Abstract

Disclosed are transesterification and transamidation reactions and depolymerization reactions of polyesters and polyamides using catalysts comprising a structural unit of formula (I). Therein, o is a positive integer of at least 1, R311818 alkyl, Z is a group -BG-Cat+M, BG is a covalent bond or a divalent bridge group, Cat+is a selected cationic residue, preferably an imidazolinium group, covalently attached to BG, M is an i-times charged anion Ani- for charge-compensation, and i is an integer from 1 to 4. The invention provides a method for (trans)esterification or (trans)amidation reactions to produce biodiesel, to depolymerize polyesters / polyamides using reusable polymer catalysts, wherein the polymer catalysts not only provide a homogeneous and high catalytic activity for degradation or transformation reactions but allow also a heterogeneous separation of the catalysts and/or impurities, such as additives, colorants (pigments or dyes), from the reaction products.

IPC Classes  ?

• C08J 11/28 - Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus
• C08G 63/91 - Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
• C08G 69/48 - Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
• C08L 67/00 - Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chainCompositions of derivatives of such polymers
• C08L 77/00 - Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chainCompositions of derivatives of such polymers
• C08F 120/34 - Esters containing nitrogen
• C08F 220/34 - Esters containing nitrogen
• B01J 31/06 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for the purification of polymers which can be automated, parallelized and used in high-throughput, high-output or combinatorial experimental workflows to prepare libraries of purified polymeric materials. In each embodiment of the invention disclosed herein, a porous substrate of large surface area is contacted with an organic or aqueous solution that contains a polymer to be purified. Hence, the polymeric material is physisorbed as a thin film on the substrate and volatile impurities and solvents, such as residual monomers and process solvents, are removed from the substrate with the aid of a gas stream or vacuum at different temperatures; thereby, the content of volatile impurities and solvents in the polymeric material is significantly reduced. The method of this invention can be particularly applied to the synthesis, purification, characterization, screening, and testing of libraries of (co)polymers by means of commercially available automated parallel platforms commonly utilized in high-throughput, high-output or combinatorial experimental approaches.

IPC Classes  ?

• C08F 6/00 - Post-polymerisation treatments

Abstract

The present invention relates to fertilizer particles encapsulated in modified chitosan and a method of obtaining them. The particles described in this invention allow a controlled, moderate, or gradual release of an active material from a reserve substrate to another medium, in order to increase the effectiveness of the active material by prolonging its action over time. This invention is characterized in that the active components of said formulations are capable of causing a synergistic effect, considerably increasing the growth and development of plants.

IPC Classes  ?

• C05G 5/35 - Capsules, e.g. core-shell
• A01C 21/00 - Methods of fertilising
• C05G 1/00 - Mixtures of fertilisers covered individually by different subclasses of class
• C05G 3/40 - Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specifically fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rateMixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specifically fertilising activity for affecting solubility

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing particles with pore structures, by means of a hybrid process of atomization via drying-cooling, from a water-in-oil-type emulsion of a composition of a non-solubilized and in melt state matrix. The production method comprises: i) forming a water-in-oil-type emulsion consisting of a composition of a solvent that is aqueous or soluble in water (dispersed phase) and a composition of a non-solubilized and in melt state matrix (continuous phase); ii) forming discrete particles from the emulsion via atomization, using a flow of gas at high pressure and temperature; iii) immediately removing the solvent via evaporation; and iv) subsequently cooling the formed discrete particles, resulting in porous particles that are substantially free from solvents.

IPC Classes  ?

• C08J 9/28 - Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materialsAfter-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
• C11B 15/00 - Solidifying fatty oils, fats, or waxes by physical processes

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of nanoparticles of acrylic copolymers as antineoplastic agents due to their cytotoxic effect on different types of cancerous cells. The nanoparticles have diameters of between 6 and 100 nm and and on their surfaces they carry carboxyl groups from the acrylic acid units intercalated in the polymer chain. This size permits the nanostructures to enter the malignant cells and penetrate the nucleus where the carboxyl groups interfere in the DNA replication, with which they cause the death of the cell. The nanoparticles of acrylic copolymers are prepared by the semi-continuous heterophase polymerisation method, developed by our group and for which there are patents pending [patent applications MX/a/2014/015574 and MX/a/2016/017041].

IPC Classes  ?

• A61K 31/74 - Synthetic polymeric materials
• B82Y 5/00 - Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
• A61P 35/00 - Antineoplastic agents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing particles with pore structures, by means of a hybrid process of atomisation via drying-cooling, from a water-in-oil-type emulsion of a composition of a matrix that is non-solubilised and in a molten state. The production method comprises: i) forming a water-in-oil-type emulsion consisting of a composition of a solvent that is aqueous or soluble in water (dispersed phase) and a composition of a non-solubilised matrix in a molten state (continuous phase); ii) forming discrete particles from the emulsion via atomisation, using a flow of gas at high pressure and temperature; iii) immediately removing the solvent via evaporation; and iv) subsequently cooling the formed discrete particles, resulting in porous particles that are substantially free from solvents.

IPC Classes  ?

• A61K 9/00 - Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form

Abstract

A slow-release fertilising compound based on a cellulose-containing matrix, and the method for producing same, is described. The compound, which is of a microgranular nature, consists of a composition of macronutrients, such as phosphate-based fertilisers, incorporated into a porous cellulose matrix in order to confer shape stability on the granule and the slow nutrient release characteristic. Said invention is characterised in that the macronutrient composition is introduced into the porous cellulose matrix by way of an in situ matrix formation process, which results in saturation of the pores in the matrix with fertilising solids and the formation of a solid compound with a microgranular shape. Moreover, the porous cellulose matrix may naturally contain macro- and micronutrients in the structure, such as a matrix of ground cafe particles for example. When the microgranular compound obtained comes into contact with an aqueous medium, the macronutrients contained therein are slowly released from inside the pores of the cellulose matrix.

IPC Classes  ?

• C05F 5/00 - Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant, or similar wastes or residues

Abstract

A novel method for producing haematin compounds with graphitic carbon nitrides with a high oxygen and phosphorus content (gCNOP) and the use thereof as catalysts for the biomimetic synthesis of polyanilines at very low pH is described. Preparation of PANI compounds using said gCNOP-haematin, and the use thereof to manufacture electrical charge storage devices, is also demonstrated. A method for stabilising suspensions of haematin in an acidic aqueous medium using co-solvents, and the use thereof in biomimetic PANI synthesis, is also described.

IPC Classes  ?

• C08G 73/06 - Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromoleculePolyhydrazidesPolyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
• C08F 2/04 - Polymerisation in solution
• C08F 4/26 - Metallic compounds other than hydrides and other than metallo-organic compoundsBoron halide or aluminium halide complexes with organic compounds containing oxygen of manganese, iron group metals, or platinum group metals
• B01J 31/38 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups of titanium, zirconium or hafnium

Abstract

This invention discloses methods for preparing graphene nanoplatelet solid materials using high-shear mixing treatments of graphite suspensions in various solvents. The invention additionally describes methods for manufacturing graphene nanoplatelets doped with nanoparticles of transition metals or oxides of same using said materials as raw materials; it also describes a general methodology for producing the graphene nanocomposites with nanoparticles of transition metals or the oxides thereof in which these are prepared directly from graphite.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 32/19 - Preparation by exfoliation
• B82B 1/00 - Nanostructures formed by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for preparing concentrates of graphene nanoplatelets via the milling of graphite and exfoliants. The novel aspect of this process is characterised by the use of fatty acids and fatty acid esters as exfoliants of the graphene nanoplatelets in the milling system. Both the fatty acids and the fatty acid esters facilitate the delamination process, while simultaneously acting as stabilisers for the graphene nanoplatelets, permitting same to be easily dispersed in both solvents and polymers. The obtained concentrates permit the excellent properties of the graphene to be used, given that same does not undergo a chemical modification during the process.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 32/19 - Preparation by exfoliation
• B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• B82Y 40/00 - Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for carrying highly active zirconocene aluminohydrides (Cp2ZrH3AlH2) on polymer carriers produced from processes of miniemulsion polymerisation, based on cross-linked and functionalised polystyrene particles. The carriers based on polystyrene were produced by miniemulsion using divinylbenzene (DVB) and acrylic acid as comonomers and surfactants that are polymerisable and commercial (Noigen RN-50), which confer ethylene oxide functionalities to the surface of the polystyrene particles. The cross-linked polystyrene particles exhibited average particle diameters of between 90 and 238 nm, where the zirconocene aluminohydride complex was carried, following similar methods reported for inorganic carriers (silica). The zirconocene aluminohydride carried was also used in copolymerisations of ethylene and alfa-olefins, as 1-hexene. The morphology of the ethylene copolymers and polyethylenes produced was clearly improved compared with the morphology obtained in the polymerisations of ethylene using the same catalytic system carried on modified porous silica.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07F 17/00 - Metallocenes
• C08F 4/642 - Component covered by group with an organo-aluminium compound
• C08F 4/02 - Carriers therefor
• C08F 10/00 - Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
• C08F 12/08 - Styrene
• C08F 236/00 - Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds

Abstract

The invention relates to a process involving a reaction between derivatives of 2-phenyl-2-imidazolines or compounds thereof substituted at position 1 with 2-aminoethyl or 2-hydroxyethyl groups with phosphates of mono or dihydrogen of mono or bis (3-((-hydroxy-alkylyl)oxy)propane-1,2-di-yl dialkylate) (obtained from reacting epoxidised vegetable oils and phosphoric acid) in the presence of aromatic solvents or mixtures of aromatic compounds having boiling points between 100 and 200°C. The derived phosphoramides and phosphates are strong corrosion inhibitors.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07D 233/12 - Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with alkyl radicals, containing more than four carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
• C07D 233/08 - Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with alkyl radicals, containing more than four carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• C23F 11/167 - Phosphorus-containing compounds

Abstract

The invention relates to a process involving a reaction between derivatives of 2-phenyl-2-imidazolines or compounds thereof substituted at position 1 with 2-aminoethyl or 2-hydroxyethyl groups with mono or biphosphates of dodecyl in the presence of aromatic solvents or mixtures of aromatic compounds having boiling points between 100 and 200°C, the derived phosphoramides and phosphates being strong corrosion inhibitors.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07D 233/12 - Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with alkyl radicals, containing more than four carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
• C23F 11/167 - Phosphorus-containing compounds

Abstract

A method for obtaining sweet gas, synthetic gas, and sulphur from natural gas. The method includes the steps of removing impurities from the natural gas for obtaining pre-treated natural gas; sweetening the pre-treated natural gas through a separation using a plurality of membranes for obtaining sweet gas and acid gases; ionizing the acid gases to dissociate them into sulphur and synthetic gas with remnants of acid gases; and neutralizing the synthetic gas with remnants of acid gases for generating sweet gas. Likewise, a system is presented on how to implement the method.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 19/08 - Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiationApparatus therefor
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides
• C01B 3/06 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
• C07C 7/144 - Purification, separation or stabilisation of hydrocarbonsUse of additives using membranes, e.g. selective permeation
• B01D 63/00 - Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
• B01D 53/22 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by diffusion
• B01D 71/54 - PolyureasPolyurethanes
• C10L 3/10 - Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia

Abstract

A method for obtaining sweet gas, synthesis gas and sulphur from natural gas, the method including the steps of removing impurities from the natural gas so as to obtain pretreated natural gas; sweetening the pretreated natural gas by means of separation using a plurality of membranes so as to obtain sweet gas and acid gases; ionizing the acid gases to separate them into sulphur and synthesis gas with remnants of acid gases; and neutralizing the synthesis gas with remnants of acid gases so as to generate synthesis gas. A system for implementing the method is also proposed.

IPC Classes  ?

• C10L 3/10 - Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
• C01B 3/04 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
• C01B 17/04 - Preparation of sulfurPurification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides
• B01D 53/22 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by diffusion
• B01J 12/00 - Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with gaseous mediaApparatus specially adapted therefor

Abstract

The invention relates to a continuous mixing/extrusion method, assisted by ultrasound waves with a variable amplitude and frequency, for the preparation of nanocompounds based on polymers, preferably thermoplastics and nanoparticles, at a concentration of up to 60 wt.-% of the total weight of the polymer/nanoparticle mixture. According to the invention, the polymer/nanoparticle mixture is subjected in the molten state to a discrete and continuous sweep with a variable amplitude and frequency, of between 15 kHz and 5O kHz.

IPC Classes  ?

• B29B 7/30 - MixingKneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
• B29B 7/90 - Fillers or reinforcements
• C08K 3/00 - Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
• C08K 9/00 - Use of pretreated ingredients

Abstract

The invention relates to a catalyst for the heterogeneous phase polymerisation of conjugated dienes and olefins, comprising a pre-catalyst consisting of a mixture of metallocene hydride-aluminohydride compounds: (CpRx)Ty(CpR'z)MHAIH4 (I), [(CpRx)Ty(CpR'z)MHAIH4]2 (II), and [(CpRx)Ty(CpR'zMH]2AIH5 (III), in which M is a transition metal from group IV in the +4 oxidation state thereof; Cp is a cyclopentadienyl ring which may or may not be substituted with R or R' or a cyclopentadienyl ring in which two adjacent substituents are joined and form cycles in order to form saturated or unsaturated polycyclic cyclopentadienyl ligands; R or R' are substituents on the cyclopentadienyl rings and may be identical or different; 'x' and 'z' are integers between 0 and 5; T is a branched or linear acyclic or cyclic covalent bridging group which joins the (Cp) rings; and 'y' is 0 or 1. The pre-catalyst is supported on a modified silica and is activated with a co-catalyst. The invention also relates to the method for obtaining the catalyst and to the use thereof in polymerisation reactions.

IPC Classes  ?

• C07F 17/00 - Metallocenes
• C07F 7/00 - Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
• C08F 4/02 - Carriers therefor
• C08F 4/64 - Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, or compounds thereof
• C08F 4/642 - Component covered by group with an organo-aluminium compound
• C08F 10/02 - Ethene
• C08F 10/04 - Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms