A hot rolled steel sheet having a composition including the elements, 0.09%≤Carbon≤0.15%, 1%≤Manganese≤2%, 0.1%≤Silicon≤0.5%, 0.01%≤Aluminum≤0.1%, 0.3%≤Chromium≤1%, 0.1%≤Molybdenum 0.5%, 0.05%≤Vanadium≤0.14%, 0.002%≤Phosphorus≤0.02%, 0%≤Sulfur≤0.005%, 0%≤Nitrogen≤0.01%, 0%≤Niobium≤0.09%, 0%≤Titanium≤0.09%, 0%≤Calcium≤0.005%, 0%≤Copper≤1%, 0%≤Nickel≤1%, 0%≤Boron≤0.05%, 0%≤Magnesium≤0.05%, 0%≤Zirconium≤0.05%, 0%≤Cerium≤0.1%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of the steel sheet including in area fraction, 50% to 93% of Bainite, 5% to 50% of ferrite, 1% to 15% of Martensite-Austenite islands, 1% to 15% Pearlite.
A coated substrate coated with at least one metal on both sides of the substrate such that a maximum longitudinal deformation is below 2 mm and a maximum transversal deformation is below 5 mm.
A press hardening method including the following steps: A) providing a coated steel sheet, the total thickness of a polymerized coating layer on the coated steel sheet being from 3.0 to 10.0 μm, B) trimming or cutting the coated steel sheet 5 into a blank, C) heating the blank at a temperature from 850 to 950° C. and during 2.00 to 3.40 minutes if the steel sheet is thicker than 0.6 mm and thinner or equal to 1.5 mm, and during 2.50 to 4.00 minutes if the steel sheet is thicker than 1.5 mm and thinner than 3.0 mm, D) transferring the hot blank into a press tool, E) forming and press hardening of the part.
A continuous casting equipment for manufacturing a composite metallic product, composed of a nozzle located between a tundish and a mold, including: an upper part disposed downstream of the tundish, a dome disposed at the inlet of the upper part including a splitter for splitting the initial stream of liquid metal, an internal wall located below the dome, creating at least two mixing chambers, an injector for injecting powder through the dome to allow mixing with the liquid metal, a lower part composed of at least a central channel and side channels allowing the liquid metal to flow into the mold through at least one outlet for each channel, wherein the side channels are longer than the central channel. A method of continuously casting, using a continuous casting equipment related to the invention.
The invention relates to aluminum-silicon coated steel sheet, comprising successively: - a steel substrate (1) wherein the Sn content in the steel substrate is from 0.0005 to 0.05 wt. %, - an intermetallic layer (2) having a thickness from 3.5 to 11.0 µm, wherein the Sn content in the intermetallic layer is from 0.0005 to 0.0100, - a coating layer (3) having a thickness from 10 to 35 µm, said coating layer comprising from 6.0 to 12.0 wt. % of silicon, up to 3.0 wt. % of iron, unavoidable impurities, the balance being aluminum, wherein the Sn content in the coating layer is from 0.0005 to 0.0019 wt. %, wherein the lightness difference is up to 2.1 % as measured according to the description. The invention also relates to a manufacturing for said steel sheet.
C23C 28/02 - Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of main groups , or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses and only coatings of metallic material
B32B 15/01 - Layered products essentially comprising metal all layers being exclusively metallic
C22C 38/02 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
C22C 38/04 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
C22C 38/06 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
6.
METHOD FOR PRODUCING A REDUCING GAS AND INSTALLATION THEREOF
The invention relates to a method for producing a reducing gas comprising the following steps: - introducing a reaction gas containing at least: o 30vol% of H2, o 3vol% of CH4, o 5vol% of CO2, o 5vol% of CO, the remainder being up to 15vol% H2O, up to 5vol% N2, and impurities, into a device for heating gas comprising: o a pipe, o an insert being electrically conductive, o an inductor, - feeding energy into said insert so that said energy fed into the insert is transferred to the reaction gas to heat it to a temperature from 400°C to 1100°C, - releasing said heated reaction gas into a reformer containing catalysts so that it is transformed into a reducing gas containing CO and H2, the cumulated vol% of CO and H2 in the reducing gas being higher than the cumulated vol% of CO and H2 in the reaction gas.
C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
C21B 13/00 - Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
The invention relates to a method for producing a reducing gas wherein said method comprises the following steps: - heating a reaction gas that contains at least: • 30% in volume (vol%) of H2, • 3vol% of CH4, • 5vol% of CO2, • 5vol% of CO, the remainder being up to 15vol% H2O, up to 5vol% N2, and impurities, to a temperature from 400°C to 1100°C, by means of electrical energy, - releasing said heated reaction gas into a reformer containing catalysts so that said heated reaction gas is transformed into a reducing gas containing at least CO and H2, the cumulated vol% of CO and H2 in the reducing gas being higher than the cumulated vol% of CO and H2 in the reaction gas.
C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
C21B 13/00 - Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
8.
ALUMINIZED STEEL SHEET AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
The invention relates to aluminum-silicon coated steel sheet, comprising successively: a steel substrate (1) wherein the Sn content in the steel substrate is from 0.0005 to 0.05 wt. %, an intermetallic layer (2) having a thickness from 3.5 to 11.0 μm, wherein the Sn content in the intermetallic layer is from 0.0005 to 0.0100, a coating layer (3) having a thickness from 10 to 35 μm, said coating layer comprising from 6.0 to 12.0 wt. % of silicon, up to 3.0 wt. % of iron, unavoidable impurities, the balance being aluminum, wherein the Sn content in the coating layer is from 0.0005 to 0.0019 wt. %, wherein the lightness difference is up to 2.1 % as measured according to the description. The invention also relates to a manufacturing for said steel sheet.
C23C 28/02 - Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of main groups , or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses and only coatings of metallic material
B32B 15/01 - Layered products essentially comprising metal all layers being exclusively metallic
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
The invention relates to aluminum-silicon coated steel sheet, comprising successively: - a steel substrate (1) wherein the Sn content in the steel substrate is from 0.0005 to 0.1 wt. %, - an intermetallic layer (2) having a thickness from 3.5 to 11.0 μm, wherein the Sn content in the intermetallic layer is from 0.0005 to 0.0200, - a coating layer (3) having a thickness from 10 to 35 μm, said coating layer comprising from 6.0 to 12.0 wt. % of silicon, up to 3.0 wt. % of iron, unavoidable impurities, the balance being aluminum, wherein the Sn content in the coating layer is from 0.0020 to 0.050 wt. %, wherein the lightness difference is above 2.1 % as measured according to the description. The invention also relates to a manufacturing for said steel sheet.
C23C 28/02 - Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of main groups , or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses and only coatings of metallic material
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
C22C 38/02 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
C22C 38/04 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
C22C 38/06 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
B32B 15/01 - Layered products essentially comprising metal all layers being exclusively metallic
10.
ALUMINIZED STEEL SHEET AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
The invention relates to aluminum-silicon coated steel sheet, comprising successively: - a steel substrate (1) wherein the Sn content in the steel substrate is from 0.0005 to 0.1 wt. %, - an intermetallic layer (2) having a thickness from 3.5 to 11.0 µm, wherein the Sn content in the intermetallic layer is from 0.0005 to 0.0200, - a coating layer (3) having a thickness from 10 to 35 µm, said coating layer comprising from 6.0 to 12.0 wt. % of silicon, up to 3.0 wt. % of iron, unavoidable impurities, the balance being aluminum, wherein the Sn content in the coating layer is from 0.0020 to 0.050 wt. %, wherein the lightness difference is above 2.1 % as measured according to the description. The invention also relates to a manufacturing for said steel sheet.
C23C 28/02 - Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of main groups , or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses and only coatings of metallic material
C22C 38/02 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
C22C 38/04 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
C22C 38/06 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
B32B 15/01 - Layered products essentially comprising metal all layers being exclusively metallic
The invention relates to a method for producing a reducing gas wherein said method comprises the following steps: - heating a reaction gas that contains at least: • 30% in volume (vol%) of H2, • 3vol% of CH4, • 5vol% of CO2, • 5vol% of CO, the remainder being up to 15vol% H2O, up to 5vol% N2, and impurities, to a temperature from 400°C to 1100°C, by means of electrical energy, - releasing said heated reaction gas into a reformer containing catalysts so that said heated reaction gas is transformed into a reducing gas containing at least CO and H2, the cumulated vol% of CO and H2 in the reducing gas being higher than the cumulated vol% of CO and H2 in the reaction gas.
C01B 3/38 - Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
C21B 13/00 - Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
12.
STEEL SHEET AND HIGH STRENGTH PRESS HARDENED STEEL PART HAVING EXCELLENT BENDING ANISOTROPY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME
B62D 21/15 - Understructures, i.e. chassis frame on which a vehicle body may be mounted having impact absorbing means, e.g. a frame designed to permanently or temporarily change shape or dimension upon impact with another body
A kit (110) for fastening a slab (106, 108) to a beam (104)includes a lower plate (110.1) with a central hole, applied on a lower face (106.2, 108.2) of the slab; an upper plate (110.3) with a central hole, applied on an upper face (106.1, 108.1) of the slab; a tubular spacer (110.2) extending through the slab; a bolt (110.4) inserted through the central hole of the upper plate (110.3), the tubular spacer (110.2), the central hole of the lower plate (110.1) and a hole in the beam (104); and a nut (110.5) engaging with the bolt (110.4) and resting on the beam (104). The lower plate (110.1) is permanently linked to the tubular spacer (110.2) while the upper plate (110.3) is not permanently linked to the tubular spacer (110.2) so as to allow insertion of the tubular spacer (110.2) in a drilling in the slab from its lower face.
A rear structure for an automotive vehicle having a fuel tank below the passenger seats and a powertrain in the back, including a lower structure and an upper structure, such that the lower and upper structure form together a closed hollow volume at least along the area where the fuel tank is located and wherein the upper structure is manufactured from one single metal blank.
B60K 6/28 - Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
B62D 21/03 - Understructures, i.e. chassis frame on which a vehicle body may be mounted comprising longitudinally or transversely arranged frame members transverse members providing body support
B62D 21/15 - Understructures, i.e. chassis frame on which a vehicle body may be mounted having impact absorbing means, e.g. a frame designed to permanently or temporarily change shape or dimension upon impact with another body
Top cover of a battery pack including a metallic coated steel sheet covered on both sides by an organic coating, wherein the organic coating is thinner on the inner side of the battery pack than on the outer side of the battery pack.
Steel part having a chemical composition including, by weight %, 0.18≤C≤0.27, 0.18≤Si≤0.30, 1.0≤Mn≤1.5, 0.14≤Cr≤0.25, 0.02≤Al≤0.06, 0.02≤Ti≤0.06, 0.0020≤B≤0.0040, 0≤S≤0.008, 0.008≤N≤0.020, the remainder of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the elaboration process, having a microstructure including, in surface fraction, 95% or more of martensite, wherein the surface fraction of TiN particles in the skin portion is equal to or greater than 200*10−6 inclusions/mm2 and the average equivalent diameter of the TiN particles in the skin portion is equal to or smaller than 2.0 microns.
Steel part having a chemical composition comprising, by weight %, 0.18≤C≤0.27, 0.18≤Si≤0.30, 1.0≤Mn≤1.5, 0.14≤Cr≤0.25, 0.02≤Al≤0.06, 0.02≤Ti≤0.06, 0.0020≤B≤0.0040, 0≤S≤0.008, 0≤N≤0.020, the remainder of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the elaboration process, having a microstructure including, in surface fraction, 95% or more of martensite, the steel part having an ultimate tensile strength equal to or above 1350 MPa in the transverse direction, and a bending angle normalized to 1.5 mm thickness equal to or above 57° in the transverse direction.
C21D 8/04 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
outmodel,outmodelmodel) determined by a trained model (M) for steel strip heating in the heating section, whose inputs comprises the heating power setpoint and product and process parameters (PP) that include at least: a speed of the steel strip, an input temperature of the steel strip, a width of the steel strip, a thickness of the steel strip.
C21D 9/573 - Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling
C21D 9/62 - Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with direct resistance heating
C21D 11/00 - Process control or regulation for heat treatments
F27B 9/28 - Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity for treating continuous lengths of work
outmodel,outmodelmodel) determined by a trained model (M) for steel strip heating in the heating section, whose inputs comprises the heating power setpoint and product and process parameters (PP) that include at least: a speed of the steel strip, an input temperature of the steel strip, a width of the steel strip, a thickness of the steel strip.
C21D 9/573 - Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling
C21D 9/62 - Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with direct resistance heating
C21D 11/00 - Process control or regulation for heat treatments
F27B 9/28 - Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity for treating continuous lengths of work
A cold rolled and coated steel sheet, the steel including, 0.15%≤carbon≤0.25%, 1.5%≤manganese≤2.5%, 1%≤silicon≤2%, 0%≤aluminum≤0.09%, 0.1%≤chromium≤0.6%, 0%≤phosphorus≤0.02%, 0%≤sulfur≤0.03%, 0%≤nitrogen≤0.09%, 0%≤molybdenum≤0.5%, 0.001%≤niobium≤0.09%, 0%≤titanium≤0.06%, 0%≤vanadium≤0.1%, 0%≤nickel≤1%, 0%≤Copper≤1%, 0%≤calcium≤0.005%, 0%≤boron≤0.010%, 0%≤Magnesium≤0.05%, 0%≤Zirconium≤0.05%, 0%≤Cerium≤0.1%, and the balance including iron and unavoidable impurities, the steel sheet having a microstructure including 35% to 70% of cumulative presence of Bainite and Partitioned Martensite, 9% to 15% of residual austenite, 12% to 38% of ferrite and 5% to 15% fresh martensite in area fractions.
A method for side trimming, along a cutting, a moving steel strip including a heating step, in which the cutting line is heated to a temperature above Ac1, and a trimming step, in which the steel strip is mechanically cut along the cutting line at a temperature above Ac1.
B21B 15/00 - Arrangements for performing additional metal-working operations specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
B21B 45/00 - Devices for surface treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
B23D 19/06 - Shearing machines or shearing devices cutting by rotary discs having rotary shearing discs arranged in co-operating pairs with several spaced pairs of shearing discs working simultaneously, e.g. for trimming or making strips
A continuous casting nozzle for manufacturing a composite metallic slab, the nozzle being located between a tundish and a mold, the nozzle including an upper part disposed downstream of the tundish, a dome disposed at the inlet of the upper part comprising splitter for splitting the initial stream of liquid metal, an internal wall located below the dome, creating at least two mixing chambers, injector for injecting powder through the dome to allow mixing with the liquid metal, and a lower part composed of at least a central channel with two lateral lower outlets and side channels with at least one lateral upper outlet by channel to allow the liquid metal to flow into the mold. A method of continuously casting, using a continuous casting nozzle related to the invention is also provided.
A method of manufacturing a hot rolled steel product is provided having a composition in weight percent being: 0.002≤C≤0.8, 0.1≤Mn≤12.0, Si≤2, Al≤2, Cr≤0.5, Nb≤0.08, Ti≤0.1 and a balance consisting of Fe, residual elements and unavoidable impurities, including the steps of i. acquiring an initial target composition with a content of manganese Mnt,i, ii. melting steel scraps comprising residual elements, iii. estimating the contents Mn0, Mo0, Sn0, Sb0 or As0, iv. determining an adjusted target composition with an adjusted content of manganese Mnt,a where Mnt,a=Mnt,I−MnRES with MnRES an adjustment term which combines corrective terms associated to the residual elements, v. adding elements to the steel melt so that Mn0+MnADD=Mnt,a, wherein MnADD represents the content of manganese added, vi. casting a semi-finished product, vii. hot rolling the semi-finished product.
A process for manufacturing a press-hardened part including the steps of A) providing a steel sheet provided with a coating, the coating including by weight percent, 7.5 to 8.5% of zinc, 2.7 to 3.5% of silicon, 1.0 to 3.0% of magnesium, up to 3.0% of iron as residual element, and optional elements chosen from Ni Zr, Hf, Sr, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr or Bi, the content by weight of each element being less than 0.3% and unavoidable impurities up to 0.02%, the balance being aluminum, B) cutting of the coated steel sheet to obtain a blank, C) heating the coated steel sheet in a furnace at a temperature set from 900 to 950° C. and during a time from 2.5 to 4.0 minutes, D) transferring into a press tool, and E) press-hardening to obtain press-hardened part.
A forged and hot rolled steel for rails and railway components, the steel including 0.2%≤carbon≤0.3%, 1%≤manganese≤2%, 0.5%≤silicon≤1.2%, 0.001%≤aluminum≤ 0.1%, 0.01%≤molybdenum≤0.5%, 0.5%≤chromium≤1.5%, 0%≤phosphorus≤ 0.02%, 0%≤sulfur≤0.02%, 0%≤nitrogen≤0.09%, 0%≤nickel≤1%, 0%≤bismuth≤ 0.05%, 0%≤copper≤1%, 0%≤tin≤0.1%, 0%≤niobium≤0.06%, 0%≤titanium≤ 0.1%, 0%≤vanadium≤0.1%, 0%≤calcium≤0.005%, 0.0005%≤boron≤0.005%, 0%≤Magnesium≤0.05%, 0%≤Zirconium≤0.05%, 0%≤Cerium≤0.1%, and the balance including iron and unavoidable impurities, the steel having a microstructure including≤ 80% bainite, 1% to 20% martensite, while having a cumulative optional presence of residual austenite, ferrite pearlite from 0% to 10% in area fractions.
A hot rolled steel plate having a composition including, by weight percent: C: 0.10-0.25%, Mn: 3.0-5.0%, Si: 0.80-1.60%, Al: 0.10%-0.60%, S≤0.010%, P≤ 0.020%, N≤0.008% the remainder of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, and having a microstructure consisting of, in surface fraction: from 5 to 10% of residual austenite, the rest being auto-tempered martensite.
Top cover assembly of a battery pack including: a top cover generally having an inverted tub shape, an inner reinforcement structure including at least one transverse inner reinforcement element extending inside the top cover in a substantially transverse direction, and an outer reinforcement structure including at least left and right outer reinforcement elements.
H01M 50/242 - MountingsSecondary casings or framesRacks, modules or packsSuspension devicesShock absorbersTransport or carrying devicesHolders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions adapted for protecting batteries against vibrations, collision impact or swelling
H01M 50/204 - Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
H01M 50/244 - Secondary casingsRacksSuspension devicesCarrying devicesHolders characterised by their mounting method
H01M 50/249 - MountingsSecondary casings or framesRacks, modules or packsSuspension devicesShock absorbersTransport or carrying devicesHolders specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, e.g. cars or trains
A metal powder having a composition including the following elements, expressed in content by weight: 12%≤Mo≤18%, 3%≤P≤7%, 0.5%≤C≤3%, 0.5%≤B≤5%, Si≤1%, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities resulting from the elaboration, the microstructure of the metal powder including at least 95 wt % of an amorphous phase, the remainder being made of crystalline phases.
C22C 45/02 - Amorphous alloys with iron as the major constituent
B22F 1/05 - Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
B22F 1/08 - Metallic powder characterised by particles having an amorphous microstructure
B22F 9/00 - Making metallic powder or suspensions thereofApparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
B22F 9/08 - Making metallic powder or suspensions thereofApparatus or devices specially adapted therefor using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
B22F 10/28 - Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
An apparatus for the production of iron through reduction of iron ore by an electrolysis reaction, the electrolysis reaction emitting a gas, the apparatus including a casing including a gas-permeable anode plate being made of a cellular material, a cathode plate, both facing each other and being separated by an electrolyte chamber, the gas-permeable anode plate being made of a cellular material including a plurality of cells, each cell being delimited by a circumferential wall and being open on the two opposite sides of the gas-permeable anode plate, the circumferential wall being made from a plurality of metallic sheets which are interlocked together with interlocking means.
A High Manganese hot rolled steel having a composition including of the following elements 0.8%≤Carbon≤1.3%, 9.5%≤Manganese≤22%, 0.01%≤Silicon≤3%, 0.01%≤Aluminum≤3%, 0.03%≤Phosphorus≤0.1%, 0.03%≤Sulfur≤0.1%, 0%≤Nitrogen≤0.01%, 0%≤Niobium≤0.03%, 0%≤Titanium≤0.2%, 0%≤Chromium≤1.5%, 0%≤Molybdenum≤0.5%, 0%≤Calcium≤0.005%, 0.01%≤Copper≤2%, 0.01%≤Nickel≤3%, 0%≤Boron≤0.01%, 0%≤Magnesium≤0.005%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of the steel consisting in, in area fraction, 95% or more of Austenite, 0% to 5% Carbides wherein the grain size of the grains of Austenite is 15 microns or more.
C21D 9/52 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for wiresHeat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for strips
A direct reduction method to manufacture a direct reduced iron product 12 having a carbon content less than 1.8% by weight and a shaft furnace exit temperature lower than 65° C. A carbon-containing cooling gas 30 is introduced into the cooling zone 3 of the shaft furnace 1 with a flow rate higher than 800 Nm3/ton of Direct Reduced Iron produced.
A method to define a microstructure of a steel during the hot rolling, including at least three passes, including the steps of a) defining a representative grain size value of the steel before a first rolling pass, b) defining, at the end of a first inter-pass, a proportion of recrystallised and of non-recrystallised grains, representative grain size and dislocation density for the recrystallised and said non-recrystallised grains, c) defining, at the end of a second inter-pass, the proportion of the different types of grains, representative grain sizes and dislocation densities of the grains, d) defining, before a third rolling pass, a proportion of the representative recrystallised and non-recrystallised grain, a representative recrystallised grain and a representative non-recrystallised grain defined.
A method of making a high strength base-hardened tee rail and the tee rail produced by the method. The method includes the steps of providing a carbon steel tee rail, the steel tee rail provided at a temperature between 70° and 800° C.; and cooling the steel tee rail at a cooling rate that the temperature in ° C. of the surface of the base of the steel tee rail, is maintained in a region between: an upper cooling rate boundary plot defined by an upper line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 800° C.), (80 s, 675° C.), (110 s, 650° C.) and (140 s, 635° C.); and a lower cooling rate boundary plot defined by a lower line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 700° C.), (80 s, 575° C.), (110 s, 550° C.) and (140 s, 535° C.).
A steel section has a web central portion connected on each side to a flange portion having a thickness of at least 100 mm. The steel section microstructure includes at least one kind of vanadium precipitates possibly comprising also one or more metal chosen among chromium, manganese and iron, the precipitates being chosen among nitrides, carbides, carbo-nitrides or any combination of them, more than 70% of such precipitates having a mean diameter below 6 nm. It also deals with a manufacturing method thereof.
A cold rolled, annealed and tempered steel sheet is provided, made of a steel having a composition including, by weight percent C: 0.03-0.18%, Mn: 4.5-10.0%, B: 0.0005-0.005%, Ti 0.010-0.050%, Si 0.1-1.20%, S≤0.010%, P≤0.020%, N≤0.010%, and including optionally one or more of the following elements, in weight percentage Al≤2.5%, Mo≤0.4%, Nb≤0.050%, Cr≤0.5%, V≤0.2%, a remainder of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, the steel sheet having a microstructure including, in surface fraction, from 0% to 30% of ferrite, from 3% to 30% of retained austenite, with a manganese content in austenite [Mn]γ, expressed in weight percent, such that Fγ×([Mn]γ-1.3×% Mn)2>1.00, a balance being tempered martensite.
A method for manufacturing pig iron in a smelting furnace including a vessel, the method including the following successive steps: loading DRI product in the vessel melting the DRI product to form a pig iron layer topped by a slag layer and injecting a desulphurizing reagent directly in the pig iron layer. It also deals with the manufacturing of steel from the-pig iron and the associated electrical smelting furnace.
A method for determining a temperature TST of a steel beam (2) after the beam has been water-cooled in a cooling machine, the method comprising: - acquiring cooling configuration data specifying which faces of the beam are impinged by water jets, and acquiring the corresponding water flow values, - for the different faces (W1, W2, F1 – F6) of the beam, determining, from the cooling configuration data, what cooling regime undergoes the face of the beam considered, the cooling regime being selected among, at least: direct water-cooling; powered cooling when the face has no water projected thereon, by any of the jets, but another face, which adjoins laterally the face considered, has water projected thereon; air-cooling; - computing cooling powers for the different faces of the beam, depending on the corresponding cooling regimes, and, when appropriate, depending on the associated water flow value.
C21D 8/00 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
C21D 9/00 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor
C21D 11/00 - Process control or regulation for heat treatments
G05B 19/4155 - Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme
B21B 37/00 - Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
B21B 37/74 - Temperature control, e.g. by cooling or heating the rolls or the product
41.
STEEL PART, WIRE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A STEEL PART
The electrolysis device (1) for reducing iron oxides into metallic iron comprises : - at least one anode (6), extending between an inner surface (10) and an outer surface (12), opposite the inner surface (10), - at least one cathode (4) comprising a collecting surface (8) on which metallic iron is deposited after reduction of iron oxides, the collecting surface (8) facing the inner surface (10) of the anode (6), - an electrolytic bath comprising an anolyte (16), in which the anode (6) is immersed, and a catholyte (18), in which the cathode (4) is immersed, wherein the anode (6) extends in a housing (14) separating in a fluid tight manner the anolyte (16) from the catholyte (18), the chemical composition of the anolyte (16) being different from the chemical composition of the catholyte (18).
A hot-stamped coated steel part comprising a steel substrate and an aluminum alloy coating comprising, proceeding from steel substrate outwards, an interdiffusion layer and an outer layer, the total thickness of the coating ecoating and the thickness of the interdiffusion layer eIDL satisfy the following condition: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] with [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] The hot-stamped coated steel part comprises an undeformed portion having a thickness ePflat from 0.6 mm to 3.5 mm, and at least one deformed portion. A lineic density of cracks dC in the coating in the undeformed portion is higher than or equal to a minimum lineic density of cracks defined as: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]
A hot-stamped coated steel part comprising a steel substrate and an aluminum alloy coating comprising, proceeding from steel substrate outwards, an interdiffusion layer and an outer layer, the total thickness of the coating ecoating and the thickness of the interdiffusion layer eIDL satisf in the followin condition: 16 < Epc <40 with Formula I The hot- stamped coated steel part comprises an undeformed portion having a thickness epflat from 0.6 mm to 3.5 mm, and at least one deformed portion. A lineic density of cracks dCmin the coating in the undeformed portion is higher than or equal to a minimum lineic density of cracks dCmin(ePflat) defined as: Formula II
Side structure (1) for a motor vehicle (3) including an inner and outer frame (11, 13) each forming a closed ring and having two openings corresponding to the front and rear doors (8, 10), wherein the inner and outer frames (11, 13) are each formed by hot stamping respectively an inner and an outer frame blank (111, 113), the outer frame blank being a single tailor welded blank made of steel and wherein the inner and outer frames (11,13) are assembled to form a hollow volume (7) between them.
The invention concerns an aqueous solution comprising at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate, and at least one P1-M1 copolymer prepared from monomers comprising a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid, a kit for the preparation thereof, the use of the solution for improving the degreasability of the outer surface of an oiled metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of a steel substrate, a method for preparing an oiled Zn-coated steel substrate, a steel substrate and an automotive part made therefrom.
C25D 3/22 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of zinc
C08F 230/02 - Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing phosphorus
C09D 143/02 - Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing phosphorus
C23C 14/22 - Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
C25D 3/56 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of alloys
C25D 5/48 - After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
A method for determining a temperature of a steel beam (2) after the beam has been water-cooled in a cooling machine, the method comprising: - acquiring cooling configuration data specifying which faces of the beam are impinged by water jets, and what are the corresponding water flow values, - for the different faces (W1, W2, F1 – F6) of the beam, determining, from the cooling configuration data, what cooling regime undergoes the face of the beam considered, the cooling regime being selected among, at least: direct water-cooling; powered cooling when the face has no water projected thereon, by any of the jets, but, for an other of said faces which adjoins laterally the face considered, said other face has water projected thereon; air-cooling; - computing cooling powers for the different faces of the beam, depending on the corresponding cooling regimes, and, when appropriate, depending on the associated water flow value.
C21D 8/00 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
C21D 9/00 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor
C21D 11/00 - Process control or regulation for heat treatments
G05B 19/4155 - Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme
B21B 37/00 - Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
G01B 7/06 - Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width, or thickness for measuring thickness
G05B 13/02 - Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
Rear side structure inner (10) for a pickup truck frame (1) manufactured by stamping an inner blank (10b) – said rear side structure inner (10) comprising a C- pillar, a belt rail, a wheelouse inner and a D-pillar portion (101, 102, 103, 104,).
Rear side structure outer (20) for a pickup truck frame (1) manufactured by stamping an outer blank (20b) – said rear side structure outer (20) comprising a C- pillar, a belt rail, a reinforcement a D-pillar portion (201, 202, 203, 204).
A steel sheet coated with an aluminum-based coating and a second zinc coating having a thickness less than or equal to 1.1 μm is provided. A method for preparing the coated steel sheet, a method for preparing a press-hardened part from the steel sheet, a press-hardened part, and the use of the press-hardened part are also provided.
C23C 10/20 - Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions only one element being diffused
C23C 14/02 - Pretreatment of the material to be coated
C23C 14/22 - Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
C23C 28/02 - Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of main groups , or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses and only coatings of metallic material
C25D 3/22 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of zinc
C25D 5/52 - After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by brightening or burnishing
C25D 13/04 - Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process with organic material
The invention concerns an aqueous solution comprising at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate, and at least one P1-M1 copolymer prepared from monomers comprising a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid, a kit for the preparation thereof, the use of the solution for improving the tribological properties of the outer surface of a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of a steel substrate, a method for preparing a Zn-coated steel substrate, a steel substrate and an automotive part made therefrom.
C25D 3/22 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of zinc
C08F 230/02 - Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing phosphorus
C09D 143/02 - Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing phosphorus
C25D 3/56 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of alloys
C25D 5/48 - After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
C23C 14/22 - Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
57.
SOLUTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF A ZN-COATED STEEL SHEET TO IMPROVE THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES THEREOF
The invention concerns an aqueous solution comprising at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate, and at least one P1-M1 copolymer prepared from monomers comprising a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid, a kit for the preparation thereof, the use of the solution for improving the tribological properties of the outer surface of a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of a steel substrate, a method for preparing a Zn-coated steel substrate, a steel substrate and an automotive part made therefrom.
C25D 3/22 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of zinc
C08F 230/02 - Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing phosphorus
C09D 143/02 - Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing phosphorus
C23C 14/22 - Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
C25D 3/56 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of alloys
C25D 5/48 - After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
The invention relates to a process for hot-dip plating a steel strip on a galvanizing line comprising: (i) Acquiring the preset strip width Wp of the steel strip at the exit of the galvanizing line and the preset coating weight CWp of molten Zn- based alloy, CWp being greater than or equal to 400 g/m², (ii) providing the steel strip with an initial strip width W0 determined based on Wp and CWp so that the difference between W0 and Wp is at least two times bigger than an inferred faulty edging E determined based on CWp, (iii) dipping the steel strip in a bath of molten Zn-alloy comprising 0.5-12 wt% aluminium, 0.2-6 wt% magnesium, (iv) wiping the molten Zn-based alloy and adjusting the coating weight according to CWp, (v) cooling, (vi) trimming both edges of the steel strip to obtain the preset strip width Wp.
B21B 37/00 - Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
C21D 8/00 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
C21D 9/00 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor
C21D 11/00 - Process control or regulation for heat treatments
G05B 19/4155 - Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme
61.
COLD ROLLED AND HEAT-TREATED STEEL SHEET AND A METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THEREOF
The invention relates to a cold rolled and heat-treated steel sheet having a composition comprising in percentage by weight: C : 0.03 - 0.12 %, Mn : 1.2 - 2.3%, Al : 0.01 - 0.1%, Nb : 0.01% - 0.1%, Ti ≤ 0.12%, P ≤ 0.09 %, S ≤ 0.09 %, N ≤ 0.009% and can contain Si ≤ 2 %, Cr ≤ 0.5 %, Ni ≤ 3%, Ca ≤ 0.005%, Cu ≤ 2%, Mo ≤ 0. 5%, V ≤ 0.1%, B ≤ 0.003%, Ce ≤ 0.1%, Mg ≤ 0.010%, Zr ≤ 0.010%, the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet comprising in area fraction, 5% to 10% Cementite, 31 to 50% of Recrystallized ferrite wherein the average grain size of recrystallized ferrite is less than or equal to 2.5 microns, 45 to 64% of non-recrystallized ferrite, wherein the cumulated amount of recrystallized ferrite and non-recrystallized ferrite is from 85% to 95% and includes 0.5% to 2% of Carbides of Niobium, the optional cumulated amount of residual austenite and martensite being from 0% to 5%.
C21D 1/18 - HardeningQuenching with or without subsequent tempering
B32B 15/01 - Layered products essentially comprising metal all layers being exclusively metallic
C23C 2/06 - Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
C23C 2/04 - Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shapeApparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
The invention relates to a cold rolled and heat treated steel sheet having a composition comprising in percentage by weight: C : 0.02 - 0.12 %, Mn : 1.2 - 2.3%, Al : 0.01 - 0.1%, Nb : 0.01% - 0.1%, Ti : 0.01 - 0.12%, P ≤ 0.09 %, S ≤ 0.09 %, N ≤ 0.009% and can contain Si ≤ 2 %, Cr ≤ 0.5 %, Ni ≤ 3%, Ca ≤ 0.005%, Cu ≤ 2%, Mo ≤ 0. 5%, V ≤ 0.1%, B ≤ 0.003%, Ce ≤ 0.1%, Mg ≤ 0.010%, Zr ≤ 0.010%, the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet comprising in area fraction, 2% to 10% Cementite, 30 to 60% of Recrystallized ferrite, 38 to 68% of non- recrystallized ferrite, wherein the cumulated amount of Recrystallized ferrite and Non-recrystallized ferrite is from 85% to 96% and includes 0.5% to 2% of Carbides of Niobium, the optional cumulated amount of residual austenite and martensite being from 0% to 5%.
C21D 1/18 - HardeningQuenching with or without subsequent tempering
B32B 15/01 - Layered products essentially comprising metal all layers being exclusively metallic
C23C 2/06 - Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
C23C 2/04 - Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shapeApparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
Rear side structure inner (10) for a pickup truck frame (1) manufactured by stamping an inner blank (10b) – said rear side structure inner (10) comprising a C- pillar, a belt rail, a wheelouse inner and a D-pillar portion (101, 102, 103, 104,).
Rear side structure outer (20) for a pickup truck frame (1) manufactured by stamping an outer blank (20b) – said rear side structure outer (20) comprising a C- pillar, a belt rail, a reinforcement a D-pillar portion (201, 202, 203, 204).
C21D 8/00 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
C21D 9/00 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor
C21D 11/00 - Process control or regulation for heat treatments
G05B 19/4155 - Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme
B21B 37/74 - Temperature control, e.g. by cooling or heating the rolls or the product
The present invention relates to a cold rolling stand for rolling a metallic strip having: a pair of work rolls determining a roll bite, a first set of spraying devices able to spray a first lubricant onto said pair of work rolls, a second set of spraying devices able to spray a second lubricant upstream of said work rolls, a collector able to collect the first and second lubricants, an inversion system, a tank connected to the collector, to the first set of spraying devices and to the inversion system, the tank being able to contain the sprayed lubricant, the inversion system being connected to the second set of spraying devices. This invention also relates to a cold rolling process.
B21B 45/02 - Devices for surface treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills for lubricating, cooling, or cleaning
B21B 1/22 - Metal rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-sectionSequence of operations in milling trainsLayout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of standsSuccession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling bands or sheets of indefinite length
A process of manufacturing a silicon-graphene-graphite composite for a Silicon-based anode of a lithium-ion battery, including bringing together silicon particles with a particle size distribution D10 above 100 nm and an exfoliatable graphene-based material in a first organic solvent, the weight ratio of silicon to exfoliatable graphene-based material being between 1.5 and 9, mixing at at least 500 rpm for at least 20 min so as to mill the silicon particles into nanoparticles, exfoliate at least a part of the exfoliatable graphene-based material into graphene and form a silicon-graphene composite, bringing together the silicon-graphene composite and graphite, the weight ratio of carbon to silicon being between 1.5 and 19 and the viscosity being between 0.025 and 160 Pa·s at 1 s−1 shear rate, and mixing for at least 2 min so as to form a silicon-graphene-graphite composite.
A double cold rolled non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a composition including, expressed in percentage by weight: 0.0001%≤Carbon≤0.007%, 0.2%≤Manganese≤0.24%, 3.1%≤Silicon≤3.5%, 0.8%≤Aluminum≤1.1%, Phosphorus ≤0.15%, Sulfur ≤0.006%, Nitrogen ≤0.09%, and various optional elements. The remainder composition being iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing. The microstructure is made of ferrite and has in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 20 microns to 110 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1 T and 400 Hz according to IEC 60404-2 standards, less from 30% to 35% when calculated in accordance of Bertotti method and simultaneously having a magnetic polarization at 5000 A/m (J50) from 1.645 T to 1.660 T.
The invention deals with a hot worked and annealed graphitic steel product which composition comprises in weight percent C : 0.70-0.90% Mn : 0.160- 0.40% % Si ≤ 1.0-3.0% Al :0.001-0.09% P ≤ 0.090% S : 0.040-0.090% N: 0.0040-0.0100% H ≤ 0.0004 % and comprising optionally one or more of the following elements Ti ≤ 0.090% B ≤ 0.006% Cr ≤ 1% ≤ Mo ≤ 0.5% V ≤ 0.2% Nb ≤ 0.1% Ni ≤ 3.0% Co ≤ 3.0% Cu ≤ 3.0% Sn ≤ 0.1% Ce ≤ 0.1% Mg ≤ 0.1% Zr ≤ 0.1% Ca ≤ 0.008% the manganese, sulfur, titanium, boron and nitrogen weight contents being such that %Mn / %S ≥ 4.0 and N - 0.3xTi - 1.3xB ≥ 0 the remainder of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, said steel having a microstructure comprising 1 to 10% in area fraction of free graphite particles, up to 5% optional cementite, the balance being ferrite.
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C22C 38/50 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
C22C 38/54 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
C22C 38/42 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
C22C 38/44 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
C21D 9/22 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for drillsHeat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for milling cuttersHeat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for machine cutting tools
C21D 9/00 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor
C21D 8/00 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.3mm to 0.8mm and having a composition comprising the following elements, expressed in percentage by weight, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.7% ≤ Manganese ≤ 1.2%, 2.6% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.0%, 0.7% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 1.2 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%, with 4.3% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 5.5 % and can contain one or more of the following optional elements, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 50 microns to 300 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A tin free non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.2mm to 0.8mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.009 %,0.05% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.2%,2.5% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.3%,0.1% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5 %,0.001% ≤ Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%with 3% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 4.7%, Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10microns to 150 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/14 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C22C 38/28 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.7mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%, 3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.5%, 0.6% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 1.1 %, 0.001% ≤ Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 4% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 5.5% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Tin ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non- recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 100 microns to 250 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 30% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/16 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
74.
A NON-ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEEL AND A METHOD OF MANUFACTURING NON-ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEEL THEREOF
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.7mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.09% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.22%, 2.7% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.1%,0.3% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006%, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 3.2% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 3.8% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Tin≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 50 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/08 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
C22C 38/16 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.6mm and having a composition comprising the following elements, expressed in percentage by weight, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.4%, 1% ≤ Silicon ≤ 1.4%, 0.15% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.25 %, 0.1% ≤ Phosphorus ≤ 0.25 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%, with 0.2% ≤ P+Sn ≤ 0.3 % and can contain one or more of the following optional elements, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 70 microns to 150 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 35% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/20 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.7mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.15% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.3%,3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.5%, 0.9% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 1.4 %, 0.001%≤ Nickel ≤ 0.1%, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%, with 4% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 5.5%,Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Tin≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 120 microns to 250 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/08 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
C22C 38/50 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.7mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.09% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.22%, 2.7% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.1%,0.3% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006%, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 3.2% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 3.8% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Tin≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 50 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.5 to 1.2 mm and having a composition comprising the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.4%,1% ≤ Silicon ≤ 1.4%, 0.12% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.25 %,0.1 % ≤ Phosphorus ≤ 0.25 %,0.08% ≤ Tin ≤ 0.2%,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%,with 0.2% ≤ P+Sn ≤ 0.3%,Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Titanium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 80 microns to 200microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 45% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/28 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.5mm to 1.2mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.05% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.3%, 3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.5%, 0.8% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 1.2 %, 0.001% ≤ Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%, with 4% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 5.5%, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%m Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%, Tin≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2% the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 100 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 36% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.3mm to 0.6mm and having a composition comprising the following elements 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.1% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%,1% ≤ Silicon ≤ 1.6%,0.1% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5%,Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%,Tin ≤ 0.15%,Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Titanium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non- recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 90 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method. No figure.
C22C 38/40 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A tin free non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.2mm to 0.4mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.09% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.3%,3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.5%,0.5% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 1.2 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 3.7% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 4.7%, Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Titanium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 60microns to 150 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 15% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.2mm to 0.4mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%,3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.6%,0.7% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.95 %,0.001%≤ Nickel ≤ 0.1%,Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 4% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 5.5%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%,Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Tin≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 95 microns to 250 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 15% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/28 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
Method for butt-welding two sub-blanks of steel (10) comprising the steps of: -providing two sub-blanks (10) made of press-hardening steel grades, having a thickness of respectively t1 and t2 expressed in mm, and coated on both sides with an aluminum based metallic coating (2) comprising an intermetallic layer (21) in contact with a substrate (1) and a metallic layer (22) above it. -preparing said two sub-blanks (10) by removing at least said metallic layer (22) of said aluminum-based coating (2) on the top side of said weld edges (11) of each of said sub-blanks (10) to form removal zones (23) and by removing at least said metallic layer (22) of said aluminum-based coating (2) on the bottom side of one weld edge (11) to form another removal zone (23), while leaving the full amount of said aluminum-based coating (2) on the bottom side of the other weld edge (11), -positioning said two sub-blanks (10) side by side along their respective weld edges (11). -laser welding said two sub-blanks (10) using a laser beam (31) emitted by a laser head (30) traveling at a relative speed S_welding, expressed in m/min, and simultaneously adding a filler wire (41) having a diameter D_filler_wire, which is fed out of a filler wire feeder (40) at a speed S_filler_wire, expressed in m/min, to form a melt pool generated by said laser beam (31) and thus manufacture a laser welded blank (6) having a weld seam (5).
The invention relates to a metal powder having a composition comprising the following elements, expressed in content by weight: 9% ≤ Ni ≤ 13%, 17% ≤ Cr ≤ 19%, 0.04% ≤ C ≤ 0.1%, 8 x C ≤ Nb ≤ 1%, Si ≤ 0.75%, P ≤ 0.025%, S ≤ 0.03%, 0.02% ≤ N ≤ 0.2%, With Si/(C+N) <6.0, and optionally containing: Mn ≤ 2%, Cu ≤ 0.75%, Mo ≤ 0.75%, and/or one or more elements chosen among Ti, V, W, Zr, Ce, Y in a cumulated amount of up to 2.0 wt.%, the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the elaboration.
Method for butt-welding two sub-blanks of steel (10) comprising the steps of: -providing two sub-blanks (10) made of press-hardening steel grades, having a thickness of respectively t1 and t2 expressed in mm, and coated on both sides with an aluminum based metallic coating (2) comprising an intermetallic layer (21) in contact with a substrate (1) and a metallic layer (22) above it. -preparing said two sub-blanks (10) by removing at least said metallic layer (22) of said aluminum-based coating (2) on the top side of said weld edges (11) of each of said sub-blanks (10) to form removal zones (23) and by removing at least said metallic layer (22) of said aluminum-based coating (2) on the bottom side of one weld edge (11) to form another removal zone (23), while leaving the full amount of said aluminum-based coating (2) on the bottom side of the other weld edge (11), -positioning said two sub-blanks (10) side by side along their respective weld edges (11). -laser welding said two sub-blanks (10) using a laser beam (31) emitted by a laser head (30) traveling at a relative speed S_welding, expressed in m/min, and simultaneously adding a filler wire (41) having a diameter D_filler_wire, which is fed out of a filler wire feeder (40) at a speed S_filler_wire, expressed in m/min, to form a melt pool generated by said laser beam (31) and thus manufacture a laser welded blank (6) having a weld seam (5)
A cold rolled and heat treated steel sheet including of the following elements 0.2%≤C≤0.35%; 0.2%≤Mn≤1.2%; 0.1%≤Si≤0.9%; 0%≤Al≤0.1%; 0.2%≤Cr≤0.8%; 0.01%≤Nb≤0.1%; 0.1%≤Ni≤0.9%; 0.1%≤Mo≤0.9% 0.01%≤Ti≤0.1%; 0%≤P≤0.02%; 0%≤S≤0.03%; 0%≤N≤0.09%; 0.0001%≤B≤0.010%; 0%≤V≤0.1%; 0%≤Cu≤2%; 0%≤Ca≤0.005%; 0%≤Ce≤0.1%; 0%≤Mg≤0.05%; 0%≤Zr≤0.05%; the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel including, by area percentage, at least 75% of tempered martensite, 0% to 10% Fresh Martensite, 3 to 20% of Ferrite and 0 to 5% Bainite.
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.3mm to 0.6mm and having a composition comprising the following elements, expressed in percentage by weight, 0.0001 % ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%, 1.6% ≤ Silicon ≤ 2%, 0.2% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements, Tin ≤ 0.15%, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1 %, Vanadium ≤ 0.1 %, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1 %, Cobalt ≤ 1 %, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01 %, Copper ≤ 1 %, Nickel ≤ 1 %, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 90 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C22C 38/20 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.3mm to 0.8mm and having a composition comprising the following elements, expressed in percentage by weight, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.1% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%, 0.1% ≤ Silicon ≤ 0.9%, 0.09% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.25 %, 0.1% ≤ Phosphorus ≤ 0.25 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%, with 0.8% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 1.5 % and can contain one or more of the following optional elements, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 60 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 45% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/42 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.3mm to 0.6mm and having a composition comprising the following elements, expressed in percentage by weight, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%, 1.6% ≤ Silicon ≤ 2%, 0.2% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements, Tin ≤ 0.15%, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 90 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/08 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
C22C 38/16 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.7mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.09% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.22%, 2.7% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.1%,0.3% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006%, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 3.2% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 3.8% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Tin≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 50 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C22C 38/40 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.2 to 0.4 mm and having a composition comprising the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %, 0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.4%, 1% ≤ Silicon ≤ 1.4%, 0.1% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.3 %, 0.1 % ≤ Phosphorus ≤ 0.25 %, 0.08% ≤ Tin ≤ 0.2%, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%, with 0.2% ≤ P+Sn ≤ 0.3%, Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten ≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 80 microns to 200 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/14 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
C22C 38/16 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
The invention deals with a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.7mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.09% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.22%, 2.7% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.1%,0.3% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.5 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006%, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 3.2% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 3.8% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Tin≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 10 microns to 50 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 25% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/16 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.2mm to 0.4mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements 0.0001 % ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.05% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.2%, 2.5% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.1 %, 0.2% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.6 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 3.2% ≤ Si+AI+Mn ≤ 3.8%, Niobium ≤ 0.1 %, Titanium ≤ 0.1 %, Vanadium ≤ 0.1 %, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1 %, Cobalt ≤ 1 %, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01 %, Copper ≤ 1 %, Nickel ≤ 1 %, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%,Tin≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 30 microns to 80 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 15% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A tin free non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.5mm to 1.2mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.09% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.3%,3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.5%,0.4% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 1.2 %, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 3.7% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 4.7%,Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Titanium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 90microns to 200 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 35% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/16 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
C22C 38/14 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.5mm to 1.2mm and having a composition comprising the following elements 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.1% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.6%,0.9% ≤ Silicon ≤ 1.7%,0.01% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.1 %,Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09%,Tin ≤ 0.15%,Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Titanium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%,Chromium ≤ 1%,Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Nickel ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 80% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 20% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 5 microns to 50 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses measured at 1.5T and 400Hz measured according to 60404-2 standard of less than 35% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C22C 38/40 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
C22C 38/34 - Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.4mm to 0.7mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%, 3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.5%, 0.6% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 1.1 %, 0.001% ≤ Titanium ≤ 0.1%, Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %, Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %, Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 4% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 5.5% and can contain one or more of the following optional elements Niobium ≤ 0.1%, Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%, Tungsten≤ 0.1%, Cobalt ≤ 1%, Arsenic ≤ 0.05%, Calcium ≤ 0.01%, Copper ≤ 1%, Nickel ≤ 1%, Boron ≤ 0.05%, Lead ≤ 0.2%, Tin≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non- recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 100 microns to 250 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 30% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having a thickness from 0.2mm to 0.4mm and having a composition comprising of the following elements, 0.0001% ≤ Carbon ≤ 0.007 %,0.2% ≤ Manganese ≤ 0.5%,3% ≤ Silicon ≤ 3.6%,0.5% ≤ Aluminum ≤ 0.96 %,0.001%≤ Nickel ≤ 0.1%,Phosphorus ≤ 0.15 %,Sulfur ≤ 0.006 %,Nitrogen ≤ 0.09% with 4% ≤ Si+Al+Mn ≤ 5.5%, Titanium ≤ 0.1%,Niobium ≤ 0.1%,Vanadium ≤ 0.1%, Chromium ≤ 1%, Molybdenum ≤ 0.5%,Tungsten≤ 0.1%,Cobalt ≤ 1%,Arsenic ≤ 0.05%,Calcium ≤ 0.01%,Copper ≤ 1%,Boron ≤ 0.05%,Lead ≤ 0.2%,Tin≤ 0.2%, Antimony ≤ 0.2%,the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel sheet being made of ferrite and comprising in area fraction, 70% to 100% recrystallized microstructure, 0% to 30% non-recrystallized microstructure wherein the average grain size of recrystallized microstructure is from 95 microns to 250 microns and having a percentage of eddy current losses in total iron losses, measured at 1.5 T and 400 Hz according to standard 60404-2, of less than 15% when calculated in accordance with Bertotti method.
C21D 9/46 - Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articlesFurnaces therefor for sheet metals
C21D 8/12 - Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
A high strength steel for forging mechanical parts comprising of the following elements 0.1 % ≤ C ≤ 0.3 %, 3 % ≤ Mn ≤ 9 %, 0.8% ≤ Si ≤2.5 %, 0.001 % ≤ Al ≤ 2.5 %, 0% ≤ S ≤ 0.03%, 0% ≤ P ≤ 0.03%, 0% ≤ N ≤ 0.025%, Ti ≤ 0.1%, 0.0001% ≤ B ≤ 0.01%, Cr ≤ 0.5 %, Nb ≤ 0.1%, V≤ 0.15%, Ni ≤ 1%, 0% ≤ Cu ≤ 1%, the remainder composition being composed of iron and unavoidable impurities caused by processing, the microstructure of said steel comprising, by area percentage, at least 50% of Ferrite, 20% to 50% of Residual Austenite, with an optional presence of tempered martensite from 0% to 5%.
The invention concerns a method for determining a temperature of a steel wire (12) during its cooling by air on a conveyor having a central axis (18) and two lateral edges (20) extending in a conveying direction (X), the steel wire (12) being wound in successive loops (22) comprising each at least one central portion (24) near the central axis (18) and at least one edge portion (26) near a respective lateral edge (20), comprising: - estimating a wire temperature gradient with respect to a radial position within the wire, as a function of a total heat transfer coefficient depending on a convective heat transfer coefficient associated to air convection and on a radiative heat transfer coefficient associated to radiation; and for at least one central portion (24), the radiative heat transfer coefficient being calculated according to a predefined center effective emissivity; - computing the temperature of the steel wire (12) according to the wire temperature gradient; for at least one edge portion (26), the radiative heat transfer coefficient is calculated according to an edge effective emissivity distinct and independent from the center effective emissivity.
The invention relates to a metal powder having a composition comprising the following elements, expressed in content by weight: 9% ≤ Ni ≤ 13%, 17% ≤ Cr ≤ 19%, 0.04% ≤ C ≤ 0.1%, 8 x C ≤ Nb ≤ 1%, Si ≤ 0.75%, P ≤ 0.025%, S ≤ 0.03%, 0.02% ≤ N ≤ 0.2%, With Si/(C+N) <6.0, and optionally containing: Mn ≤ 2%, Cu ≤ 0.75%, Mo ≤ 0.75%, and/or one or more elements chosen among Ti, V, W, Zr, Ce, Y in a cumulated amount of up to 2.0 wt.%, the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the elaboration.
