The invention relates to a device for generating electrical energy in a rotating system (1) for supplying electronic components (2, 3) in the system with current, with external forces which act on the system and which act on piezoelectrically active energy converters in the system, as a result of which electrical energy is generated, and with an electronic system (4) for processing the generated electrical energy and passing it onto the components (2, 3). In order for the rotational characteristics of the system to be influenced as little as possible, while permitting said system to provide a large amount of energy, to function reliably and have a long service life even under extreme acceleration conditions, the invention proposes that the piezoelectrically active energy converters are piezoceramic fibres (5), each of which has an electrode (6), and the electrode (6) of the fibres which generate a charge of the same polarity are connected via an electrically conductive external electrode (7).
The invention relates to a body made of ceramic materials, having a basic metallization made of at least one electrically conductive material, such as tungsten/glass or molybdenum/glass compounds and an adhesive, electrically conductive and corrosion-resistant coating. In order to improve energy losses, which is to say to increase the Q-factor, it is proposed that the coating comprises / carries at least one functional layer made of a metal and/or several metals, having lower specific electrical resistance than the electrically conductive material and the remaining constituents of the coating.
The invention relates to a sensor (1) or switch element having at least one oscillator (2) which is caused to oscillate by an oscillator circuit by means of an AC voltage (3), wherein the oscillating behaviour of the oscillator (2) changes when pressure is applied and this change can be detected as damping of the oscillation and can be processed further as an output signal. So that the sensor or the switch element is, on the one hand, protected from environmental influences, for example rain or snow, and, on the other hand, is insensitive to frequency shifts, the invention proposes that the sensor (1) or the switch element is arranged on the rear side (5) of a mechanically rigid medium (4) and the pressure is applied to the opposite front side (6) through the mechanically rigid medium (4), and the oscillator circuit causes the oscillator (2) to oscillate using a continuous frequency change between a starting frequency and an end frequency.
Several strict requirements are placed on a cartridge for a sanitary fitting, which should remain water-tight over a long period, be easy to operate and for the same valve position provide water as constantly as possible at the same temperature, be simple and economical to produce and the number of parts subject to wear be kept to a minimum. The most highly used component of a cartridge is the adjuster lever by means of which the control plate is moved and subjected to bending and torsion. According to the invention, the adjuster lever (3) which for operation cooperates with the control plate (12) for opening and closing the inlet openings (9, 10) and the outlet opening (11) for mixing the hot and clod water and which is moved by the with the operating lever of the fitting mounted in a bush (21) enclosed in a housing (2) has a cylindrical pivot bearing (20), by means of which the adjuster elver is mounted in the bush (21) to rotate about a non-mechanical pivot axis (47).
F16K 11/078 - Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves; Arrangement of valves and flow lines specially adapted for mixing fluid with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves with pivoted and linearly movable closure members
When a flowing liquid meets obstacles or abrupt flow-directional changes and is thus subjected to turbulence or two flows impinge or pressure changes occur and gases dissolved in water are thus released, flow noises occur. According to the invention, the occurrence thereof can be avoided or at least damped by inclusion of a body (14) in the vicinity of the mixing chamber (23), wherein the body encloses the mixing chamber with a hollow spherical shape (22), in the form of a hemisphere or at least a cap, wherein parallel ribs (24) are arranged within said hollow spherical enclosure.
F16K 47/02 - Means in valves for absorbing fluid energy for preventing water-hammer or noise
F16K 11/078 - Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves; Arrangement of valves and flow lines specially adapted for mixing fluid with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves with pivoted and linearly movable closure members
The most strained component of a cartridge is the bush, in which the control lever is mounted, using which the control cam is moved. Upon actuation of the control lever to open and close the intakes and drains, the bush and thus also the extension of the housing and the front wall thereof are strained by bending. Upon mixing of the cold and hot water streams, friction forces arise in directions, which are perpendicular to one another, between the bush and the front wall of the housing and in the extension of the housing by rotation of the bush. All of these strains can result in hysteresis in the mixing positions and in the position of the control cam during the opening and closing movements because of tolerances and play between the individual components. It is therefore proposed according to the invention that the bush (21) having the control lever (3) mounted therein is mounted using a conical face (29) on an also conical part (30) of the front wall (31) of the cylindrical housing (2).
F16K 11/078 - Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves; Arrangement of valves and flow lines specially adapted for mixing fluid with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves with pivoted and linearly movable closure members
7.
METHOD FOR PRODUCING PREFORMS FOR METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES
The preform technology is preferred for the production of composite materials. The preform must have a high strength and the necessary porosity for the infiltration with the liquid metal. The invention comprises the properties of the preform being improved by an appropriate selection of the size and type of the fibers and/or the particles of the secondary phase and/or the implementation of a special pore structure. In particular, the strength of the preform is increased and/or the temperature for solidifying the preform can be reduced by the use of an additional secondary phase in the nanoscale range.
The invention relates to an anode and electrolyte and cathode in direct material contact in fuel cell applications, so that the anode and electrolyte, and the cathode and electrolyte, particularly at temperatures ᡶ 400 °C, can react in a solid chemical manner. Said reaction results in that the material of the anodes can diffuse into the electrolyte and vice versa, and the material of the cathodes can diffuse into the electrolyte or vice versa. The effect thereof is the modification of the electrical energy yield of the fuel cells. In order to prevent said effect, it is proposed according to the invention that a blocking layer (5) is disposed between the electrolyte (1) and anode (2) and/or electrolyte (1) and cathode (3), and is made of areas having open and/or closed pores (6), and that the functional penetration paths for the diffusion are formed by the frame structure thus created.
The invention relates to a method for the laser ablation of brittle components (8) in preparation for the subsequent separation of the same, by the introduction of sack-like indentations (1) by a laser beam, wherein the indentations (1) are arranged in a line one after the other, and form a laser ablation line (2) which serves as the fracture initiation line, wherein the term laser ablation line means a line formed by connecting the middle points of all the indentations (1). At least two laser ablation lines (2) are introduced onto the component (8) surface and cross each other at a cross point (3). In order to ensure that the fracture always runs along the laser ablation line during the separation process, that fractures deviating from the laser ablation line are avoided, and that the corners of the separated pieces following fracturing are evenly shaped, it is suggested according to the invention that at least one cross point indentation (4) is introduced at the cross point (3) in a targeted, controlled, and intentional manner, which specifically weakens the component (8) at the cross point (3).
According to the state of the art, piezoceramic multi-layer elements are sintered in air at temperatures of approximately 1100 °C or higher. Therefore, only a noble metal having a high melting temperature can be used as the inner electrode. Non-noble metals would oxidize. Therefore, a silver-palladium alloy having up to 40 % palladium is normally used. However, such a measure is associated with high material costs. Lower melting temperatures of the inner electrode material, however, also require a ceramic material having correspondingly low sintering temperatures. The invention therefore proposes that an electrically non-conductive sintering additive added be added to the base material, and that the inner electrode comprise silver, preferably pure silver, as the main material component thereof, and an electrically non-conductive material component and/or a metal alloy or metal oxide mixture.
C04B 35/491 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramic compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxides based on zirconium or hafnium oxides or zirconates or hafnates containing also titanium oxide or titanates based on lead zirconates and lead titanates
The invention relates to a cutting tool substantially comprising a support tool (3) with a recess (4) in which a support body (5, 13, 23) and an exchangeable cutting body are arranged and are held by a clamping element (2, 31, 41) and the cutting body rests with its underside on the support body (5, 13, 23). To reduce production costs, it is therefore proposed according to the invention that the support body (5, 13, 23) has a pocket (7, 17, 27) with a bottom and side faces, the cutting body is a hard-material insert (1, 12), which rests with its underside on the bottom of the pocket (7, 17, 27), the upper side of the hard-material insert (1, 12) is substantially flush with the upper side of the support body (5, 13, 23) and side faces of the hard-material insert (1, 12) lie against side faces of the pocket (7, 17, 27) and, as a result, the hard-material insert (1, 12) is embedded in the pocket (7, 17, 27) of the support body (5, 13, 23).
The invention relates to an indexable insert (1) for installation in carrier tools for machining workpieces having a top (2) and a bottom (3) and having a circumferential geometry (4) connecting the top (2) and bottom (3), wherein cutting corners (5) and cutting edges (6) are disposed at the transition from the top (2) and bottom (3) to the circumferential geometry (4), and the circumferential geometry (4) on both sides comprises peripheral positive clearance surfaces (7a, 7b) beneath the cutting corners (5) and cutting edges (6), said surfaces being retracted in relation to the cutting corners (5) and cutting edges (6), thereby creating a positive clearance angle (α) on both sides. In order to enable the use of the indexable inserts (1) in conventional tool holders, without forfeiting the characteristics and advantages of a positive clearance surface, according to the invention a collar (8) that is raised compared to the lowest points of the clearance surfaces (7a, 7b) is disposed between two clearance surfaces (7a, 7b) opposing each other on the circumferential geometry (4) with respect to the top (2) and bottom (3), the surface (9) of said collar serving as a contact support in carrier tools.
The invention relates to a cutting insert, in particular an indexable cutting insert (1) for machining predominantly metal materials, comprising a first surface (5) that acts as a contact surface for a chuck tool and a depression in the first surface (5) in the cutting corner region and along the cutting edges (2, 4), said depression acting as a swarf surface. According to the invention, a second surface (27) that likewise acts as a contact surface is situated between the cutting edges (2, 4) and the first swarf surface borders (10) of the swarf surface that face the cutting edges (2, 4) and between the cutting corner (6) and the second swarf surface border (30) of the swarf surface, said border facing the cutting corner (6). To reinforce and stabilise the cutting edge (2, 4), the first swarf surface border (10) and/or the second swarf surface border (30) has or have one or more interruptions in the form of ribs (12, 16, 20) that extend in a substantially perpendicular direction to the cutting edge (2, 4) and/or the cutting corner (6) into the swarf surface, said ribs (12, 16, 20) lying on the same plane as the second surface (27).
The invention relates to a cutting insert (1) that is chucked in carrier tools, comprising an upper and lower face, a cutting corner (2) with a corner radius (4) being located on each upper and lower face, between a primary cutting edge (6) and a secondary cutting edge (7). To reinforce the cutting corner, which is at risk from damage during insertion, whilst maintaining the corner radius in relation to a cutting insert according to prior art, a stabilising facet (3) is provided in the cutting corner (2), adjacent to the corner radius (4).
Chemical wear is very important when cutting highly rigid, ductile iron metals such as austempered ductile iron (ADI) or steel because of the high temperatures on the cutting edge. In said uses, silicon nitride or SiAlONe are not thermodynamically stable enough, while aluminum oxide-based cutting materials can be used to a limited extent only because they have low resistance to thermal shocks and have low ductility. The invention therefore relates to a hard ceramic material which is made from a powder mixture of Si3N4, Al2O3, AlN and oxides of at least one of the elements Mg, Ca, Y, Lu, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb.
C04B 35/597 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramic compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides based on silicon oxynitrides
The invention relates to a method for the targeted introduction of cleavage lines and/or predetermined breaking lines in ceramic substrates for subsequent separation. According to said method, in a thermal treatment step or method step, the cleavage line and/or predetermined breaking line is heated locally and then cooled suddenly by a coolant in such a way that targeted cracking or material weakness occurs along the cleavage line or predetermined breaking lines. The invention also relates to a ceramic substrate and the use thereof. According to the invention, the cleavage lines and/or predetermined breaking lines are introduced into the surface of the fully sintered ceramic substrate.
H05K 3/00 - Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
H01C 17/00 - Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
B28D 1/22 - Working stone or stone-like materials, e.g. brick, concrete, not provided for elsewhere; Machines, devices, tools therefor by cutting, e.g. incising
C03B 33/09 - Severing cooled glass by thermal shock
The invention relates to a cooling box (1) for electric or electronic components, consisting of a material. Said cooling box (1) is non-electrically conductive or practically non-electrically conductive, is configured in one piece or multiple pieces and has a cavity (4) that is enclosed by the material, said cavity (4) being closed or provided with at least one opening (2). To improve thermal dissipation, at least one surface region of the cooling box (1) is defined by functions of electrical and/or thermal conductivity.
H01L 23/467 - Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids by flowing gases, e.g. air
H01L 23/473 - Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids by flowing liquids
Ceramic materials are brittle and are therefore not generally suitable for dynamic stresses, in particular caused by vibration and impact. The invention therefore discloses a material composed of a large fraction of aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide and strontium aluminate.
Hardness, ageing resistance, wetting behaviour in relation to water and high thermal conductivity are known characteristics of sintered moulded bodies consisting of aluminium oxide; high strength and a high resistance to cracking, i.e. damage tolerance, are known characteristics of sintered moulded bodies consisting of zirconium oxide. To obtain a ceramic material, in which all said characteristics are combined, the invention discloses a material composed of a large fraction of aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide and optionally strontium aluminate.
Sintered moulded bodies have a wide range of applications. Their composition can be adapted to their designated use by the targeted addition of specific elements and/or compounds thereof. The invention discloses a sintered moulded body consisting of a material that contains aluminium oxide with chromium doping, zirconium oxide with Y-stabilisation and strontium aluminate with variable Cr-doping. Said body is particularly suitable for medical applications.
When a ceramic material, because of the use to which it is put, must enter into a positive connection with a metal for the separation of an electrical potential, for example, by gluing or soldering, stresses arise when the ceramic material is subjected to heat because the coefficients of thermal expansion of metal and ceramic are different. Because metal usually expands more than ceramic, the ceramic may tear or even chip off. As a result of the equalization of potential over the defects in the ceramic, the cracks or chipping in the ceramic coating results in short circuits. According to the invention, it is therefore proposed that a portion of at least one other ceramic material with a significantly lower coefficient of thermal expansion be added to the base ceramic material which has a high coefficient of thermal expansion, in such an amount that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material resulting from this composition is identical with the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metallic material with which said resulting material will be combined in a positive fit.
C04B 35/04 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramic compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxides based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite based on magnesium oxide
The invention relates to components having a ceramic base the surface of which is covered in at least one area by a metalized coating. For coatings of said type, problems with respect to their stability and adhesion may arise. The invention is characterized in that the material on the surface of the ceramic base is chemically and/or crystallographically and/or physically modified with or without addition of suitable reactants across the entire surface or on partial surfaces of the metalized areas and forms at least one nonporous or porous layer, joined to the ceramic base, that has the same or different thickness of at least 0.001 nanometers, said layer consisting of at least one homogeneous or heterogeneous new material.
The invention relates to a method for producing a composite from at least two metal components that have perforations or openings, especially for producing a cooler or cooling elements or heat sinks that consist of at least one composite and wherein the components are joined to each other to give the composite by heating them to a process temperature while using a joining agent on joining surfaces defined by surface faces of said components. In order to be able to produce composites having complicated geometrical shapes, thereby increasing their cooling capacity, at least one first component is not flat and said first component is joined to at least one additional flat or non-flat second component to give the composite.
B23K 1/00 - Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
F28D 9/00 - Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
24.
CUTTING TOOL FOR RECESSING AND GROOVING, COMPRISING A REPLACEABLE ABUTMENT FOR THE CUTTING ELEMENT
The invention relates to a cutting tool (1) for machining mainly metallic materials, comprising a clamping holder (2) and a support (3) for the cutting element. Said support (3), on which a cutting element (6) rests, is arranged on the clamping holder (2). The cutting element (6) is pressed, by means of a clamping claw (5), onto the support (3) for the cutting element and against an abutting surface (7) located outside the support (3) for the cutting element. In order to increase the service life of the clamping holder, the abutting surface (7) is part of an abutment (4) for the cutting element. Said abutment (4) is designed as a separate component and is replaceably mounted on the clamping holder (2).
The invention relates to a method for the selective surface treatment of a first workpiece (1) on at least one of the metalized areas (3) of its upper (4) and/or underside (5), the first workpiece (1) being releasably joined to at least one additional workpiece (2) on one of its faces (4, 5) so as to be sealed from the exterior in at least one partial area and the selective surface treatment of the areas not covered by the joined section being carried out in a treatment phase. In order to make cooling and distribution of the metalized areas easier, the at least first workpiece (1) is not configured as a flat structure and is provided on at least one face with identically or differently metalized or non-metalized areas (3) or cavities or combinations thereof either across the whole surface or part of the surface and at least one additional metallic protective layer or an additional metallic coating is applied during the selective surface treatment.
With the advance of power electronics into increasing voltage ranges the need for high insulation voltages and high partial discharge resistance gets stronger every day. The invention therefore relates to a component (1) having a ceramic base (2) the surface (3, 4) of which is covered in at least one area by a metalized coating (5, 6; 11), the ceramic base (2) being spatially structured (7) and the partial discharge resistance between at least two layers of a metalized structure (5, 6) produced from the same or different materials and between the layer (5; 11) of a metalized structure and the ceramic being ឬ 20 pC.
It is difficult to dissipate the heat produced during the operation of components having flat metalized ceramic bases, especially if the ceramic bases are metalized on both surfaces. The component (1) according to the invention has a ceramic base (2) the surface (3, 4) of which is covered in at least one area by a metalized coating (5, 6), the ceramic base (2) being spatially structured (7).
When components having ceramic bases are provided with a metalized structure on at least two opposite and/or juxtaposed faces at the same time, it is very difficult to stack said bases. According to the invention, the metal in the form of pastes, films or sheets provided for metalization is applied to the surfaces of the ceramic base to be provided with a metalized structure. Before the metal is joined to the ceramic material, the at least one component is placed on a substrate and a stack is formed, the substrate being previously provided with a separation layer on a face of the substrate on those surfaces intended for support on the at least one component. The at least one component is lifted off the substrate after metalization.
The invention relates to a method for the environmentally sound disposal of air/solvent mixtures (5), which are made of combustible gaseous, vaporous or liquid waste products, using a fuel cell system (1) for the recycling of the air/solvent mixtures (5) while removing the environmentally compatible exhaust air (2) developing in the fuel cell system (1), the waste heat (3) that is produced and the electric power that is produced. In order to improve the method, it is proposed that the air/solvent mixtures (5) are fed partially or completely to a recovery unit (6) and converted there into a usable form of energy (22, 24, 7), and that these mixtures are fed partially or completely to the fuel cell system (1) for recycling, and as a result during operation the fuel cell system (1) is supplied partially or completely with fuel and the fuel cell system (1) operates based on a molten carbonate fuel cell design.
F23G 7/06 - Methods or apparatus, e.g. incinerators, specially adapted for combustion of specific waste or low grade fuels, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases
H01M 8/04 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
The invention relates to a method for the environmentally sound disposal of air/solvent mixtures (5) made of combustible gaseous, vaporous or liquid waste products, using a combustion unit (1) for burning the air/solvent mixtures (5) while removing the environmentally compatible exhaust air (2) developing in the combustion unit (1) and the waste heat (3) that is produced. In order to ensure that the air/solvent mixtures (5) can be decomposed without continuously supplying combustible substances, according to the invention the air/solvent mixtures (5) are fed partially or completely to a recovery unit (6) and converted there into a usable form of energy (22, 24, 7), and these mixtures are fed partially or completely to the combustion unit (1) for combustion and thereby during operation the combustion unit (1) is supplied partially or completely with fuel.
F23G 7/06 - Methods or apparatus, e.g. incinerators, specially adapted for combustion of specific waste or low grade fuels, e.g. chemicals of waste gases or noxious gases, e.g. exhaust gases
H01M 8/04 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
The invention relates to a method for producing a component, wherein according to the method on at least one surface side of the component at least one parting or predetermined breaking line is produced in that first, in a thermal treatment or procedural step, the parting or predetermined breaking line is locally heated by energy input, and then is abruptly cooled by means of a cooling medium such that in the component this temperature fluctuation brings about a targeted crack formation or material weakening along the parting or predetermined breaking line. In order to ensure that, under all circumstances, a desired crack formation or material weakening occurs, it is proposed that the energy input occurs asymmetrically along the parting or predetermined breaking line in every location, wherein every location of the parting and predetermined breaking line is subjected to at least two equally or differently strong energy inputs at suitable short intervals, thereby adjusting the energy distribution to the desired crack formation or material weakening.
B23K 26/40 - Removing material taking account of the properties of the material involved
C03B 33/09 - Severing cooled glass by thermal shock
H01L 21/48 - Manufacture or treatment of parts, e.g. containers, prior to assembly of the devices, using processes not provided for in a single one of the groups
The invention relates to a tool holder (1) as the carrier tool for a cutting tool for turning, milling and drilling applications for the machining of primarily metal materials, comprising an incorporated receiving recess with seat walls for receiving a cutting body (3), wherein the cutting body (3) is fastened with fastening means. According to the invention, in order to extend the service life and minimize the costs during the entire life cycle of the tool holder, it is proposed that in the receiving recess (8) a detachable and exchangeable insert seat adapter (6) is fastened, the adapter being adjusted to the cutting body (6) and resting with the lateral surfaces (7) thereof directly or indirectly on the seat walls (13) in the receiving recess (8), and furthermore comprising insert seat walls (2) against which the cutting body (3) rests.
B23C 5/22 - Securing arrangements for bits or teeth
33.
REDUCTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRIPE WEAR ON INSERTS FOR HIP JOINT PROSTHESES BY MODIFYING THE GEOMETRY OF THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE FACE AND SPHERICAL RECESS
If lasting high loads are applied to hip joint prostheses, signs of wear occur even if hard materials are used. While these signs do not result in failure, for example in the breakage of a component in prostheses made of ceramic materials, they are still undesirable. The abrasion occurring by friction when using metal-on-metal material pairing can be harmful to the human body. According to the invention, therefore a socket insert of a hip joint prosthesis is proposed, wherein the spherical head of a femur is supported in the spherical recess-shaped clearance of the socket insert, wherein this spherical recess has a break-in zone, which on the one side ends with a circular arc tangentially in the face of the socket insert and on the other side extends up to the break-in edge, and which is characterized in that between the start (12) of the circular arc (7) with the radius (11) of the length (RE) and the break-in edge (5) of the spherical recess (3) with the radius (13) of the length (RK) the break-in zone (6) forms a curve (14), the function of which can always be differentiated twice in every point.
Sialon materials are suited for machining metal materials, preferably cast iron, due to their high wear resistance. Alpha/beta sialons in particular have a favorable combination of strength and tenacity. In addition to the mechanical properties at room temperature, the properties at temperatures of about 800°C to 1000°C are also critical for the use as a ceramic cutting material. An economical production of sialons, however, is possible only by the use of sintering additives, which, however, remain in the product as a predominantly glass-like grain boundary phase after cooling. The softening of this grain boundary phase determines the mechanical and chemical properties of the material at elevated temperatures. According to the invention, a material based on sialons is therefore provided, the proportion of sintering additive HfO2 of which is a maximum of 1 mass-%.
C04B 35/599 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramic compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides based on silicon oxynitrides based on silicon aluminium oxynitrides (SIALONS)
The invention relates to a method for the identification of the inoperability of fuses and to fuses equipped with said feature, which consist of a tubular or bar-shaped ceramic body as the fuse body. Said fuses have a fusible element extending between the pole caps situated on each front end and undergo a visible modification on account of the damage to the fusible element. If the fusible element is damaged as a result of an overvoltage, overload or a short-circuit, this cannot be identified as a result of the opacity of the ceramic body. According to the invention, the fusible element is surrounded or covered by a material, which is modified by the heat when the fusible element melts, in such a way that said material or the reaction products thereof permit the inoperability of the fuse to become visible over the entire surface of the fuse body, or at least at various points on the latter.
H01H 85/30 - Means for indicating condition of fuse structurally associated with the fuse
H01H 85/22 - Intermediate or auxiliary parts for carrying, holding, or retaining fuse, co-operating with base or fixed holder, and removable therefrom for renewing the fuse
H01H 85/143 - Electrical contacts; Fastening fusible members to such contacts
The invention relates to a method for the identification of the inoperability of fuses which consist of a tubular or bar-shaped ceramic body as the fuse body. Said fuses have a fusible element extending between the pole caps situated on each front end and undergo a visible modification on account of the damage to the fusible element. If the fusible element is damaged as a result of an overvoltage, overload or a short-circuit, this cannot be identified as a result of the opacity of the ceramic body. According to the invention, the fuse is modified by an overvoltage, overload or short-circuit as a result of the heat produced when the fusible element melts, said modification visibly indicating the damage to the fuse or that the latter can no longer be used.
H01H 85/30 - Means for indicating condition of fuse structurally associated with the fuse
H01H 85/22 - Intermediate or auxiliary parts for carrying, holding, or retaining fuse, co-operating with base or fixed holder, and removable therefrom for renewing the fuse
H01H 85/24 - Means for preventing insertion of incorrect fuse
37.
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING COLOURED SINTERED CERAMIC BODIES, IN PARTICULAR FOR DENTAL APPLICATIONS
To produce coloured sintered ceramic bodies, in particular for dental applications, it is known that coloured layers can be applied to the ceramic bodies in a separate process or a porous surface layer of the ceramic body can be impregnated with a liquid preparation of the material to be coloured and after-treated. This is a complicated process. It is therefore proposed according to the invention that the colouring materials be added dry in powder form to the material of the base composition of the ceramic body to be produced and be homogeneously mixed with this dry.
The invention relates to a shaft (1) of a hip joint prosthesis for implantation in the femur (5) of a patient, wherein the shaft (1) can be coupled with a ball head (2), which in turn can be inserted rotatably in the hemispherical recess of a socket insert (3). According to the invention, to avoid squeaking, it is proposed that the shaft (1) is formed asymmetrically in its outer and/or inner geometry and/or material composition.
The invention relates to a socket and/or socket insert for a hip joint prosthesis, the shaft of which can be coupled with a ball head, which in turn can be inserted in a rotatable manner in the hemispherical recess of the socket insert, wherein the shaft can be implanted in the femur and the socket insert can be implanted directly or via a hip socket in the pelvic bone. According to the invention, to avoid squeaking, it is proposed that the socket (4) and/or the socket insert is/are formed asymmetrically in its/their outer (12) and/or inner (13) geometry and/or material composition.
The invention relates to a hip socket for use in a hip joint prosthesis, comprising a shaft (1), on which a ball head (2) may be fixed, the ball head (2) may be rotatably inserted in a socket insert (3) and the socket insert (3) may be inserted and fixed in the hip socket (4), the shaft (1) and the hip socket (4) being implantable in the thigh bone (20) and the pelvic bone (21) respectively. According to the invention, damage to the socket insert and/or a limitation of the function of the sliding pair of ball head/socket insert may be avoided by local reduction of the calotte diameter of the socket insert, such that the hip socket (4) has an asymmetrical design with regard to the stiffness and/or geometry thereof in two different directions (x, y) orthogonal to each other and to the symmetry axis (z) of the hip socket (4).
The invention relates to a hip joint prosthesis with a shaft (1), fastened on the shaft head (22) of which there is a ball head (2), which in turn is inserted in a rotatable manner in the spherical recess of a socket insert, and the socket insert is coupled with a hip socket, wherein the shaft (1) can be implanted in the femur and the hip socket can be implanted in the pelvic bone. According to the invention, to avoid the transmission of vibrations, it is proposed that damping elements of a vibration-damping material are arranged at the coupling points of the shaft head (22) with the ball head (2) and/or of the socket insert with the hip socket.
The invention relates to a hip joint prosthesis with a ball head (2) with an outer geometry that is rotationally symmetrical with reference to the longitudinal axis (5) and with a socket insert (3) with a spherical recess (6), wherein the ball head (2) can be fastened on a shaft (1) and the ball head (2) can be inserted in a rotatable manner in the spherical recess (6) of the socket insert (3), and the socket insert (3) can be coupled to a hip socket (4), wherein the shaft (1) can be implanted in the femur (20) and the hip socket (4) can be implanted in the pelvic bone (21). In order that no undesired dry friction of the ball head in the spherical recess of the socket insert occurs, it is proposed that the outer geometry of the ball head (2) and/or of the spherical recess (6) of the socket insert (3) have a geometry that differs from the form of a sphere.
The invention relates to a ball head (2) with a convex ball head surface and/or a socket insert (3) with a calotte (5) and a concave calotte surface (7) for use in a hip joint prosthesis, comprising a shaft (1) on which the ball head (2) may be fixed, the ball head (2) may be inserted in the calotte (5) of the socket insert (3) such as to rotate with the ball head surface (6) thereof on a sliding region on the calotte surface (7) in the calotte (5) of the socket insert (3). The socket insert (3) may be coupled to a hip socket (4), the shaft (1) and the hip socket (4) being implantable in the thigh bone (20) and the pelvic bone (21) respectively. According to the invention, a dry running of the ball head in the socket insert may be avoided, wherein recesses are arranged on the ball head surface (6) and/or on the calotte surface (7), at least in the region of the sliding zone.
The invention relates to a process for producing a metal socket (4) which can be implanted directly in the pelvis of a patient and forms part of a hip prosthesis, with a permitted socket deformation resulting from the elasticity of the pelvis in the loaded state. To enable asymmetric deformations of the metal socket to be compensated for by the elasticity of the pelvis in the loaded state, the invention proposes that the metal socket (4) be provided with a thick-walled, porous outer coating (5), the rigidity of which is set in such a way that the layer collapses in the loaded state if a stress which matches the permitted socket deformation is exceeded.
The invention relates to a method of introducing weakening (2) into a solid or a workpiece (1), preferably a ceramic or a glass, by an energy source which, by means of specific energy input acting locally, weakens the solid or the workpiece (1) at the location of the energy input. According to the invention, it is proposed that cromophore substances be applied to the location of the energy input before and/or at the same time as the energy input, such that a physical, chemical or biological visible change in the solid body or the workpiece (1) is achieved at the location of the energy input.
The invention relates to a package (3) for receiving an adapter sleeve (1) for a hip endoprosthesis, wherein the hip endoprosthesis comprises a ball head (4) which has to be engaged with a defined engagement force onto the adapter sleeve (1). For simplified and reliable securing of the ball head (4) on the adapter sleeve (1), the invention proposes that a device for assembling the ball head (4) on the adapter sleeve (1) is integrated into the package (3) and this device comprises indicator elements which, when the ball head (4) is pressed onto the adapter sleeve (1), indicate that the defined engagement force has been reached.
A61F 2/00 - Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
The invention relates to a carrier body (1, 2) for electrical or electronic components (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d) or circuits, the carrier body (1, 2) being non-electroconductive or almost non-electroconductive. The aim of the invention is to simplify said carrier body (1) while significantly improving the heat dissipation. To this end, the carrier body (1, 2) is provided as a single component with heat removing or heat supplying cooling elements (7).
The invention relates to a method for producing a monolithic multilayered actuator (1) comprising a stack of thin active piezoceramic films (2) with applied metallic inner electrodes which reciprocally lead from the stack and are electrically connected in parallel using outer electrodes (3). As a result of the fact that the inner electrodes (9) of both polarities are applied as conductor tracks to each active film (2), the layering direction (8) of all active films (2) is arranged at right angles to the longitudinal axis (5) of the multilayered actuator (1) and the films (2) are sintered together with the inner electrodes (9) in a cofiring process, known and commercially customary technology can be used for the stacking and laminating machines.
In disk- or plate-shaped piezoceramic converters with an electrode (22, 29) on both sides, the connections to the electrodes being disposed only at one side, namely the upper side (13), the connetion of the electrode on the lower side (11) has to be guided around the peripheral surface of the converter to the contacting point (23) on the upper side. To achieve this, a metallization paste is applied onto the peripheral surface as peripheral contact (28). The transition between the upper side and the lower side on the peripheral surface by means of peripheral contact is a weak point in all known methods. According to the invention, it is proposed to produce a front surface (19) which is essentially rectiligne on its periphery (30) of the piezoceramic body (10) in order to provide a converter (100). In this way, the metallization paste, after having been applied on the upper side for forming the electrode and the contacting point, can flow downwards. Furthermore, the metallization paste is applied on the lower side (11) in at least one partial area (27) by displacing the piezoceramic body in the direction ot ist front face.
During the machining of workpieces, in particular dynamic loads act on the cutting tools in addition to the static loads. This leads to chipping at the cutting edges of the cutting elements and thus to the destruction of the cutting element with the possible consequence that the workpiece is damaged and thus becomes useless. Furthermore, bending and torsional forces act on the cutting tools, and these bending and torsional forces load the machine tool and cause a change in position of the cutting tool, thereby resulting in defective machining of the workpieces. Furthermore, vibrations and chatter phenomena impair the machining of the workpieces. It is therefore proposed according to the invention that piezoceramic transducers (22, 30) be arranged in the region of the cutting tools (3), where force components of the cutting force act on the transducers. The signals produced by the forces acting on the transducers are directed to the control device of the machine tool and the machining of the workpieces is controlled with regard to these signals.
B23Q 1/34 - Relative movement obtained by use of deformable elements, e.g. piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, elastic or thermally-dilatable elements
B23Q 11/00 - Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
B23Q 17/09 - Arrangements for indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring cutting pressure or cutting-tool condition, e.g. cutting ability, load on tool
During the machining of workpieces, in particular dynamic loads act on the cutting tools in addition to the static loads. This leads to chipping at the cutting edges of the cutting elements and thus to the destruction of the cutting element with the possible consequence that the workpiece is damaged and thus becomes useless. Furthermore, bending and torsional forces act on the cutting tools, and these bending and torsional forces load the machine tool and cause a change in position of the cutting tool, thereby resulting in defective machining of the workpieces. Furthermore, vibrations and chatter phenomena impair the machining of the workpieces. It is therefore proposed according to the invention that piezoceramic transducers (22, 30) be arranged in the region of the cutting tools (3), where force components of the cutting force act on the transducers. The signals produced by the forces acting on the transducers are directed to the control device of the machine tool and the machining of the workpieces is controlled with regard to these signals.
B23Q 1/34 - Relative movement obtained by use of deformable elements, e.g. piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, elastic or thermally-dilatable elements
B23Q 17/09 - Arrangements for indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring cutting pressure or cutting-tool condition, e.g. cutting ability, load on tool
The invention relates to a cutting tool for machining processes, in essence composed of a clamping holder (3) with a recess (4) for accepting a support plate (5) and with a cutting plate (6) secured on the support plate (5) by way of a clamping claw (22). It is proposed, for secure fastening of the cutting plate (6) on the clamping holder (3), that an interlocking tongue-and-groove connection is used for positioning of the cutting plate (6) on the support plate (5).
The invention specifies a method for producing a component as monolithic multilayer element or multilayer bending element, comprising at least two layer stacks (1) each having 1-400 layers of piezoelectrically active material which are separated by at least one layer stack (2) comprising 0-100 layers of piezoelectrically inactive material, wherein the inner electrodes of the active layer stacks contain at least the following materials: a) pure silver b) electrically non-conductive material having a proportion by weight of 0% to at most 30% and the material of the piezoelectrically active layers has a sufficient activity in a thermal process such that sintering below the melting point of the material of the inner electrodes is possible and is actually performed.
Al2O3 ceramic is a preferred material in prosthetics and dental technology, especially because of its biocompatibility. A suitable particular material composition and particular production processes make it possible to produce a translucent or transparent ceramic which has a microstructure having a particularly small mean grain size and is preferably employed in dentistry. Because of its good mechanical and tribological properties, the material is also employed in mechanical engineering and plant construction. The invention proposes an aluminium oxide ceramic material having an Al2O3 content of ᡶ 99.9%, a sintered density of ᡶ 3.98 g/cm3 and a mean grain size in the microstructure in the range of ≤ 0.6 騜m. The green bodies are produced by means of high-pressure injection moulding and the sintered bodies are after-densified by hot isostatic pressing (HIP).
patents