22B 29/06 - Chaudières à vapeur du type à circulation forcée du type à circulation ouverte, c.-à-d. composées de tubes admettant de l'eau à une extrémité et dégageant de la vapeur surchauffée à l'autre extrémité
F22B 35/10 - Systèmes de commande pour chaudières à vapeur pour chaudières à vapeur du type à circulation forcée du type à circulation ouverte
A steam generator comprising: - water/steam tubes passing through the steam generator from the water inlet (62, 63, 64) to the superheated steam outlet (68, 69, 610), horizontally arranged in tube banks, preferably flat tube banks, perpendicularly crossed by the fumes (61), - the tubes ascend along the steam generator axis from one tube bank to the other, with an oblique path so to expose the tube to the fume flow (61) in different positions at each tube bank, - the tubes are divided into two or more separate branches (65, 66, 67), each branch fed by a header distinct from the others, - the steam generator being once-through in pure counter-current, vertical or horizontal, - the headers (61, 69, 610)of the outlet superheated steam are grouped at direct contact in a bundle, and they are thermally insulated from the outside.
F22B 29/06 - Chaudières à vapeur du type à circulation forcée du type à circulation ouverte, c.-à-d. composées de tubes admettant de l'eau à une extrémité et dégageant de la vapeur surchauffée à l'autre extrémité
F22B 35/10 - Systèmes de commande pour chaudières à vapeur pour chaudières à vapeur du type à circulation forcée du type à circulation ouverte
14.
Combustion process for the reduction of particulates in combustion fumes
A combustion process wherein a fuel, a comburent and component A) are fed to a combustor, component A), comprising low-melting salts and/or oxides having a melting temperature ≦1,450 K, the ratio by moles A′/(A″−A′)≧0.01, being: A′ the sum by moles between the amount of metals, under the form of low-melting salts and/or low-melting oxides present in the component A) and the amount of metals under the form of the low-melting salts and/or low-melting oxides or their low-melting mixtures, contained in the fuel, A″ is the sum of the amount of all the metals contained in the fuel and of those contained in component A), in which the combustor is isothermal type and flameless.
C10L 10/00 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux
C10L 10/04 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux pour réduire la corrosion ou l'encrassage
F23C 9/00 - Appareils à combustion caractérisés par des dispositions pour renvoyer les produits de combustion ou les gaz de fumée dans la chambre de combustion
F23C 99/00 - Matière non prévue dans les autres groupes de la présente sous-classe
F23G 5/02 - Procédés ou appareils, p. ex. incinérateurs, spécialement adaptés à la combustion de déchets ou de combustibles pauvres comportant un traitement préalable
F23L 7/00 - Alimentation du foyer en liquides ou gaz non combustibles autres que l'air, p. ex. oxygène, vapeur d'eau
II)) contained in the fuel+the amount of the alkaline and/or alkaline earth metals (component A)) in the form of salts and/or oxides contained in component B), being the combustor isothermal and flameless.
F23J 7/00 - Aménagement des dispositifs d'introduction de produits chimiques dans le foyer
F23L 7/00 - Alimentation du foyer en liquides ou gaz non combustibles autres que l'air, p. ex. oxygène, vapeur d'eau
C10L 1/10 - Combustibles carbonés liquides contenant des additifs
C10L 10/00 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux
C10L 10/02 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux pour réduire l'émission de fumée
C10L 10/04 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux pour réduire la corrosion ou l'encrassage
F23G 7/00 - Procédés ou appareils, p. ex. incinérateurs, spécialement adaptés à la combustion de déchets particuliers ou de combustibles pauvres, p. ex. des produits chimiques
C10L 1/198 - Composés macromoléculaires obtenus par des réactions autres que celles faisant intervenir uniquement des liaisons non saturées carbone-carbone
C10L 1/24 - Composés organiques contenant du soufre, du sélénium ou du tellure
11))+the amount (component C)) of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals in the form of salts and/or oxides contained in component B), ii) component A), comprising low-melting salts and/or oxides or their mixtures, having a melting temperature<1,450 K, wherein the ratio by weight A′/(A″−A′)≧1:100, wherein A′ is the sum by moles between the metals under the form of low-melting salts and/or oxides or their low melting mixtures in the component A) and the amount of metals of low-melting salts and/or oxides contained in the fuel, A″ is the sum of the amount of all the metals contained in the fuel and those contained in component A), in which the combustor is isothermal and flameless.
C10L 1/24 - Composés organiques contenant du soufre, du sélénium ou du tellure
C10L 10/02 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux pour réduire l'émission de fumée
C10L 1/10 - Combustibles carbonés liquides contenant des additifs
C10L 10/00 - Utilisation d'additifs à des fins particulières dans les combustibles ou les feux
F23C 9/00 - Appareils à combustion caractérisés par des dispositions pour renvoyer les produits de combustion ou les gaz de fumée dans la chambre de combustion
F23G 5/02 - Procédés ou appareils, p. ex. incinérateurs, spécialement adaptés à la combustion de déchets ou de combustibles pauvres comportant un traitement préalable
C10L 1/198 - Composés macromoléculaires obtenus par des réactions autres que celles faisant intervenir uniquement des liaisons non saturées carbone-carbone
A process for the removal of heavy metals from flue gas deriving from combustion processes comprising the following steps: a) optional removal by filtration of solid particles or of particulate of heavy metals or their compounds, having an average diameter higher than 10 micron; b) flue gas washing performed with an aqueous phase and transfer of the heavy metals or their compounds to the aqueous phase; c) flue gas cooling and partial condensation of the steam contained in the flue gas and separation of a condensed phase; d) discharge of the flue gases substantially free from heavy metals or their compounds into the environment; f) discharge of the aqueous phase substantially free from heavy metals or their compounds into the environment.
A combustion process wherein a fuel, a comburent and component A) are fed to a combustor, component A) comprising low-melting salts and/or oxides having a melting temperature <= 1,450 K, the ratio by moles A'/(A" -A')>= 0.01, being: A' the sum by moles between the amount of metals, under the form of low-melting salts and/or low-melting oxides present in the component A) and the amount of metals under the form of the low-melting salts and/or low- melting oxides or their low-melting mixtures, contained in the fuel, A" is the sum of the amount of all the metals contained in the fuel and of those contained in component A), in which the combustor is isothermal type and flameless.
A combustion process wherein a fuel, a comburent and component A) are fed to a combustor, component A) comprising low-melting salts and/or oxides having a melting temperature ≤ 1,450 K, the ratio by moles A' /(A' -A') ≥ 0.01, being: A' the sum by moles between the amount of metals, under the form of low-melting salts and/or low-melting oxides present in the component A) and the amount of metals under the form of the low-melting salts and/or low-melting oxides or their low-melting mixtures, contained in the fuel, A' is the sum of the amount of all the metals contained in the fuel and of those contained in component A), in which the combustor is isothermal type and flameless.
A combustion process wherein a comburent, a fuel and the following components are fed: i) component B) sulphur or compounds containing sulphur in an amount to have a molar ratio B1/Cl >= 0.5, wherein B1 is the sum by moles between the total amount of sulphur present in component B) + the total amount of sulphur (component B11)) contained in the fuel, C1 is the sum by moles between the total amount of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals contained in the fuel (component C11)) + the amount (component C)) of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals in the form of salts and/or oxides contained in component B), ii) component A), comprising low-melting salts and/or oxides or their mixtures, having a melting temperature < 1,450 K, wherein the ratio by weight A'/(A" -A') >=1:100, wherein A' is the sum by moles between the metals under the form of low-melting salts and/or oxides or their low melting mixtures in the component A) and the amount of metals of low- melting salts and/or oxides contained in the fuel, A" is the sum of the amount of all the metals contained in the fuel and those contained in component A), in which the combustor is isothermal and flameless.
A combustion process wherein a fuel, a comburent and a component B), sulphur or sulphur containing compounds, are fed to the combustor in an amount to have a molar ratio B'/A I >= 0.5, wherein: B' is the sum by moles between the amount of sulphur present in component B) + the amount of sulphur (component B II)) contained in the fuel, A I is the sum by moles between the amount of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals (component A II)) contained in the fuel + the amount of the alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals (component A)) in the form of salts and/or oxides contained in component B), being the combustor isothermal and flameless.
A combustion process wherein a comburent, a fuel and the following components are fed: i) component B) sulphur or compounds containing sulphur in an amount to have a molar ratio B1/ C1 ≥0.5, wherein B1 is the sum by moles between the total amount of sulphur present in component B) + the total amount of sulphur (component B11)) contained in the fuel, C1 is the sum by moles between the total amount of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals contained in the fuel (component C11) ) + the amount (component C) ) of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals in the form of salts and/or oxides contained in component B), ii) component A), comprising low-melting salts and/or oxides or their mixtures, having a melting temperature ឬ1,450 K, wherein the ratio by weight A' /(A' -A') ≥1:100, wherein A' is the sum by moles between the metals under the form of low-melting salts and/or oxides or their low melting mixtures in the component A) and the amount of metals of low-melting salts and/or oxides contained in the fuel, A' is the sum of the amount of all the metals contained in the fuel and those contained in component A), in which the combustor is isothermal and flameless.
A combustion process wherein a fuel, a comburent and a component B), sulphur or sulphur containing compounds, are fed to the combustor in an amount to have a molar ratio B ' /AI ≥0.5, wherein: B' is the sum by moles between the amount of sulphur present in component B) + the amount of sulphur (component BII)) contained in the fuel, AI is the sum by moles between the amount of alkaline and/or alkaline-earth metals (component AII) ) contained in the fuel + the amount of the alkaline and/or alkaline- earth metals (component A) ) in the form of salts and/or oxides contained in component B), being the combustor isothermal and flameless.
A process for the removal of heavy metals from flue gas deriving from combustion processes comprising the following steps : a) optional removal by filtration of solid particles or of particulate of heavy metals or their compounds, having an average diameter higher than 10 micron; b) flue gas washing performed with an aqueous phase and transfer of the heavy metals or their compounds to the aqueous phase; c) flue gas cooling and partial condensation of the steam contained in the flue gas and separation of a condensed phase; d) discharge of the flue gases substantially free from heavy metals or their compounds into the environment; f) discharge of the aqueous phase substantially free from heavy metals or their compounds into the environment.
A process for the removal of heavy metals from flue gas deriving from combustion processes comprising the following steps : a) optional removal by filtration of solid particles or of particulate of heavy metals or their compounds, having an average diameter higher than 10 micron; b) flue gas washing performed with an aqueous phase and transfer of the heavy metals or their compounds to the aqueous phase; c) flue gas cooling and partial condensation of the steam contained in the flue gas and separation of a condensed phase; d) discharge of the flue gases substantially free from heavy metals or their compounds into the environment; f) discharge of the aqueous phase substantially free from heavy metals or their compounds into the environment.
A process for combusting solid, liquid or gaseous fuels in a high temperature refractory-lined reactor, with the aim of generating electric power, comprises mixing at least one fuel with steam. The refractory material of the reactor and the opaque gases of the reaction environment bring about high power infrared radiation which substantially instantaneously preheats the reactants on input, including said reactants being intrinsically transparent to infrared radiation.(N2/O2) but rendered opaque and thus absorbers of energy from infrared radiation thanks to dilution with steam. A high efficiency combustor is provided for carrying out the above~stated process.
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